Journal of biomechanics最新文献

{"title":"Three-dimensional left atrial strain analysis in patients with atrial fibrillation for stroke risk evaluation: A comparison between patients with and without stroke history","authors":"Han Yu ,&nbsp;Hujin Xie ,&nbsp;Zidun Wang ,&nbsp;Hao Wu ,&nbsp;Arnold Ng ,&nbsp;William Wang ,&nbsp;Zhengduo Zhu ,&nbsp;Jiaqiu Wang ,&nbsp;Runxin Fang ,&nbsp;Ruoyan Meng ,&nbsp;Haotong Xu ,&nbsp;Shanglin Wu ,&nbsp;Haveena Anbananthan ,&nbsp;Minghao Liu ,&nbsp;Zhiyong Li","doi":"10.1016/j.jbiomech.2025.112981","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jbiomech.2025.112981","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Patients with atrial fibrillation (AF) are at risk for cardioembolic stroke. The recent studies suggest that reduced two-dimensional left atrial (LA) deformation, such as longitudinal strain, may be a potential indicator of stroke risk. We aim to evaluate three-dimensional (3-D) LA global and local strain derived from four-dimensional computed tomography angiography in patients with persistent atrial fibrillation, and compare those with and without cardioembolic stroke history.</div><div>22 patients with persistent atrial fibrillation (11 with documented cardioembolic stroke) were included in this study. The LA strain was calculated by our novel mesh-regularised sub-volume tracking method. LA morphology, CHADS-VASC2, and 3-D global and local strain in 8 LA regions (anterior, lateral, appendage, roof, posterior, mitral isthmus, floor, and septum) were analysed. To explore the potential performance of the collected parameters for stroke risk evaluation, we used logistic regression to assess the outcomes of using these parameters to identify patients with cardioembolic stroke.</div><div>Compared to those without previous stroke events, the patients with cardioembolic stroke presented lower global strain (0.090 vs 0.101; p = 0.006). Patients with cardioembolic stroke also had lower strain values in the roof (0.087 vs 0.106, p = 0.030), posterior (0.055 vs 0.072, p &lt; 0.001) and floor (0.083 vs 0.097, p = 0.022). Results from logistic regression indicated that the accuracy of LA posterior strain as the indicator for previous stroke events was 0.8958.</div><div>Therefore, 3-D LA global and local strain (especially in the posterior wall) could be useful in identifying patients with persistent AF and at high risk for a cardioembolic stroke.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":15168,"journal":{"name":"Journal of biomechanics","volume":"193 ","pages":"Article 112981"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2025-09-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145183556","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Binning ensemble curves in vector coding analysis compounds information loss: Examples and recommendations","authors":"C. Dane Napoli ,&nbsp;Michael A. Busa ,&nbsp;Richard E.A. van Emmerik ,&nbsp;Joshua J. Liddy","doi":"10.1016/j.jbiomech.2025.112987","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jbiomech.2025.112987","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Vector coding is an analytical technique that quantifies relative motion by computing a coupling angle. Recently, it has become more common to bin the coupling angle such that it is categorized as in-phase, anti-phase, or component-dominant phase. However, the choice of whether to bin the pooled data (i.e., the full matrix of coupling angles) versus the ensemble curve (i.e., the mean coupling angle waveform) can profoundly influence the results. This paper highlights the effects of binning the pooled data versus the ensemble curve through conceptual and empirical examples. We demonstrate that binning the pooled data preserves valuable information regarding within- and between-cycle variability, while binning the ensemble curve can obscure this variability, leading to the mischaracterization of coordination patterns. Recommendations are provided to standardize binning procedures when conducting vector coding analysis.