International journal of sports physiology and performance最新文献

{"title":"High-Torque Interval Warm-Up Increases Internal Load Compared With a Classic Protocol but Does Not Affect Subsequent Time-Trial Performance.","authors":"Leonardo Cesanelli, Marco Pernigoni, Fabio Zambolin, Thomas Lagoute, Francesco Coletta, Giuseppe De Maria, Olegas Ivanovas, Tomas Venckunas","doi":"10.1123/ijspp.2026-0069","DOIUrl":"10.1123/ijspp.2026-0069","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>Short cycling time trials (TTs), such as prologues, demand maximal power and precise neuromuscular coordination from the start, making warm-up strategy crucial. This study compared the physiological, perceptual, and performance effects of a classic warm-up and a high-torque interval warm-up (WUT) before a simulated 3-km \"prologue-like\" TT.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Fourteen competitive male cyclists (23 [6] y; V˙O2peak=65[5] mL·kg-1·min-1) completed both conditions in a randomized crossover design. Each warm-up was followed, after a 2-minute transition, by a 3-km TT performed on an ergometer simulating variable terrain and rolling resistance.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>WUT elicited higher oxygen uptake (+10.7%, P = .001), greater V˙O2peak (+31.2%, P < .001), higher heart rate (+9.9%, P < .001), and higher perceived exertion (+32%, P = .043) than the classic warm-up, indicating greater physiological and perceptual strain. However, no significant differences (all P > .05) were found in TT completion time, mean or peak power output, cadence, or time above critical power between the 2 conditions. Muscle soreness was higher after WUT (P < .05), but this did not impair performance.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>These findings indicate that, while the WUT induces stronger physiological activation, it does not enhance short time-trial performance compared with a traditional approach. Both strategies appear equally effective in preparing cyclists for short, maximal efforts, suggesting that the choice of warm-up may depend on individual preference, event context, and practical constraints rather than expected performance gains.</p>","PeriodicalId":14295,"journal":{"name":"International journal of sports physiology and performance","volume":" ","pages":"1181-1190"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2026-08-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148669379","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Differences in Load-Velocity Profile Between Powerlifters and Experienced Gym Exercisers.","authors":"Konstantinos Tromaras, Nikolaos Zaras, Gregory C Bogdanis, Gerasimos Terzis","doi":"10.1123/ijspp.2025-0276","DOIUrl":"10.1123/ijspp.2025-0276","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>The purpose of the study was to investigate the load-velocity relationship between powerlifting athletes (PL) and experienced gym exercisers (EE), in squat (SQ), bench press, and deadlift (DL), and to examine whether this relationship is influenced by the size of the muscle mass.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Nine PL (age: 29.62 [7.54] y, height: 1.77 [0.05] m, mass: 92.52 [13.37] kg) and 8 EE (age: 23.54 [4.64] y, height: 1.85 [0.05] m, mass: 89.31 [13.14] kg) participated in the study. Data collection occurred over 3 nonconsecutive training sessions and included body composition via DXA, maximum strength (1RM) for SQ, bench press, and DL and the calculation of the load-velocity profile using external loads starting from 30% to 100% of 1RM for all lifts.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>No difference was found for lean mass between groups (P > .05). Mean velocity at 1RM in DL was lower for PL (P = .033). Velocity at 1RM (meters per second) in SQ was moderately correlated with trunk's lean body mass (r = .685, P = .042) in PL, while in EE, the velocity at 1RM in DL was highly correlated with total lean body mass (r = .801, P = .030). In the PL, 1RM was overestimated by a mean 3.6%, 2.0%, and 1.6%, while in the EE group, 1RM was overestimated by a mean 2.8%, 1.4%, and 0.02% in SQ, bench press, and DL, respectively.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>The load-velocity relationship may estimate performance in PL with relative accuracy, and it is suggested that this relationship may be used for tracking the daily adaptations of training loads and for competitions.</p>","PeriodicalId":14295,"journal":{"name":"International journal of sports physiology and performance","volume":" ","pages":"1157-1163"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2026-07-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148630377","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Relationship of Travel Demands With Perceived Fatigue, Sleep, and Wellness of Female National Team Footballers.","authors":"Sophie E Graham, Ewan Clements, Georgia A Brown, Rob Duffield","doi":"10.1123/ijspp.2025-0655","DOIUrl":"10.1123/ijspp.2025-0655","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>To assess the relationship between travel variables and perceived fatigue, sleep, stress, soreness, and overall wellness responses in female national team footballers.