Iranian Endodontic Journal最新文献

{"title":"Nonsurgical Endodontic Treatment of Type II Dens Invaginatus in A Maxillary Lateral Incisor: A Case Report.","authors":"Mariana da Cunha Isaltino, Natália Gomes de Oliveira, Paulo Maurício Reis de Melo Júnior, Carolina Viana Vasco Lyra, Pedro Henrique de Freitas Fernandes, Diana Santana de Albuquerque","doi":"10.22037/iej.v19i3.45099","DOIUrl":"10.22037/iej.v19i3.45099","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Dens invaginatus (DI) is one of the developmental dental anomalies that results in an invagination of the enamel organ into the dental papila during odontogenesis. The purpose of this study is to report a case of nonsurgical endodontic treatment of an Oehlers type II DI in a right maxillary lateral incisor with an extensive periapical damage, along with the two-year clinical and tomographic follow-up. A 30-year-old patient was referred for endodontic treatment of tooth #12. On clinical examination, a change in the shape and color of the crown was observed. The tooth responded negative to pulp sensibility, percussion, palpation and mobility tests. After tomographic evaluation, an Oehlers type II DI was visualized, in addition to an extensive periradicular lesion. The diagnosis was asymptomatic apical periodontitis. The treatment was carried out in two sessions, through intense enhancement of the auxiliary chemical substance with passive ultrasonic irrigation, XP-Endo Finisher and the use of hydroxide-based intracanal medication. Appropriate treatment in cases with anatomic variations requires an accurate and early diagnosis based on clinical examination and radiographic images. A two-year follow-up of the present case showed that the correct diagnosis associated with appropriate instrumentation techniques, supplementary disinfection, and adequate three-dimensional sealing of the canal with filling material, resulted in regression of the periradicular lesion and bone repair.</p>","PeriodicalId":14534,"journal":{"name":"Iranian Endodontic Journal","volume":"19 3","pages":"232-236"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11287048/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141859701","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Apical Periodontitis in Vital and Nonvital Teeth: Clinical and Radiographic Features.","authors":"Saeed Asgary, Anita Aminoshariae, Paul R Wesselink","doi":"10.22037/iej.v19i3.45605","DOIUrl":"10.22037/iej.v19i3.45605","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Apical periodontitis (AP) is a common inflammatory condition predominantly caused by the response of the immune system to microbial invasion within the root canal system. Contrary to conventional perception, AP may occur in vital teeth with inflamed pulp; adding complexity to diagnosis and treatment. AP, due to its frequent lack of symptoms and reliance on radiographic evaluation for detection, often presents diagnostic challenges. In addition, AP pathogenesis involves complex interactions between microbial virulence and host immune response at the cellular and molecular levels. Comprehensive diagnostic procedures, including patient history, clinical examination, and radiographic evaluation, are essential for early detection and necessary intervention, with the recognition of clinical signs and symptoms underscoring the importance of regular dental evaluations. The current review primarily discusses the radiographic and clinical features of AP in vital and non-vital teeth; introducing a new taxonomic classification to improve diagnostic precision and treatment outcomes. Moreover, it proposes different treatment categories/options for the management of AP, based on pulp status as well as clinical and radiographic findings; emphasizing vital pulp therapy and root canal treatment for vital and non-vital teeth with AP, respectively. Furthermore, the global and regional epidemiology of AP is presented, along with its association with systemic health conditions; <i>e.g</i>., cardiovascular diseases, diabetes mellitus, and adverse pregnancy outcomes. Moreover, future research directions are advocated to improve the efficacy and predictability of diagnosis and treatments; paving the path for clinicians in early detection, accurate diagnosis, and effective management of AP to enhance oral health outcomes.</p>","PeriodicalId":14534,"journal":{"name":"Iranian Endodontic Journal","volume":"19 3","pages":"148-157"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11287039/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141859742","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Comparing the Efficiency of Single versus Dual Ultrasonic Devices for Metallic Post Removal in Endodontic Retreatment: A Clinical Study.","authors":"Key Fabiano Souza Pereira, Lia Beatriz Junqueira-Verardo, Edilson José Zafalon, Luiz Fernando Tomazinho, Vanessa Rodrigues do Nascimento, Hugo José Santos Bastos, Alex Yoshiharu Otani","doi":"10.22037/iej.v19i3.44817","DOIUrl":"10.22037/iej.v19i3.44817","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Ultrasonic vibration for metallic post removal seems to be a unanimous choice between endodontists and general practitioners for providing the best results and having the highest safety. This study compared the time required by ultrasonic vibration for removing metallic post (MP) when 1 or 2 ultrasonics devices are used.</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>One hundred and fifteen teeth with MPs from 105 patients, indicated for nonsurgical endodontic retreatment were divided into 2 groups according to the number of ultrasonic devices used (G1-1 device) and (G2-2 devices). In G1, the MP was worn with a transmetal bur, alongside the wear of the cement line (around 2 mm deep). Then, an ultrasonic tip attached to an ultrasonic unit, with a power of 100% was activated at the level of the post, with constant water spray at a level of 1 mm above the axial surface of the tooth. The position of the tip was changed between buccal and lingual surfaces every 10 seconds until the MP was removed. In G2 the same procedures were performed as described in G1, but two ultrasonic tips were activated simultaneously at buccal and lingual surfaces until the MP was removed. The vibration time necessary for removing each MP was recorded using a chronometer.