Journal of Applied Microbiology最新文献

{"title":"Efficacy of fungal antagonists against aflatoxins, ochratoxin A, and fumonisins at different pathogen:antagonist inoculum ratios on grain corn agar and grain corn kernel.","authors":"Siti Nur Ezzati Yazid, Jinap Selamat, Siti Izera Ismail, Maimunah Sanny, Nik Iskandar Putra Samsudin","doi":"10.1093/jambio/lxaf049","DOIUrl":"10.1093/jambio/lxaf049","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Aim: </strong>The present work investigated the efficacy of native biocontrol candidates (antagonists) against aflatoxins, ochratoxin A (OTA), and fumonisins produced by native mycotoxigenic fungi isolated from Malaysia at different pathogen: antagonist inoculum ratios on grain corn agar and grain corn kernels.</p><p><strong>Methods and results: </strong>Five pathogen: antagonist inoculum ratios (100:0, 75:25, 50:50, 25:75, and 0:100) were employed. Non-aflatoxigenic Aspergillus flavus Af1KD and Af5TD, and Penicillium janthinellum were used against aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) and aflatoxin B2 (AFB2) by A. flavus. Against OTA by A. niger, and fumonisin B1 (FB1) and fumonisin B2 (FB2) by Fusarium verticillioides and F. proliferatum, respectively, the antagonists Trichoderma asperelloides, T. asperellum, and T. harzianum were used. Non-aflatoxigenic A. flavus Af1KD was the most effective against AFB1 and AFB2 at all tested ratios and substrates. All Trichoderma spp. were effective against OTA by A. niger on grain corn agar at all tested ratios. Trichoderma asperelloides and T. asperellum were effective against FB1 and FB2 produced by F. verticillioides at all tested ratios and substrates. Trichoderma asperelloides was effective against FB1 and FB2 by F. proliferatum at all tested ratios and substrates.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The native biocontrol candidates were effective against mycotoxigenic fungi and mycotoxin production on grain corn agar and grain corn kernels, and could be developed into biocontrol agents.</p>","PeriodicalId":15036,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Applied Microbiology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2025-03-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143567219","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Beneficial bacteria improve seedling growth and nutrition and promote biological control of coffee diseases.","authors":"Marcela Pádua Paulino de Souza, Matheus Aparecido Pereira Cipriano, Masako Toma Braghini, Leandro Pio de Sousa, Jorge Maurício Costa Mondego, Flávia Rodrigues Alves Patrício, Adriana Parada Dias da Silveira","doi":"10.1093/jambio/lxaf050","DOIUrl":"10.1093/jambio/lxaf050","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Aim: </strong>We investigated the effects of plant growth-promoting bacteria (PGPB) on the growth and nutrition of coffee seedlings and the biological control of coffee leaf rust (Hemileia vastatrix), brown eye spot (Cercospora coffeicola), and leaf blight (Boeremia coffeae).</p><p><strong>Methods and results: </strong>In the first part of the study, 19 PGPB strains, obtained in the phyllosphere, endosphere, and rhizosphere of coffee and other hosts, produced varied metabolites related to plant growth and biological control. Two coffee cultivars were treated with the bacterial strains, but cultivar Catuaí Amarelo IAC 62 was less responsive to the treatments. Five rhizospheric strains, from different genera, Bacillus cereus (Rb1), Pseudomonas koreensis (Rb2b), Enterobacter mori (Mn2), Bacillus safensis (Ob3a), Enterobacter cloacae (RBca5), and two endophytic strains, Enterobacter hormaechei (EOb1) and Paraburkholderia caribensis (Beca88) enhanced seed germination, plant biomass, and nutrient accumulation in cultivar \"Catuaí Vermelho\" IAC144 seedlings. In the second part of the study, three strains, the phyllospheric Pseudomonas gozinkensis (Mn1F), the endophytic P. caribensis (BEca88), and the rhizospheric E. cloacae (RBca5) reduced the severity of coffee leaf rust, brown eye spot, and leaf blight.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>PGPB from different genera, obtained in varied hosts and habitats, showed positive effect, improving plant fitness and controlling important coffee diseases, standing out the strains P. gozinkensis (Mn1F), P. caribensis (IAC-BEca-088), and E. cloacae (IAC-RBca5).