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Details of 342 flights over a 3-year period from 45 professional footballers in a women's national team were collated and confirmed with an online flight database; including duration, time zone difference, direction, trip type, and arrival/departure times. Perceptual ratings of fatigue, sleep, stress, and soreness were self-reported for up to 3 days posttravel. Linear mixed-effects models assessed associations between travel variables and perceptual responses as outcome variables. Post hoc pairwise comparisons were conducted with estimated marginal means to assess differences between categorical variables (significance at P < .05).</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Larger time zone changes were associated with increased fatigue, poorer sleep, and worse total wellness scores (P < .001). Eastward travel was associated with poorer perceived responses than westward, with higher fatigue (P = .003), sleep (P = .001), and total wellness (P = .026). Morning arrivals were associated with better fatigue and sleep ratings than evening (P < .001), while daytime departures observed reduced fatigue (P = .013) and soreness (P = .004) compared with morning. Return trips were associated with greater fatigue than outbound or transition trips (P < .001). Most measures improved 2 days postarrival (P < .001). However, mostly small or trivial effect sizes were observed, and all models had low explanatory power (marginal R2 = .001-.10).</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Larger time zone shifts, eastward travel, and evening arrivals had small associations with poorer fatigue, sleep, and total wellness, while westward travel and morning arrivals yielded small improvements. Overall, travel variables explained limited variance in wellness ratings, suggesting other factors also influence posttravel responses.</p>","PeriodicalId":14295,"journal":{"name":"International journal of sports physiology and performance","volume":" ","pages":"1172-1180"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2026-07-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148630356","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Repeatability of Upper and Lower Body Force Plate Assessments in Canadian University Swimmers: Implications for Athlete Monitoring and Return-to-Swim Testing.","authors":"Mark McKenzie, Nathan Boon-van Mossel, Zachary J McClean, Matthew J Jordan","doi":"10.1123/ijspp.2025-0499","DOIUrl":"10.1123/ijspp.2025-0499","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>The shoulder accounts for over 50% of injuries in swimming, making it the most injured body part. However, little research has examined shoulder girdle strength and how weakness or compensations may predispose swimmers to injury. Additionally, despite established muscle testing methods in other sports, there is a wide gap in the literature regarding strength testing in competitive swimmers, notably in the shoulder.</p><p><strong>Purpose: </strong>To establish the repeatability of the athletic shoulder (ASH) test, the ballistic push-up test, and the unilateral and bilateral countermovement jump (CMJ) test in male and female university swimmers.</p><p><strong>Study design: </strong>Test-retest repeatability study.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>University swimmers (n = 32; female: n = 18) completed strength tests on 2 occasions separated by a 60-minute rest period. Participants completed a standardized warm-up. The force plate testing battery consisted of isometric shoulder flexion (ASH test) at 180° and 135°, ballistic push-up testing, and bilateral and unilateral CMJ testing. Intrasession and intersession repeatability were assessed using intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs) and coefficients of variation (CV).</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>All outcome measures for CMJ and ballistic push-up testing showed good (ICC = .80-.89, CV < 10%) or excellent (ICC > .90, CV < 5%) repeatability, although the ASH test demonstrated good-to-excellent relative repeatability (ICC = .87-.90) but greater absolute variability (CV > 10%).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>CMJ and ballistic push-up testing on a force plate are suitable for athlete monitoring in competitive swimming. The ASH test demonstrated greater variability between sessions, highlighting the need for further evaluation prior to its integration into athlete monitoring assessments.</p>","PeriodicalId":14295,"journal":{"name":"International journal of sports physiology and performance","volume":" ","pages":"1198-1202"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2026-07-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148619550","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Competition Phase Modulates Diurnal Variation in Olympic Swimming Performance (2004-2024).","authors":"José Francisco Alonso Ramos, Luis Rodriguez-Adalia, Jesús Santos Del Cerro, Santiago Veiga Fernández, José María González Ravé","doi":"10.1123/ijspp.2026-0146","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1123/ijspp.2026-0146","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>To examine the association between time of day and performance across competition phases in Olympic swimming, considering scheduling structure and event distance.