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The mean time was 131.10±29.68 seconds (mean±standard error of the mean) for MP removal using one ultrasonic device, and 24.86±6.88 seconds for two devices. The time required for MP removal using two ultrasonic devices was significantly less than when using one ultrasonic device (<i>P</i><0.001).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The technique with 2 ultrasonic devices proved to be more efficient than the one using only 1 ultrasonic device.</p>","PeriodicalId":14534,"journal":{"name":"Iranian Endodontic Journal","volume":"19 3","pages":"189-192"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11287037/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141859744","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Micro-CT Assessment of Filling Removal Effectiveness in the Apical Third of Curved Canals with Different Types of Anatomy.","authors":"Lincoln DE Campos Fruchi, Murilo Priori Alcalde, Pablo Amoroso-Silva, Rodrigo Ricci Vivan, Clovis Monteiro Bramante, Marco Antônio Húngaro Duarte","doi":"10.22037/iej.v19i1.27511","DOIUrl":"10.22037/iej.v19i1.27511","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>The aim of this study was to assess the effectiveness of filling removal material from the apical third of curved mesial root canals of mandibular molars. Reciprocating instrumentation followed by additional rotary instrumentation with instruments made of alloys with different heat treatments was evaluated.</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>Thirty-six mesial roots of mandibular molars were divided into two groups: Group Class IV consisted of 16 roots with two independent canals, and Group Class II consisted of 20 roots with two canals that merged into one at their apical level. Each of these two groups were further divided into two subgroups, according to the additional rotary instrument used after the reciprocating instrumentation: Group RH and Group RM for Hyflex and Mtwo, respectively. After each procedural step, the roots were scanned by micro-tomography. After each step of filling removal, the Wilcoxon matched pair test and the Mann-Whitney test were used for the evaluation between groups. The significance level adopted was 5%.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Significant differences were observed between groups with different Class II and Class IV anatomies, regarding filling removal after Reciproc (<i>P</i><0.05). After the use of an additional rotary instrumentation, no differences were observed between the two groups (<i>P</i>>0.05).</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>In the apical third of mesial roots of mandibular molars with Class II anatomy, an additional rotary instrumentation was shown to be necessary for improving the removal of filling material after using the single-file reciprocating instrumentation technique.</p>","PeriodicalId":14534,"journal":{"name":"Iranian Endodontic Journal","volume":"19 1","pages":"22-27"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10787183/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139466559","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Management Strategies for Immature Teeth with Pulp Necrosis: An Umbrella Review of Systematic Reviews.","authors":"Saeed Asgary, Sayna Shamszadeh, Ali Nosrat, Anita Aminoshariae, Mohammad Sabeti","doi":"10.22037/iej.v19i4.46292","DOIUrl":"10.22037/iej.v19i4.46292","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>This review evaluates the effectiveness of treatment modalities for immature teeth with pulp necrosis, focusing on calcium hydroxide (CH) and mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA) apexification, as well as regenerative endodontic treatments (RETs). Recent advancements and clinical outcomes are highlighted.</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>A comprehensive search of MEDLINE (PubMed), Embase, Cochrane Library, Scopus, and grey literature was conducted from inception to July 2024. Systematic reviews and meta-analyses (SR/MAs) assessing apexification and RET outcomes in immature teeth with pulp necrosis were included. Studies were selected based on predefined criteria, and data on study design, interventions, and outcomes were extracted. Methodological quality was evaluated using the AMSTAR-2 tool.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>31 SR/MAs were included. The quality ranged from critically low to low, except one rated as high. MTA apexification was more effective than CH for faster apical barrier formation, though overall success rates were similar. MTA is preferred for its efficiency, but standardized protocols are needed, and tooth discoloration was noted as a potential complication. RET generally outperforms apexification in root maturation, with platelet concentrates like platelet-rich plasma (PRP) and platelet-rich fibrin (PRF) showing promising results; PRP was associated with greater root length, while PRF showed superior apical healing. Variability in RET outcomes was noted due to the lack of standardized protocols. Comparative studies of RET versus apexification showed no significant differences in survival or overall success rates. RET often provides better apical closure and root development, though results vary. Both approaches are viable, but more research with standardized protocols and larger samples is needed to establish definitive clinical advantages.