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":15168,"journal":{"name":"Journal of biomechanics","volume":"193 ","pages":"Article 112987"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2025-09-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145270490","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Vastus lateralis muscle force and architecture were unchanged after an eccentric training cycle in elite athletes","authors":"Adèle Mornas ,&nbsp;Franck Brocherie ,&nbsp;Johan Garcia ,&nbsp;Guy Ontanon ,&nbsp;Jean Slawinski","doi":"10.1016/j.jbiomech.2025.112982","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jbiomech.2025.112982","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The ability to generate force and power is conditioned by muscle properties, which can be improved through eccentric training. While <em>vastus lateralis</em> (VL) reported to be a major contributor of sprinting performance, its muscle architecture and subsequent impact on strength performance following an eccentric training cycle in elite sprinters remain unknown. Seven elite sprinters (2 females) were involved in the study. Before and after a 3-week eccentric training cycle, during which in addition to their four habitual sprint training sessions, athletes performed two eccentric strength and conditioning sessions, muscle architecture of the VL (ultrasound measurements), and half-squat performance (isokinetic device) were assessed. The results reported that muscle architecture characteristics (<em>i.e.</em>, fascicle length, pennation angle and muscle thickness) were unchanged following the eccentric training cycle (all <em>p</em> ≥ 0.41), as well as squat performance (<em>i.e.,</em> power, force and explosiveness; all <em>p</em> ≥ 0.09). Therefore, this study highlights that, in elite sprinters, the inclusion of a 3-week eccentric training cycle during the season did not induce any modification of VL muscle architecture, nor lower-limb performance.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":15168,"journal":{"name":"Journal of biomechanics","volume":"192 ","pages":"Article 112982"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2025-09-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145155173","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Knee contact force alone is insufficient to validate joint mechanics in musculoskeletal models","authors":"Ning Guo ,&nbsp;Allan Maas ,&nbsp;Thomas M. Grupp ,&nbsp;Adam Trepczynski ,&nbsp;Philipp Damm ,&nbsp;William R. Taylor ,&nbsp;Seyyed Hamed Hosseini Nasab","doi":"10.1016/j.jbiomech.2025.112980","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jbiomech.2025.112980","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Musculoskeletal modelling plays a crucial role in understanding joint mechanics, particularly in applications such as surgical planning and implant design. As a common approach, these models are generally validated by assessing their ability to predict knee contact forces. However, such validation may not necessarily guarantee an accurate reconstruction of the complete joint biomechanics, where predicted kinematic patterns are often neglected, which is critical for understanding soft tissue loading and wear/interface conditions. In this study, we used a musculoskeletal model of the knee incorporating detailed representations of articular contact and soft tissue constraints to explore the relationship between the rigor of knee contact force validation and uncertainties in kinematic predictions. A Monte Carlo simulation with 1000 variations in muscle activation strategies was conducted, using a cost function that minimized the sum of squared muscle activations. The resulting outcomes of level walking and squatting simulations were then analysed.</div><div>Our findings indicate that simulations yielding appropriate knee contact force estimates do not necessarily guarantee precise predictions of joint kinematics. Specifically, extending the acceptable root mean square error range for knee contact force estimates by 15 % of body weight led to an increase in the uncertainty of kinematic outcomes, reaching approximately 8 mm in translations and 10° in joint rotations. Stricter force validation criteria may mitigate, but not eliminate, inaccuracies in kinematic predictions. Our results highlight the need for comprehensive validation that includes both kinetic and kinematic data to achieve robust modelling outcomes. This is especially critical in applications requiring precise joint mechanics, such as implant design and <em>in silico</em> wear prediction.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":15168,"journal":{"name":"Journal of biomechanics","volume":"192 ","pages":"Article 112980"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2025-09-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145185860","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Impact of age-related changes in the mechanical properties of ankle plantarflexor muscles on gait biomechanics and energetics: A systematic review and meta-analysis","authors":"Florian Etheve,&nbsp;Teddy Caderby,&nbsp;Jérémie Begue","doi":"10.1016/j.jbiomech.2025.112973","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jbiomech.2025.112973","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to provide a comprehensive overview of