Journal of Applied Microbiology最新文献

{"title":"Sublethal exposure to benzalkonium chloride induced biocide-antibiotic cross-resistance in hypervirulent L. monocytogenes.","authors":"Joshua Macleod, Zak Hamid, Benjamin E Johns, Michael L Beeton, James Blaxland","doi":"10.1093/jambio/lxaf241","DOIUrl":"10.1093/jambio/lxaf241","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Aims: </strong>Listeria monocytogenes is a foodborne pathogen found ubiquitously in the food manufacturing environment (FME), where exposure to biocides at sublethal concentrations may induce adaptation and cross-resistance. This study aimed to investigate whether exposure to sublethal benzalkonium chloride (BAC) concentrations induced cross-resistance to antibiotics in an adaptive laboratory evolution (ALE) model.</p><p><strong>Methods and results: </strong>Six L. monocytogenes and two Listeria innocua strains underwent a 30-day sublethal BAC ALE. Susceptibility was performed against biocides and antibiotics. Variant calling was performed relative to wild-type strains. Three intragenic mutations and two intergenic mutations upstream of fepR, encoding a local repressor of the fluoroquinolone efflux pump FepA are identified in BAC-adapted isolates, associated with phenotypic reduced susceptibility to BAC, fluoroquinolones, and co-trimoxazole.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Sublethal BAC exposure can select for fepR-associated variants linked to reduced susceptibility to both biocides and antibiotics, highlighting concerns for biocide-antibiotic cross-resistance.</p>","PeriodicalId":15036,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Applied Microbiology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2025-10-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145130811","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Klebsiella pneumoniae in pediatric respiratory infections: a targeted next-generation sequencing study on co-infection patterns, clinical profiles, and outcomes.","authors":"Chunyun Fu, Ning Zhu, Jiangyang Zhao, Junming Lu, Ya Huang, Lishai Mo, Xuehua Hu, Qiang Huang, Yanhua Feng, Wenting Tang, Cuihong Lu, Jialing Ruan, Ruting Chen, Guangbing Liu, Huiping Huang, Qifei Li, Jie Tan","doi":"10.1093/jambio/lxaf223","DOIUrl":"10.1093/jambio/lxaf223","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Aims: </strong>Klebsiella pneumoniae (KP) is a key pediatric respiratory pathogen, yet comprehensive studies on its clinical profiles and co-infections are limited. This study characterizes KP detection dynamics, clinical features, and outcomes in hospitalized children using targeted next-generation sequencing (tNGS).</p><p><strong>Methods and results: </strong>A retrospective tNGS analysis of 5021 pediatric respiratory infection cases identified KP in 6.3% (314/5021), predominantly infants aged <1 year (58.0%) with male predominance (1.8:1). Co-infections occurred in 97.4% (306/314), primarily KP-viral-bacterial combinations (63.7%) featuring Acinetobacter baumannii (47.5%), cytomegalovirus (33.8%), and rhinovirus (28.0%). Multivariate analysis identified seven independent intensive care unit (ICU) predictors: younger age [odds ratio (OR): 0.971], reduced lymphocyte percentage (OR: 0.894), elevated lactate dehydrogenase (OR: 1.006), prolonged fever duration (OR: 1.248), bronchial wall thickening (OR: 3.717), respiratory complications (OR: 20.112), and multi-system complications (OR: 2.868). Respiratory complications affected 37.6% (118/314), with 37.9% (119/314) having multi-organ involvement. Despite 43.3% requiring respiratory support (including 11.5% invasive ventilation), 92.0% achieved full recovery with zero mortality. Median hospitalization was 7 days (interquartile range:6-11).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>KP causes significant polymicrobial respiratory infections in infants, with tNGS effectively revealing complex co-infection patterns. Early identification of pathogens and these ICU predictors may optimize ICU triage and treatment strategies.</p>","PeriodicalId":15036,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Applied Microbiology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2025-10-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145274742","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Antimicrobial resistance, virulence characteristics, and multilocus sequence typing of Campylobacter species from retail meat and milk products.","authors":"Ceren Betül Eken, Seza Arslan, Fatma Özdemir","doi":"10.1093/jambio/lxaf237","DOIUrl":"10.1093/jambio/lxaf237","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Aims: </strong>Campylobacter spp. are considered significant foodborne pathogens that pose a health threat worldwide to consumers. The study aimed to investigate the prevalence of Campylobacter spp. in meat and milk products and to evaluate antimicrobial resistance, virulence genes, biofilm formation, disinfectant susceptibility, and genetic relatedness by multilocus sequence typing (MLST).