</p>","PeriodicalId":15036,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Applied Microbiology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2025-03-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143567121","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Roles of flgJ in biofilm formation of Vibrio alginolyticus.","authors":"Chuancao Lin, Na Zhang, Yuanying Liang, Xiaoxiao Gong, Yanhua Zeng, Hao Long, Zhenyu Xie","doi":"10.1093/jambio/lxaf062","DOIUrl":"10.1093/jambio/lxaf062","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Aim: </strong>This study aimed to investigate the role of two flgJ genes in flagellar assembly and biofilm regulation in Vibrio alginolyticus.</p><p><strong>Methods and results: </strong>To investigate the functions of the flgJ, overexpression and gene knockout techniques were employed. Overexpression of flgJ1 enhanced the strain's growth capacity, leading to a rapid bacterial concentration that initiated biofilm formation. Additionally, this overexpression caused different aggregation patterns at various growth stages. In contrast, the knockout of flgJ1 resulted in the loss of the flagellum, reduced motility, and decreased growth. Interestingly, under static culture conditions, the flgJ1 mutant strain aggregated and grew at the air-liquid interface, accompanied by an increased concentration of intracellular cyclic diguanosine monophosphate (c-di-GMP), which ultimately also promoted biofilm formation. Thus, both the absence and overexpression of flgJ1 led to increased biofilm formation. On the other hand, both gene knockout and overexpression of flgJ2 lacked any response under the experimental conditions.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>FlgJ1 plays a crucial role in flagellar assembly and motility, while flgJ2 has been found to be nonfunctional. Both overexpression and knockout of the flgJ1 gene result in increased biofilm formation through distinct regulatory mechanisms. These findings enhance our understanding of the role of flgJ gene in regulating biofilm formation.</p>","PeriodicalId":15036,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Applied Microbiology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2025-03-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143615614","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Plant extracts as a source of antiviral agents against influenza A virus.","authors":"Hanushree Arumugam, Ka Heng Wong, Zheng Yao Low, Sunil Lal, Wee Sim Choo","doi":"10.1093/jambio/lxaf056","DOIUrl":"10.1093/jambio/lxaf056","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The influenza virus, especially influenza A (IAV), has remained a constant global health threat due to its high morbidity rate and ability to undergo antigenic shifts and drifts, causing pandemics and epidemics. Due to the rapid evolution of IAV, novel therapeutics are urgently required to combat these viruses effectively, as they develop resistance against current therapeutics. Natural products have been the subject of debate for alternative IAV therapy, where the abundance of bioactive compounds offers numerous potentials for novel anti-IAV drug discovery. Therefore, this review discusses the antiviral effects of natural plant extracts against IAV. Examples are Silybum marianum, Scutellaria baicalensis, Angelica dahurica, Peganum harmala, Sambucus nigra, Echinacea purpurea, Panax ginseng, and Camellia sinensis. Most studies found that Si. marianum inhibits viral ribonucleic acid (RNA) synthesis. In contrast, Sc. baicalensis, A. dahurica, Sa. nigra, C. sinensis, and E. purpurea were effective in preventing the entry or binding of IAV into host cells. On the other hand, Sc. baicalensis and Pa. ginseng exert their anti-IAV effect via immunomodulation. Peganum harmala, on the contrary, exhibits a direct virucidal effect against IAV. These studies have shown promising results from using natural products against IAV, which may aid in formulating combinatorial compounds as anti-IAV therapy.</p>","PeriodicalId":15036,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Applied Microbiology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2025-03-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143585769","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Increased sulfate-reducing bacteria can drive microbial dysbiosis in bleached corals.","authors":"Sumbal Sajid, Baohua Xiao, Guoqiang Zhang, Zongyao Zhang, Lianguo Chen, James Kar-Hei Fang, Yishan Lu, Lin Cai","doi":"10.1093/jambio/lxaf043","DOIUrl":"10.1093/jambio/lxaf043","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Aims: </strong>Coral bleaching occurs when coral colonies lose their Symbiodiniaceae partner and turn pale or white. Although this event is generally temperature-induced, there is also the possibility of holobiont microbial infection and dysbiosis. To address this issue, this study was conducted to investigate the diversity and composition of Symbiodiniaceae and bacteria in healthy and bleached colonies of Porites lutea collected from eastern Shenzhen.