the impact of age-related changes in the mechanical properties of ankle plantarflexor muscles on gait biomechanics and energetics. A systematic search was conducted across three databases (PubMed, Epistemonikos, and Scopus) to identify studies evaluating the mechanical properties of the ankle plantarflexor muscles in relation to gait parameters. Included studies were cross-sectional in design and compared at least two age groups, with one group aged <span><math><mrow><mo>≥</mo></mrow></math></span> 60 years. Eleven studies met the inclusion criteria. The meta-analysis revealed that aging is associated with a significant decline in ankle plantarflexor strength (Effect Size (ES) = 1.06 [0.55, 1.58]; <em>p</em> &lt; 0.001), stiffness of the plantarflexor muscles and Achilles tendon (AT) (ES = 0.76; 95 % CI = [0.24 1.27]; p = 0.004), and muscle volume/thickness (ES = 1.37 [0.63, 2.11]; <em>p</em> &lt; 0.001). The age-related decline in plantarflexor strength was associated with decreased walking speed and ankle power generation, as well as reduced stability and increased energy cost. Lower AT stiffness in older adults was linked to reduced gait economy, while decreased muscle stiffness was associated with shorter step length and lower maximal gait speed. Similarly, age-related reduction in muscle volume/thickness was associated with decreased step length and peak ankle joint torque. This systematic review and meta-analysis highlights that aging significantly alters the mechanical properties of the plantarflexor muscles, strongly impacting gait performance, stability and economy.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":15168,"journal":{"name":"Journal of biomechanics","volume":"192 ","pages":"Article 112973"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2025-09-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145149128","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Linking vertical ground reaction force loading rates and physical activity levels in individuals with and without patellofemoral pain.","authors":"Sungwan Kim, Yannis Halkiadakis, Noah Davidson, Kristin D Morgan, Neal R Glaviano","doi":"10.1016/j.jbiomech.2025.112977","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbiomech.2025.112977","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Individuals with patellofemoral pain (PFP) may walk with higher vertical ground reaction force loading rates (vGRF-LR) compared to pain-free controls, which could relate to modified physical activity behaviors. However, their relationships have not been studied in the PFP literature. This study aimed to explore the association between walking vGRF-LR and physical activity levels in individuals with PFP and pain-free controls and to compare vGRF-LR between groups. Twenty participants (10 with PFP and 10 pain-free) participated in this cross-sectional study. Participants wore a triaxial accelerometer for seven consecutive days to measure physical activity levels (daily steps and time spent in moderate-to-vigorous physical activity [MVPA]). Participants also completed a biomechanical assessment while walking at 1.25 m/s on a force plate-embedded treadmill. vGRF-LR were calculated as the average loading rate of 20-80 % and at 60 % of the stance phase. t vGRF-LR were not associated with daily steps and time spent in MVPA in either the PFP (0.15 ≤ r ≤ 0.26; p > 0.05) or pain-free (-0.37 ≤ r ≤ -0.08; p > 0.05) group. However, individuals with PFP walked with higher vGRF-LR averaged between 20-80 % of the stance phase (p = 0.037; d = 1.04) and peak vGRF-LR at 60 % of the stance phase (p = 0.042; d = 1.02) compared to pain-free controls. Our findings suggest that walking loading rates are not associated with physical activity levels in either group, despite higher loading rates in PFP cohorts. Given the lack of associations between these variables, future studies should examine other potential factors that may enhance our understanding of loading rates or physical activity in individuals with or without PFP.