</p><p><strong>Methods and results: </strong>Campylobacter spp. was detected in 20% of the 200 samples, including chicken meat, ground beef, homemade white cheese, and raw milk. Among them, 2% Campylobacter jejuni, 3.5% Campylobacter coli, and 14.5% other Campylobacter spp. were identified. Ampicillin and ciprofloxacin resistance were found to be 100%. All isolates were multidrug-resistant (MDR), and eight resistance patterns were found. The blaOXA-61 and tet(O) genes were detected in 100% of the C. coli and C. jejuni, respectively. The cmeB was present in all C. jejuni and 85.7% of the C. coli isolates. The virulence genes cdtA, cdtB, and cdtC were positive in all C. jejuni. All C. jejuni and C. coli isolates carried the cadF gene. The pldA, iamA, and ciaB genes varied from 25% to 100%. All isolates were biofilm producers. The minimal inhibitory concentrations of triclosan and cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) to the isolates were 0.125-32 and 16-64 μg/ml, respectively. MLST identified nine sequence types (STs), including a novel ST (ST12345) from ground beef. All C. coli isolates were grouped into the ST-828 complex.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>These results highlight that meat and milk products are potential sources for the transmission of MDR isolates and possibly pathogenic clonal types, posing a risk to human Campylobacter infection.</p>","PeriodicalId":15036,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Applied Microbiology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2025-10-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145112941","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Performance and characteristics of three digital PCR platforms for detection and quantification of viral targets in wastewater.","authors":"Melissa Pitton, Johannes C Rusch, Shotaro Torii, Lea Caduff, Charles Gan, Federica Cariti, Patrick Schmidhalter, Christoph Ort, Tamar Kohn, Timothy R Julian","doi":"10.1093/jambio/lxaf243","DOIUrl":"10.1093/jambio/lxaf243","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Aims: </strong>The wider implementation of wastewater-based surveillance (WBS) has increased the necessity for nucleic acid detection and quantification from complex samples. Here, we compared the performance and the characteristics of three digital polymerase chain reaction (dPCR) platforms.</p><p><strong>Methods and results: </strong>The dPCR platforms selected in this study included the QX200 AutoDG Droplet Digital PCR System from Bio-Rad, the QIAcuity One, 2plex Device from Qiagen, and the 3-color Naica System manufactured by Stilla Technologies. Platforms were compared and described based on their handling in the laboratory and performance quantifying two viral targets-SARS-CoV-2 and Norovirus GII-in wastewater samples. Our findings showed that no single platform consistently outperformed the others in terms of target quantification. Moreover, we observed similarities amongst the systems with respect to resilience to inhibition, but differences in laboratory handling including sample throughput and method of quantification.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>This study suggests that all three selected dPCR platforms are similarly suitable for WBS, as quantitative performance of the systems for viral RNA targets extracted from wastewater is comparable. Decisions on platform selection can be driven by researcher preference on handling, throughput, and other differentiating characteristics.</p>","PeriodicalId":15036,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Applied Microbiology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2025-10-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145149144","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Candidate biomarkers of lead-exposed municipal water biofilms provide insights into lead monitoring potential.","authors":"Nahreen Mirza, Md Haddiuzaman, David A Ladner, Maryam Salehi, Shawn P Brown","doi":"10.1093/jambio/lxaf247","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/jambio/lxaf247","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Aims: </strong>Premise plumbing systems are prone to biofilm development, and depending on municipal water source and infrastructure, may be susceptible to heavy metal exposure, including lead (Pb). We aimed to investigate the impacts of Pb on municipal water biofilms and to elucidate the interactive effects of time, pipe material, and Pb concentration of biofilms. Further, we aimed to understand if after a Pb-exposure event, microbial biomarkers indicative of previous Pb-exposure may remain, which may assist public health and water regulatory agencies in triaging human health concerns post-exposure.