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>MTA apexification and RET are viable alternatives to CH apexification, with RET showing greater potential for root development and apical healing. Future research should focus on developing standardized protocols and uniform RET guidelines, and evaluating long-term outcomes to establish efficacy and safety.</p>","PeriodicalId":14534,"journal":{"name":"Iranian Endodontic Journal","volume":"19 4","pages":"242-253"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11512712/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142521947","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Treatment of Invasive Cervical Resorption in a Central Incisor by Intentional Replantation: A Case Report.","authors":"Luiz Ricardo Gomes de Caldas Nogueira Filho, Pedro Henrique de Freitas Fernandes, Luiz Ricardo Gomes de Caldas Nogueira, Christianne Tavares Velozo Telles, Rosana Maria Coelho Travassos, Diana Santana de Albuquerque","doi":"10.22037/iej.v19i4.45212","DOIUrl":"10.22037/iej.v19i4.45212","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Invasive cervical resorption (ICR) is an aggressive pathological condition that can affect any permanent tooth. This process is characterized by replacement of the tooth structure with granulomatous fibrovascular or fibro-osseous tissue. Despite its asymptomatic nature, ICR can lead to tooth loss. This study reports a case of ICR in a 15-year-old boy with a history of dental trauma. The patient had a diagnosis of ICR in tooth #21. After considering the risks of an external surgical approach and exclusive endodontic treatment, intentional re-implantation combined with extraoral composite resin restoration and endodontic treatment was proposed. The procedure consisted of atraumatic tooth extraction, removal of granulomatous tissue, restoration of the cavity with composite resin, re-implantation of the tooth in the alveolus, and endodontic treatment. This approach resulted in satisfactory repair of the resorptive lesion observed in over 3 years of follow-up. This case highlights intentional re-implantation combined with appropriate endodontic treatment as a viable treatment option for ICR.</p>","PeriodicalId":14534,"journal":{"name":"Iranian Endodontic Journal","volume":"19 4","pages":"296-301"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11512707/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142521951","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effect of an Experimental Resin-based Sealer (Resil) and AH-26 on Postoperative Pain: A Randomized Controlled Clinical Trial.","authors":"Nazanin Zargar, Hengameh Ashraf, Saeede Zadsirjan, Farhood Najafi, Siavash Jafari Semnani, Omid Dianat, Pegah Mehrabinia","doi":"10.22037/iej.v19i3.44301","DOIUrl":"10.22037/iej.v19i3.44301","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>One of the most common problems in endodontic treatments is post-treatment pain, and sealers might be one of the factors influencing the degree of pain following root canal therapy. The purpose of this study is to compare pain following endodontic treatment using an AH-26 resin sealer against the Resil experimental sealer in mandibular molars with irreversible pulpitis.</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>One hundred patients with irreversible pulpitis in the mandibular first or second molar were randomly divided into two groups (<i>n</i>=50) based on the type of sealer applied. Two postgraduate students with at least five years of experience treated all patients. All patients had a single root canal treatment. Postoperative pain scores and analgesic consumption were assessed after 6, 12, 24, and 48 hours and 3, 4, 5, 6, and 7 days after the treatment. The data were statistically analyzed by Fisher's exact or Chi-Square test (to compare the distribution of qualitative variables in two groups), repeated measures ANOVA (to compare changes in pain intensity over time in two groups), Boneferronie (for pairwise comparisons), Friedman, Wilcoxon and Mann-Whitney tests (for assessment of the changes in pain scores over time). The generalized estimating equations (GEE) were used for assessing time and group effects.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>There was no significant difference in postoperative pain between groups at any of the time points studied (<i>P</i>>0.05), and also for patient analgesic consumption between groups (<i>P</i>>0.05). Both groups recorded the maximum pain levels in the first 6 hours. For each subsequent day postoperatively, the odds ratio (OR) of not using analgesics was 2.078.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Resil and AH-26 perform similarly in terms of the occurrence and intensity of postoperative pain in mandibular molar teeth with irreversible pulpitis.</p>","PeriodicalId":14534,"journal":{"name":"Iranian Endodontic Journal","volume":"19 3","pages":"139-147"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11287042/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141859746","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Reducing Apical Bacterial Extrusion: The Impact of Reciproc File Size and Irrigation Technique.","authors":"Maricel Rosario Cardenas Cuellar, Thais Cristina Pereira, Layla Reginna Silva Munhoz de Vasconcelos, Victor Feliz Pedrinha, Rodrigo Ricci Vivan, Marco Antonio Hungaro Duarte, Flaviana Bombarda de Andrade","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>This study used different irrigation techniques to compare the levels of apical bacterial extrusion during the preparation of root canals with a reciprocating instrument widely used in endodontics, the Reciproc files 25/0.08 and 40/0.06.