</p>","PeriodicalId":15168,"journal":{"name":"Journal of biomechanics","volume":"193 ","pages":"112977"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2025-09-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145292265","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Regional evaluation of corneal biomechanical properties based on inflation tests","authors":"LuMeng Wang ,&nbsp;ZhanXin Qu ,&nbsp;MingJie Han ,&nbsp;SaiBei Zhao ,&nbsp;Wen Cao ,&nbsp;Lan Yang ,&nbsp;LingHan Chang ,&nbsp;HongJie Hu ,&nbsp;JiaWei Gong ,&nbsp;JunJie Wang ,&nbsp;ShiHao Chen ,&nbsp;Ahmed Elsheikh ,&nbsp;FangJun Bao","doi":"10.1016/j.jbiomech.2025.112971","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jbiomech.2025.112971","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Corneal biomechanics are critical to both normal physiology and pathological conditions such as keratoconus (KC), yet existing measurement techniques fail to assess regional variations in material stiffness, limiting early diagnosis and therapeutic evaluation. This study focuses on evaluating the symmetry characteristics of bilateral corneal biomechanical properties based on a corneal inflation testing, while systematically analyzing the spatial distribution differences of biomechanical parameters in KC lesion regions and following corneal cross-linking (CXL) treatment. Thirty-six New Zealand white rabbits were divided into normal, KC-induced (via type I collagenase), and CXL-treated (riboflavin/ultraviolet light) groups. Four weeks post-intervention, corneal inflation tests were conducted, and the shear modulus (μ), the strain hardening index (α), and the tangent modulus (Et) in 25 different cornea regions were calculated. In the normal group, corneal material stiffness was similar in all 25 regions considered, with mirror symmetry and the highest Et in the upper temporal central region while the lowest in the lower temporal and peripheral nasal regions. Et of the central region reduced significantly in the KC group, while no statistical difference was found between the bilateral eyes in other 24 regions (all P &gt; 0.05). Et enhanced after CXL, with the greatest increase in the central region and varying effects in other areas, correlating with preoperative properties. The analysis method provided a robust tool for capturing the regional biomechanical variations and derives morphology-independent biomechanical parameters, revealing localized stiffness losses in keratoconus and heterogeneous post-corneal cross linking stiffness enhancement.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":15168,"journal":{"name":"Journal of biomechanics","volume":"192 ","pages":"Article 112971"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2025-09-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145155531","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"What the PCSA? Addressing diversity in lower-limb musculoskeletal models: age- and sex-related differences in PCSA and muscle mass","authors":"R. Maarleveld ,&nbsp;H.E.J. Veeger ,&nbsp;F.C.T. van der Helm ,&nbsp;J. Son ,&nbsp;R.L. Lieber ,&nbsp;E. van der Kruk","doi":"10.1016/j.jbiomech.2025.112976","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jbiomech.2025.112976","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Musculoskeletal (MSK) models offer a non-invasive way to understand biomechanical loads on joints and tendons, which are difficult to measure directly. Variations in muscle strength, especially relative differences between muscles, significantly impact model outcomes. Typically, scaled generic MSK models use maximum isometric forces that are not adjusted for different demographics, raising concerns about their accuracy. This review provides an overview on experimentally derived strength parameters, including physiological cross-sectional area (PCSA), muscle mass (Mm), and relative muscle mass (%Mm), which is the relative distribution of muscle mass across the leg. Limited lower extremity PCSA data prevented assessment of differences in PCSA distribution. We analysed differences by age and sex, and compared open-source lower limb MSK model parameters with experimental data from 57 studies. Our dataset, with records dating back to 1884, shows that uniformly increasing all maximum isometric forces in MSK models does not capture key age-and sex-related differences in muscle ratio. Males have a significantly higher proportion of muscle mass in the rectus femoris(12%) and semimembranosus(15%) muscles, while females have a greater relative muscle mass in the pelvic (gluteus maximus(17%) and medius(23%)) and ankle muscles (tibialis anterior(14%) and posterior(15%), and extensor digitorum longus(16%)). Older adults have a higher relative muscle mass in the gluteus medius(37%), while younger individuals show more in the gastrocnemius(31%). Current MSK models do not accurately represent muscle mass distribution for specific age or sex groups. None of them accurately reflect female muscle mass distribution. Further research is needed to explore musculotendon age- and sex differences.