</p><p><strong>Methods and results: </strong>We developed biofilms within pipe loops constructed from both PEX-A and HDPE plastics and exposed them to different concentrations of Pb (0 µg L-1, 5 µg L-1, and 500 µg L-1) for 4- and 8-weeks, followed by 4-weeks of exposure to lead-free water to examine community shifts following a lead exposure event. Using bacterial metabarcoding and biomarker analyses, we show that Pb exposure shifts community structure and we identified several key taxa associated with lead exposure events and demonstrate that these taxa persist even after lead is removed from the system.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Taken together, this work provides a framework for identifying past Pb-exposure events that can be used for precautionary monitoring for human Pb exposures.</p>","PeriodicalId":15036,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Applied Microbiology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2025-10-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145232521","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Paired genomic and metabolomic analysis reveals the secondary metabolome potential of Cystobacter.","authors":"Wen-Chao Yu, Shu-Qi Ge, Jia-Lian Huang, Bin Wei, Qihao Wu, Hong Wang, Yanlei Yu","doi":"10.1093/jambio/lxaf238","DOIUrl":"10.1093/jambio/lxaf238","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Aims: </strong>The genus Cystobacter has been reported to produce bioactive secondary metabolites and harbor abundant biosynthetic gene clusters (BGCs). However, its genomic and metabolomic potential remains largely unexplored due to the lack of systematic data mining studies. Here, we present the first paired genomic and metabolomic analysis of Cystobacter to uncover its secondary metabolic capabilities.</p><p><strong>Methods and results: </strong>By examining its genomic features and classifying BGC patterns, we provided a comprehensive overview of the biosynthetic capabilities of Cystobacter. Our analysis revealed that 91% of BGCs remain uncharacterized, with ribosomally synthesized and post-translationally modified peptides (RiPPs) being the most predominant class. An in-depth analysis of RiPP core peptides from Cystobacter demonstrated distinct features compared to those from other species, and deep learning models predicted that five of these peptides have antimicrobial potential. As a proof of concept, we integrated the genomic data of Cystobacter ferrugineus Cbfe23 with its metabolomics profile, leading to the correlation of a cluster of novel tubulysin analogs with its biosynthetic pathway.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>This paired genomic and metabolomic analysis reveals the untapped secondary metabolic potential of Cystobacter, highlighting its important roles in drug discovery, microbial communities, and bioengineering.</p>","PeriodicalId":15036,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Applied Microbiology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2025-10-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145130766","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Fructophilic metabolism of mannitol-producing Fructobacillus strains under different carbon sources and electron acceptors.","authors":"Florencia Mohamed, Luciana G Ruiz Rodríguez, Luc De Vuyst, Raul R Raya, Fernanda Mozzi","doi":"10.1093/jambio/lxaf231","DOIUrl":"10.1093/jambio/lxaf231","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Aims: </strong>Fructobacillus requires electron acceptors (fructose, pyruvate, or oxygen) for glucose metabolism. They metabolize fructose as an energy source by using fructokinase (FK) and glucose-6-phosphate isomerase (GPI), and as an electron acceptor, reducing it to the low-calorie sugar mannitol by using mannitol 2-dehydrogenase (MDH) enzyme. We aimed to study the physiological and biochemical traits of Fructobacillus sp. CRL 2054 and F. tropaeoli CRL 2034, belonging to two different genomic clades, to further improve their mannitol production.