</p><p><strong>Methods and results: </strong>Internal transcribed spacer 2 and 16S amplicon sequencing analysis were used to explore the diversity and composition of Symbiodiniaceae and bacteria in healthy and bleached colonies of P. lutea. Bacterial diversity and richness were significantly higher in bleached colonies than in healthy colonies (P < 0.05), whereas the diversity and richness of Symbiodiniaceae showed no significant changes. The bleaching event exerted a more significant impact on Symbiodiniaceae composition, which differed between healthy and bleached colonies (PERMANOVA, F = 8.246, P < 0.05). In terms of composition, Clade C (Cladocopium) was the predominant Symbiodiniaceae, whereas subclade C116 and C2r were significantly less abundant in bleached colonies than in healthy colonies (P < 0.05). The phyla Bacteroidetes, Acidobacteria, and Actinobacteria were significantly more abundant in bleached colonies than in healthy colonies (P < 0.05). The sulfate-reducing bacteria (SRB) Desulfobulbus and Desulfobacter at the genus level and Desulfobacterales and Desulfuromonadales at the order level were significantly more abundant in bleached colonies than in healthy colonies (P < 0.05). The co-occurrence patterns of Symbiodiniaceae and bacteria revealed a negative correlation of Desulfofaba, Desulfovibrio, Desulfarculus, and Desulfobulbus with Endozoicomonas, a very common symbiotic bacterial genus found in corals.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Coral bleaching may be associated with significant shifts in microbial communities, including increased SRB abundance, which may disrupt microbial balance and contribute to bleaching.</p>","PeriodicalId":15036,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Applied Microbiology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2025-03-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143492129","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"UV radiation triggers mycosporine-glutaminol-glucoside biosynthesis in Naganishia friedmannii FBU002, a non-pathogenic yeast.","authors":"Gabriel Martins-Silva, Renan Santini Barbosa, Ronaldo Silva Santos, Ana Carolina Souza Ramos de Carvalho, Marianne Kreusch, Adrian Adolfo Alvarez Padilla, Marcelo Afonso Vallim, Lívia Soman de Medeiros, Renata Castiglioni Pascon","doi":"10.1093/jambio/lxaf047","DOIUrl":"10.1093/jambio/lxaf047","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Aims: </strong>Ultraviolet radiation (UVR) interferes with aspects of life on Earth. It is necessary for the synthesis of important molecules, as vitamin D, but it is harmful to organisms leading to photoaging and skin cancer. Artificial sunscreens prevent these harmful effects, but may be carcinogenic and neurotoxic; also they accumulate in the aquatic ecosystem, harming the environment and leading to coral bleaching. Most artificial sunscreens commercialized are fossil fuel derived and produced by the petrochemical industry. As society turns to bioeconomy, these artificial sunscreens may be substituted by sustainable ones. Algae, cyanobacteria, and fungi produce mycosporines and mycosporine-like aminoacids, which absorb UV radiation and dissipate it as heat. They are a natural source of sunscreen with low or no toxicity and can be produced by biotechnological means; therefore, the aim of this study is to search for mycosporine biosynthesis in yeast from an extreme environment.</p><p><strong>Methods and results: </strong>Chromatographic and spectroscopic data analyses demonstrated for the first time an isolate of Naganishia friedmannii, collected from a site with high UVR incidence, is able to produce mycosporine-glutaminol-glucoside (MGG) and its likely diastereoisomer, when exposed to photosynthetically active radiation (PAR)-UVR light. A biosynthetic gene cluster was identified in the N. friedmannii genome and shown to be induced in response to UVR by real-time polimerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Phenotypic characterization suggests N. friedmannii is non-pathogenic yeast that tolerates UVC (UltraViolet C) radiation and other stresses.