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A total of 3510 performances from 705 swimmers across 6 Olympic Games (Athens 2004-Paris 2024) were analyzed using linear mixed-effects models. Time of day was entered as a continuous predictor, with competition phase (heats, semifinals, and finals), stroke, sex, Olympic year, and event distance as covariates, and swimmer identity as a random intercept. Interaction terms between time of day and competition phase were tested, and supplementary analyses compared Olympic editions with morning finals (Beijing 2008 and Tokyo 2020) versus evening finals.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Time of day was significantly associated with standardized performance overall (β = -0.05, P < .001). A significant time-of-day × competition phase interaction showed that diurnal effects differed across rounds, being most pronounced during heats (β = -0.055), attenuated during semifinals, and showing only a small positive trend in finals not confirmed in the finals only analysis. A finals-only model confirmed no significant association between time of day and standardized performance (β = 0.04, P = .456). Olympic editions with morning-final schedules were associated with faster standardized performances than editions with evening-final schedules (β = -0.27, P < .001), although this should be interpreted as an effect of competition scheduling and circadian adaptation rather than an intrinsic morning-performance advantage. Event distance did not consistently moderate diurnal patterns.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Time-of-day effects in Olympic swimming are strongly modulated by competition phase and scheduling structure, being most detectable during heats and attenuated or masked in finals.</p>","PeriodicalId":14295,"journal":{"name":"International journal of sports physiology and performance","volume":" ","pages":"1-8"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2026-07-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148619483","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effects of Repeated Sprint Training With Hypoventilation on Specific Performance in Elite Epee Fencers.","authors":"Tom Citherlet, Alexis Bayard, Nicolas Bourdillon, Grégoire P Millet","doi":"10.1123/ijspp.2026-0085","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1123/ijspp.2026-0085","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>This study investigated the effects of repeated sprint training in hypoxia (RSH) induced by voluntary hypoventilation (VHL) on sport-specific performance in elite epee fencers.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Twenty-two elite-level fencers (national to international level) were randomly assigned to 8 sessions of repeated sprint training over 4 weeks. Training was performed either in hypoxia induced by VHL (RSH-VHL, n = 11) or with unrestricted breathing (repeated sprint in normoxia [RSN], n = 11). It consisted of repeated 15-second maximal fencing sprints with 15-second semiactive recovery (work:rest ratio 1:1). Performance was assessed before (pre) and after (post) the intervention using a dual-component fencing test that involved repeated maximal lunges (sprints) immediately followed by a technical task (reaction time and accuracy assessment on an electronic target) before the next repetition.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Both groups showed similar significant improvements in best sprint time (RSH-VHL: -5.1%; RSN: -5.7%), mean sprint time (RSH-VHL: -6.8%; RSN: -7.0%), and sprint decrement score (RSH-VHL: -31.6%; RSN: -23.1%) (P ≤.003). However, physiological and technical adaptations differed. In the RSH-VHL group, maximal and mean heart rates decreased significantly (-4.7% and -5.7%, respectively) (P < .001), whereas no significant changes were observed in the RSN group (-0.7% and -0.5%, respectively). Additionally, RSH-VHL prevented the increase in technical alteration under fatigue observed in RSN (reaction time decrement: -3.0% vs 15.7%; P = .005).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>RSH-VHL training mitigates the decline in technical performance (reaction time) under fatigue and improves cardiovascular efficiency in elite epee fencers. These findings suggest that VHL is a valuable, equipment-free method to enhance both physical and technical resilience during high-intensity fencing bouts.