</p><p><strong>Methods and results: </strong>Microbial growth and mannitol production under different carbon sources, saccharide concentrations, and electron acceptors were assayed. The activities and gene expression of the enzymes involved in carbohydrate metabolism and mannitol production by Fructobacillus, along with their genomic context, were determined. Both strains grew up to 40% (w v-1) carbohydrates, while mannitol production decreased with 20% (w v-1) of sugars. Pyruvate competed with fructose as an electron acceptor, reducing mannitol production and MDH activity in both strains. The mdh gene was upregulated while fk and gpi genes were downregulated under glucose, regulating the use of fructose as electron acceptor.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Both Fructobacillus strains were highly osmotolerant. Mannitol production decreased with sugar concentrations above 15% (w v-1), suggesting its use as a compatible solute against osmotic stress. Pyruvate competed with fructose as an electron acceptor, reducing mannitol production, while fructose was reduced to mannitol in the presence of glucose by regulating genes involved in fructose metabolism.</p>","PeriodicalId":15036,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Applied Microbiology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2025-10-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145091816","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"High-throughput cultivation and screening of plant-promoting bacteria with nitrogen fixation from mangrove sediments.","authors":"Hui Liu, Liming Hu, Xin Wang, Xiaokun You, Hongqi Jiang, Saibin Hou, Junguo Li, Ke Liu","doi":"10.1093/jambio/lxaf235","DOIUrl":"10.1093/jambio/lxaf235","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Aims: </strong>The present study was to isolate, cultivate, and screen plant growth-promoting bacteria (PGPB) from mangrove sediments at high throughput, and compare the differences in microbial diversity and PGPB screening efficiency between the high-throughput and traditional agar plate methods.</p><p><strong>Methods and results: </strong>A high-throughput method combining limiting dilution and two-sided barcode PCR was developed to effectively isolate and identify bacteria from mangrove sediments. Moreover, the metagenome and 16S rRNA amplicon sequencing were used for identification of potential PGPB genera and investigation of microbial diversity in different pooled cultures. The results showed that the microbial communities of the bacteria cultured by the high-throughput method had a significantly lower Simpson index (P < 0.05) and a higher proportion of rare species than that by the agar plate method. The high-throughput method was utilised to successfully isolate a diverse bacterial consortium encompassing 79 species, 39 genera, and 6 phyla. Furthermore, three species of Bacillus and four species of Pseudomonas exhibiting plant growth-promoting properties were isolated and purified from a series of Bacillus and Pseudomonas genera, including a previously uncultured Pseudomonas strain. In contrast, all the PGPB screened by the agar plate method belonged to the Vibrio genus, which has been reported to be pathogenic to humans.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>The study demonstrated that the high-throughput method was superior to traditional plate methods for isolating a broader spectrum of microbial diversity from mangrove sediments, particularly rare species. When combined with metagenome sequencing, this approach enables a more efficient screening for PGPB potentially applicable for agriculture or environmental protection.</p>","PeriodicalId":15036,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Applied Microbiology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2025-10-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145124181","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Development of multiple microbiome biomarkers using penalized regression methods.","authors":"Thi Huyen Nguyen, Ibrahim Hamad, Markus Kleinewietfeld, Dhammika Amaratunga, Javier Cabrera, Davit Sargsyan, Rudradev Sengupta, Olajumoke Evangelina Owokotomo, Michael N Katehakis, Ziv Shkedy","doi":"10.1093/jambio/lxaf242","DOIUrl":"10.1093/jambio/lxaf242","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Aims: </strong>Identifying biomarkers that reflect the complex relationship between the microbiome and health outcomes in microbiome studies is essential for advancing the understanding and improving disease management. While past research was focused on a single biomarker modeling approach, this study extends that work by combining multiple taxa to identify a subset of multiple biomarkers relevant to clinical outcomes.