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>These features make N. friedmannii suitable for biotechnological applications, adding value to yeast mycosporines as an additive for economically viable, sustainable and environmentally friendly sunscreens.</p>","PeriodicalId":15036,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Applied Microbiology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2025-03-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143556985","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Promoter choice for XKS1 overexpression impacts xylose metabolism in Saccharomyces cerevisiae.","authors":"Brenda Cristina Souza, Beatriz de Oliveira Vargas, Gustavo Seguchi, Marcelo F Carazzolle, Gonçalo Amarante Guimarães Pereira, Fellipe da Silveira Bezerra de Mello","doi":"10.1093/jambio/lxaf042","DOIUrl":"10.1093/jambio/lxaf042","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Aims: </strong>The impact of promoter selection on the overexpression of the XKS1 gene in Saccharomyces cerevisiae is investigated with a focus on optimizing xylose metabolism for second-generation ethanol production. The goal was to identify how different promoters affect the fermentation performance of laboratory and industrial yeast strains under various media conditions.</p><p><strong>Methods and results: </strong>Four constitutive promoters-TEF1p, ADH1p, PGK1p, and TDH3p-were tested to overexpress XKS1 in two strains of S. cerevisiae, one laboratory strain (BY4742) and one industrial strain (PE-2B), both engineered with a heterologous xylose isomerase pathway. The strains were evaluated in defined (YNB) and complex (YPDX) media, as well as a synthetic sugarcane hydrolysate, over a 144-h fermentation period. Promoter choice significantly influenced cell growth, xylose consumption, and ethanol production. In the laboratory strain, TEF1p yielded the highest ethanol production in YPDX, while TDH3p promoted higher biomass formation. In the industrial strain, ADH1p, TEF1p, and PGK1p led to high ethanol yields in YPDX, with ADH1p showing superior performance in the synthetic hydrolysate. RT-qPCR reveals lower XKS1 expression levels render a better trait for BY4742, while the opposite is observed for PE-2B.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>It is demonstrated that promoter selection is crucial for optimizing XKS1 expression and xylose metabolism in S. cerevisiae. Promoters must be carefully tailored to the yeast strain and fermentation conditions to maximize ethanol production, providing strategic insights for enhancing the industrial fermentation of lignocellulosic biomass.</p>","PeriodicalId":15036,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Applied Microbiology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2025-03-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143476653","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The bacterial quality and safety of cold smoked salmon during production and subsequent chilled storage.","authors":"Léon Maughan, Paul Whyte, Declan Bolton","doi":"10.1093/jambio/lxaf035","DOIUrl":"10.1093/jambio/lxaf035","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Aim: </strong>This study aimed to investigate the bacteriology of cold smoked salmon (CSS), specifically changes in the bacterial quality (total viable count and total Enterobacteriaceae count), the concentration of spoilage bacteria (lactic acid bacteria, hydrogen sulphide producing bacteria and Pseudomonas spp.) and Listeria monocytogenes during salting, washing, smoking, maturation, packaging and chilled storage.</p><p><strong>Methods and results: </strong>In-plant and laboratory based studies were undertaken. The salt concentration, pH and aw of the commercial product were 3.8% (w/w), 5.9% and 0.95%, respectively while those of the laboratory prepared CSS were 1.1%, 6.2%, and 0.94%. Although the CSS preparation process enhanced microbial quality, as determined by significant (P < 0.05) reductions in indicator and spoilage bacterial counts, L. monocytogenes was unaffected and all bacteria showed significant (P < 0.05) growth during chilled storage of the final product.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>The microbial quality and safety of CSS is reliant on using uncontaminated fillets, good hygiene practices and ensuring that the shelf life does not afford L. monocytogenes sufficient time to exceed the 100 cfu g-1 maximum allowed in current EU legislation (EC 2073/2005).