</p>","PeriodicalId":14295,"journal":{"name":"International journal of sports physiology and performance","volume":" ","pages":"1-7"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2026-07-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148603137","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"In-Water 505 Deficit as an Isolated Measure of Directional Performance and Asymmetry in Male Water Polo Athletes.","authors":"Joachim D'Hondt, Rune Denayer, Sepp Verstraeten, Peter Clarys, Laurent Chapelle","doi":"10.1123/ijspp.2025-0677","DOIUrl":"10.1123/ijspp.2025-0677","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>To (1) assess the reliability of a newly developed in-water 505 test, (2) examine the relationships between the 505 performance, 505 change of direction deficit (CODD), and 10-m sprint times, and (3) quantify the magnitude of asymmetry in the 505 CODD and evaluate its association with 505 CODD in elite and highly-trained male water polo players.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Twenty-one elite and highly-trained players (23.5 [6.2] y) completed an in-water 505 test and a 10-m sprint, from which the CODD was calculated.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The 505 test demonstrated moderate to good reliability (intraclass correlation coefficient: .72-.88). Linear regression analyses showed that the 10-m sprint explained 64.3% to 69.7% of the variance in 505 performance. In contrast, the 10-m sprint was not a significant predictor of the change of direction deficit. Significant differences between turning directions were observed (P < .001), and most individual asymmetry values exceeded the coefficient of variation of 3.17%, indicating detectable asymmetries. The CODD asymmetry did not predict performance on the dominant side but was a significant predictor on the non-dominant side (β = -0.014, P = .039).</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>The in-water 505 test and its derived CODD are reliable tools and offer a more isolated assessment of change of direction ability in male elite and highly-trained water polo players than traditional agility tests. While the detectable asymmetries were unlikely to impair CODD performance, future research should investigate their potential impact on tactical advantages during match play.</p>","PeriodicalId":14295,"journal":{"name":"International journal of sports physiology and performance","volume":" ","pages":"1191-1197"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2026-07-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148591468","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"International Expert Consensus on Warm-Up Protocols for Athletes: A Delphi Study.","authors":"Daniel Boullosa, Marina Gil-Calvo, Anthi Xenofondos, Dimitris A Patikas, Anthony J Blazevich, José Afonso, Irineu Loturco, David Behm, Kai Xu, Nicolas Babault, David Bishop, Francisco Cuenca-Fernández, Jaime Fernandez-Fernandez, Emerson Franchini, Kenji Doma, Andrew M Jones, Courtney McGowan, Fábio Nakamura, Olaf Prieske, Sebastien Racinais, Moritz Schumann, Alessandro Zagatto, Øyvind Sandbakk, Carl Foster, David B Pyne","doi":"10.1123/ijspp.2025-0647","DOIUrl":"10.1123/ijspp.2025-0647","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>To present the first international consensus on warm-up in sport.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Twenty-three experts from 12 countries worldwide participated in a 3-round Delphi process, including an online open asynchronous discussion. A total of 122 initial statements were evaluated across 4 domains: (1) definitions and nomenclature; (2) objectives and structure; (3) exercises, performance enhancement, and mechanisms; and (4) health and injury prevention.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Consensus (≥80% agreement) was achieved for 72 statements (60%). The panel defined the warm-up as a structured and purposeful preparatory intervention aimed at optimizing physiological responses and readiness in both training and competitive settings with a combination of both active and passive strategies. Experts identified a 3-layer model comprising general and specific exercises and conditioning activities, with the latter being voluntary contractions of sufficient volume and intensity to induce postactivation performance enhancement. Athletes' readiness and fatigue can be monitored during warm-up protocols with different tools. The comprehensiveness of a warm-up protocol is a key factor associated with its effectiveness. Warm-ups were recognized as context- and sport-dependent, integrating diverse goals depending on the sport's contextual factors and individual characteristics. While inclusion of some type of exercises in the warm-up may reduce long-term injury risk, as in other periods of the training session, there is no support for acute injury protection.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>This consensus confirms that warm-ups are structured, multifactorial interventions integrating active and passive components to enhance readiness for training and competition. This framework serves to inform research design and effective evidence-informed warm-up strategies across sports disciplines.