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":15168,"journal":{"name":"Journal of biomechanics","volume":"193 ","pages":"Article 112976"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2025-09-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145183555","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Reactive signal complexity influences biomechanical variables associated with ACL loading risk","authors":"Ling Li ,&nbsp;Reilly Gilbert ,&nbsp;Kaden Van Valkenburg ,&nbsp;Trinity Veggeberg ,&nbsp;Yu Song ,&nbsp;Gerwyn Hughes ,&nbsp;Boyi Dai","doi":"10.1016/j.jbiomech.2025.112968","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jbiomech.2025.112968","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injuries frequently occur during athletic tasks requiring rapid reactions to changes in the sports environment. This study investigated how reactive signal complexity influenced pre-landing and early landing biomechanical variables associated with ACL loading risk. Thirty-one recreational athletes performed single-leg side and cross-cutting tasks under four conditions: anticipated, simple unanticipated, complex unanticipated without a second signal, and complex unanticipated with a second signal to change the cutting direction. The two complex unanticipated conditions demonstrated increased stance time, slower take-off velocities, decreased minimal knee flexion angles during pre-landing, and increased peak vertical and posterior ground reaction forces during early landing compared to the anticipated and simple unanticipated conditions. Side-cutting and cross-cutting demonstrated different early landing mechanics in the anticipated and simple unanticipated conditions, but became similar in the two complex unanticipated conditions. Participants adopted more reactive movement patterns to maintain landing stability and response accuracy under conditions of uncertainty. However, this delayed response led to decreased cutting performance and landing biomechanical variables associated with ACL loading risk. Screening ACL injury risk under complex situations is recommended. Training athletes to better predict the sports environment to make more tasks from “reactive” to “anticipated” may promote safer movement patterns.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":15168,"journal":{"name":"Journal of biomechanics","volume":"192 ","pages":"Article 112968"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2025-09-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145155532","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A limitation of projected frontal area as an indicator of active drag in swimming: Focusing on tibial and femoral segments","authors":"Sohei Washino ,&nbsp;Akihiko Murai ,&nbsp;Tomoya Kadi ,&nbsp;Kenzo Narita ,&nbsp;Hirotoshi Mankyu ,&nbsp;Yasuhide Yoshitake","doi":"10.1016/j.jbiomech.2025.112972","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jbiomech.2025.112972","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The projected frontal area (PFA) is a useful indicator of swimming drag. However, it is inherently limited because it only considers observable frontal areas from a frontal view. To address this limitation, we determined a new indicator, the projected and occluded frontal area (POFA), which includes occluded frontal areas relative to the swimming direction. This study aimed to examine the difference between the PFA and POFA, focusing on the tibial and femoral segments during front crawl. Twelve competitive male swimmers performed a 15-meter front crawl at 1.20 m·s⁻¹. The three-dimensional positions of the reflective markers attached to the swimmers’ bodies were collected using an underwater motion-capture system. The body shape of each swimmer was obtained using a body scanner. Two types of digital human models were created: a whole-body model with vertex colors divided into eight body segments and a segment-specific model extracted from the whole-body model. To reconstruct identical motions in both models, the joint angle data obtained through inverse kinematics computations using motion-capture data and the whole-body model were applied to the segment-specific models. The PFA and POFA were determined through image processing of a series of parallel frontal images from whole-body and segment-specific models, respectively. The PFA of the tibial and femoral segments was substantially smaller than the corresponding POFA (<em>p</em> &lt; 0.001), with underestimation ratios of 86.1 % and 42.3 %, respectively. These results suggest that PFA is not a fully reliable indicator for evaluating swimming drag, at least in the tibial and femoral segments.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":15168,"journal":{"name":"Journal of biomechanics","volume":"192 ","pages":"Article 112972"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2025-09-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145155172","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}