</p><p><strong>Methods and results: </strong>We extend the information theory framework for surrogate endpoint evaluation by applying LASSO and Elastic Net models to identify combinations of taxa as biomarkers for clinical outcomes. Feature selection for the biomarker's construction is done in order to maximize the goodness of fit of the predictive biomarker model. Monte Carlo cross validation is used to enhance the reliability of feature selection. The high salt diet study on mice is used to illustrate the methodology for continuous outcome (tumor size). The top 5 selected genera yielded a correlation of 0.9274 between predicted and observed tumor size, with a 67.92% reduction in uncertainty when the multiple microbiome biomarkers score is known. To illustrate the methodology for binary outcome, the CERTIFI study on Crohn's disease patients treated with ustekinumab is used. A multiple microbiome biomarkers score, constructed using the top 5 selected families, significantly improved prediction of remission 6 weeks after induction treatment (the clinical outcome of interest).</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>This study presents a unified approach for identifying multiple microbiome biomarkers using penalized regression for clinical outcome prediction. The proposed methods are applied to both continuous and binary outcomes. The method enhances the detection of meaningful biomarkers with potential for personalized treatment and disease management.</p>","PeriodicalId":15036,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Applied Microbiology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2025-10-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145137562","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Genetic characterization of antimicrobial resistance, virulence, and plasmid-mediated transferability in Enterohaemorrhagic E. coli O157 isolates from healthy food handlers in Japan, 2006-2021.","authors":"Natsuki Ohata, Mamoru Noda, Kenji Ohta, Moritaka Hatta, Tatsuya Nakayama","doi":"10.1093/jambio/lxaf245","DOIUrl":"10.1093/jambio/lxaf245","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Aims: </strong>The increasing prevalence of antibiotic-resistant foodborne pathogens is a serious public health concern worldwide. Enterohaemorrhagic Escherichia coli O157 (EHEC-O157) poses a high food contamination risk. This study aimed to investigate changes in the prevalence of EHEC-O157 among food handlers in Japan in 2006-2021.</p><p><strong>Methods and results: </strong>A total of 279 randomly selected isolates from 2006 to 2009, 2019, and 2021 were analysed for their antimicrobial resistance patterns and virulence genes. EHEC-O157 isolation rates in 2012-2022 were 0.0011%-0.0037%, with an average isolation rate of 0.0024% (659/27 848 713). Antimicrobial susceptibility testing showed that EHEC-O157 isolates from all years were most resistant to streptomycin (>34%) and ampicillin (>7.7%), followed by tetracycline (<5.1%). EHEC-O157 isolates resistant to chloramphenicol (>9.4%) and kanamycin (>2.6%) have been isolated since 2019. Furthermore, the detection of Shiga toxin-related genes revealed that stx2 (57.4%) was more prevalent than stx1 (6%) in all sampling years. A whole-genome analysis revealed the presence of aph(6)-ld, aph(3'')-ld, and blaTEM-1B in the multidrug-resistant isolates, suggesting that these genes contribute to streptomycin and ampicillin resistance. Furthermore, one strain was an extended-spectrum β-lactamase producer harbouring the IncFII plasmid that encodes blaCTX-M-15. Moreover, EHEC acquired a plasmid encoding blaNDM-1 from carbapenem-resistant Citrobacter freundii.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>We characterized the antimicrobial resistance and virulence factors of EHEC-O157 from food handlers. EHEC strains can easily acquire and spread antibiotic resistance. Notably, EHEC-O157 isolates from healthy individuals exhibited uninterrupted streptomycin and ampicillin resistance over the past decade. In recent years, there has been a discernible trend towards multidrug resistance of EHEC-O157.</p>","PeriodicalId":15036,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Applied Microbiology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2025-10-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145199486","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}