</p>","PeriodicalId":15036,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Applied Microbiology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2025-03-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143425405","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Urea treatment causes significant changes in microbial composition and associated metabolism of corn stover and rice straw.","authors":"Yongsong Bai, Shengnan Qiu, Yunmeng Tang, Feng Gao, Fangzheng Mou, Daowei Zhou, Haixia Sun","doi":"10.1093/jambio/lxaf045","DOIUrl":"10.1093/jambio/lxaf045","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>Urea ammoniation is one of the more effective ways for straw feed utilization. Current research on urea ammoniation has focused on chemical reactions in the process of ammoniating straw, neglecting the microbial-driven process.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This study aims to examine the effects of 2% and 4% urea on bacteria and fungi and their metabolites and fermentation quality of corn stover and rice straw under 40% and 60% moisture conditions.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Urea ammoniation at 4% increased the total nitrogen content of corn stover and rice straw, and reduced the neutral detergent fiber and acid detergent lignin of rice straw. Lactic acid and acetic acid are produced during the urea ammonification process, and 2% urea treatment has the best promoting effect on it. Urea ammoniation at 2% also modified the composition of the Lactobacillales and increased the relative abundance of Enterococcus of corn stover and rice straw under 60% water, leading to changes in the main driving microbiota. Moreover, urea ammoniation can promote the metabolism of bacteria and fungi in degrading lignin, producing various lignin degradation products, such as vanillin, 4-hydroxybenzaldehyde, protocatechuic acid, sinapyl alcohol, benzaldehyde, benzoic acid, etc.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Urea ammoniation is not only a chemical process, but also a microbial-driven process that involves changes in microbial composition and associated metabolism.</p>","PeriodicalId":15036,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Applied Microbiology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2025-03-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143476664","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Reduced growth of Salmonella enterica and Listeria monocytogenes on outdoor- vs. indoor-grown kale (Brassica oleracea var. acephala ).","authors":"Thao D Tran, SangIn Lee, Robert Hnasko, Jeffery A McGarvey","doi":"10.1093/jambio/lxaf027","DOIUrl":"10.1093/jambio/lxaf027","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Aim: </strong>To compare the abilities of Salmonella enterica and Listeria monocytogenes to grow on kale (Brassica oleracea var. acephala) grown in an indoor vertical hydroponic system (IVHS) or outdoors.</p><p><strong>Methods and results: </strong>IVHS- and outdoor-grown kale was inoculated with L. monocytogenes and incubated at 4°C for 9 days or with S. enterica and incubated at 20°C for 24 h. Listeria monocytogenes showed significant growth on the IVHS-grown kale after 6 days but was unable to grow on the outdoor-grown kale. Salmonella enterica grew on both types of kale but to significantly greater numbers on the IVHS-grown kale (P < 0.05). Plate counts of indigenous bacteria revealed that the outdoor-grown kale contained >2 log more culturable bacteria g-1 than the IVHS-grown kale. Analysis of 16S rRNA gene sequence libraries derived from the IVHS- and outdoor-grown kale revealed no significant differences in alpha diversity or community composition.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The ability of the pathogens to grow on outdoor- or IVHS-grown kale do not appear to be related to the microbial population structures but to the levels of indigenous bacteria. We propose that the reduced bacterial cell density on the IVHS-grown kale is the result of reduced bacterial community productivity that supplies the pathogens with space and nutrients for growth.</p>","PeriodicalId":15036,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Applied Microbiology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2025-03-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143364727","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}