</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>The irrigation techniques employed were conventional syringe irrigation and passive ultrasonic irrigation (PUI); the latter, with one or two activation cycles. Seventy extracted mandibular human premolars were contaminated with <i>Enterococcus faecalis</i> for 5 days and were distributed into 6 experimental groups (<i>n</i>=10), and the remaining specimens were used as positive and negative control groups (<i>n</i>=5). Group 1: instrumentation performed with Reciproc 25/0.08 and conventional syringe irrigation; Group 2: instrumentation performed with Reciproc 25/0.08 along with PUI for one minute after instrumentation (PUI-1); and Group 3: instrumentation performed with Reciproc 25/0.08 along with PUI for one minute before and after instrumentation (PUI-2). Groups 4, 5 and 6 were instrumented with Reciproc 40/0.06, and irrigation was performed similar to the previous groups, in the aforementioned order. Each root canal was irrigated with saline solution. Extruded debris was collected in microtubes. The contents of the microtubes were homogenized, diluted, and spread on Brain Heart Infusion agar. After 48 hours, the number of colony-forming units was determined for each sample. For statistical analysis, the Kruskal-Wallis test followed by the Dunn's tests were used (α=0.05).</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The CFU/mL count indicated that the instrumentation with Reciproc 25/0.08 was associated with the highest bacterial extrusion, mainly when PUI was performed (<i>P</i><0.05).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>All the instrumentation techniques caused bacterial extrusion through the apical foramen; however, the largest file size of the Reciproc 40/0.06 groups was associated with less apical bacterial extrusion.</p>","PeriodicalId":14534,"journal":{"name":"Iranian Endodontic Journal","volume":"19 3","pages":"176-182"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11287038/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141859759","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Successful Management of a Rare Distant Endodontic Lesion: A Case Report.","authors":"Mohammad Jafar Eghbal, Ardavan Parhizkar, Saeed Asgary","doi":"10.22037/iej.v19i2.44860","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22037/iej.v19i2.44860","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The current case report aims to document a rare presentation of a distant odontogenic lesion of a 35-year-old male patient with mild clinical discomfort in the mandibular right first molar; exploring the diagnostic and therapeutic intricacies of an uncommon distant endodontic pathosis ultimately resolved through meticulous nonsurgical retreatment. Despite a normal oral examination, diagnostic radiography revealed a suboptimal root canal treatment and apical lesions surrounding mesial- and distal-root apices; including a distinct radiolucency beneath the apex of the second mandibular molar discovered through panoramic radiography, and confirmed via cone-beam computed tomography. In addition, the computed tomography disclosed a previously unreported and unusually large endodontic lesion that extended toward the mandibular canal; highlighting a necessity for the continued exploration of a unique endodontic presentation. A nonsurgical endodontic retreatment led to a remarkable reduction in the radiolucent lesions within one year; emphasizing the significance of comprehensive diagnostic approaches and individualized treatments.</p>","PeriodicalId":14534,"journal":{"name":"Iranian Endodontic Journal","volume":"19 2","pages":"124-129"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10988639/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140849081","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Pulp, Root Canal and Peri-radicular Conditions: The Need for Re-classification.","authors":"Paul V Abbott","doi":"10.22037/iej.v19i3.44394","DOIUrl":"10.22037/iej.v19i3.44394","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Currently no standard, universally accepted, and clinically useful classification of pulp, root canal and peri-radicular conditions is used within the dental profession. Most published classifications are either too simple and miss many of the conditions reported to occur within the pulp, root canal and peri-radicular tissues, or they are too complex for use in clinical settings. Furthermore, many classifications have used inappropriate terminology that has either not been defined or has been poorly defined. The lack of standardisation leads to confusion amongst practitioners and potential uncertainty regarding treatment. It also limits the ability to communicate effectively, to teach appropriately, and to compare data and research findings throughout the world. When developing a classification of tissue conditions or diseases, it is essential that the classification is developed appropriately and meets the recommended criteria for effective clinical, educational and research use. It is also extremely important that correct and well-defined terminology is used since \"words do matter\". Popular terminology based on symptoms should be avoided as these have been proven to lead to inappropriate treatment decisions. This review discusses how classifications should be developed for pulp, root canal and peri-radicular conditions. It also discusses the deficiencies of some popular classifications and outlines the classifications that truly address the recommended criteria and reflect the physiological and pathological changes in the pulp, root canal and peri-radicular tissues. Hence, it is recommended that these latter classifications be adopted as the internationally-accepted classifications for future clinical use, as well as for educational, research and communication purposes.</p>","PeriodicalId":14534,"journal":{"name":"Iranian Endodontic Journal","volume":"19 3","pages":"158-175"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11287045/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141859758","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}