</p>","PeriodicalId":14295,"journal":{"name":"International journal of sports physiology and performance","volume":" ","pages":"982-995"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2026-07-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148535968","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Recovery Latency as a Dynamic Biomarker of Adaptive Capacity.","authors":"Alvaro Alaor Silva","doi":"10.1123/ijspp.2026-0111","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1123/ijspp.2026-0111","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>To examine Recovery Latency (RL) as a candidate temporal marker of adaptive capacity by assessing whether recovery dynamics can be consistently quantified across independent sport and physiological data sets.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A total of 23 unique data sets (∼230,000 observations) were analyzed including athletic performance cohorts, injury surveillance systems, and heart rate variability-based recovery studies. RL was defined as the time required for recovery proxies to return to an individualized rolling baseline following high-load events. Analyses focused on sport-performance contexts, with additional data sets included as exploratory extensions. Associations with autonomic and performance-related variables were evaluated using correlation analyses and predictive modeling. The Dynamic Adaptive Capacity framework was explored as a potential application of RL dynamics.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Preliminary evidence suggests that RL captures variation in recovery dynamics. RL showed high apparent discriminative performance for overtraining risk (area under the receiver operating characteristic curve = 0.934) and was associated with physiological markers including cortisol (r = .631) and heart rate variability (r = -.644). Longitudinal analysis identified 28,472 RL events across 74 athletes, with 60% exhibiting a positive RL slope suggesting progressive changes in recovery dynamics across individuals. Patterns were consistent with expected physiological responses to training load and stress.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>These findings suggest that RL may be relevant in sport-performance contexts; however, they should be interpreted as exploratory and hypothesis-generating rather than as evidence of validation.</p>","PeriodicalId":14295,"journal":{"name":"International journal of sports physiology and performance","volume":" ","pages":"1-10"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2026-07-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148470489","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Effect of Neuromuscular Exercise Interventions on Athletic Performance Across Different Levels: A Multilevel Meta-Analysis.","authors":"Meiling Tao, Bas Van Hooren, Siyu Dai, Xinxin Wang, Mingyue Yin, Kai Xu, Chenwen Zhu, Mengde Lyu, Yuou Song, Zhan Li, Xinyu Zeng, Yuming Zhong, Oluwatoyosi B A Owoeye, Yongming Li","doi":"10.1123/ijspp.2025-0584","DOIUrl":"10.1123/ijspp.2025-0584","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Neuromuscular exercise interventions include diverse modalities, yet their performance effects remain inconsistent, particularly across athlete levels.</p><p><strong>Purpose: </strong>This review examined the effects of neuromuscular exercise interventions on athletic performance in trained, highly trained, and elite athletes, and explored moderating variables by analyzing intervention protocol variables (eg, weekly intervention frequency, session duration, number of sets, repetitions, duration per set, and intervention formats [warm-up or training]), athletic performance (balance, jumping, sprinting, and change of direction times), and study design.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Systematic searches were conducted up to September 21, 2025. Pooled effects were calculated using standardized mean difference (Hedges g) through a 3-level meta-analysis model. Subgroup and regression analyses were used to explore potential moderators.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The systematic search identified 25,251 articles, of which 42 studies (1690 athletes, PEDro score 6.1) met the inclusion criteria. Compared to the control group, neuromuscular exercise interventions significantly improved performance in trained (g = 0.51 medium) and highly trained athletes (g = 0.62, medium). While not statistically significant for elite athletes, the effect size was positive (g = 1.26, large). Subgroup analysis indicated that intervention format, performance outcome, and study design significantly moderated effects. Regression analysis showed that session duration was linearly related to improvements in trained and highly trained athletes, while weekly frequency, sets, and repetitions were not.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The effectiveness of neuromuscular exercise interventions varies by performance outcome and athlete level and is influenced by intervention format and study design, highlighting the need for tailored neuromuscular programs across different levels of athletes.</p>","PeriodicalId":14295,"journal":{"name":"International journal of sports physiology and performance","volume":" ","pages":"859-874"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2026-07-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148470479","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}