Mattia D'Alleva, Andrea Nicolò, Francesco Bot, Martina Rebellato, Samuele Voltolina, Nicola Giovanelli, Maria De Martino, Miriam Isola, Lara Mari, Enrico Rejc, Simone Zaccaron, Jacopo Stafuzza, Massimo Sacchetti, Stefano Lazzer
{"title":"The Relationship Between Training Load and Acute Performance Decrements Following Different Types of Training Sessions in Well-Trained Runners.","authors":"Mattia D'Alleva, Andrea Nicolò, Francesco Bot, Martina Rebellato, Samuele Voltolina, Nicola Giovanelli, Maria De Martino, Miriam Isola, Lara Mari, Enrico Rejc, Simone Zaccaron, Jacopo Stafuzza, Massimo Sacchetti, Stefano Lazzer","doi":"10.1123/ijspp.2024-0453","DOIUrl":"10.1123/ijspp.2024-0453","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>This study investigated the relationship between training-load (TL) metrics and the acute performance decrement (APD) measured immediately after 4 training sessions performed by well-trained runners.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>On a treadmill, 12 well-trained runners (10 men and 2 women) performed an incremental test, a baseline time-to-exhaustion (TTE) test at maximal aerobic speed, and 4 randomized training sessions followed by a TTE test to measure APD. The training sessions were matched for external load (60 arbitrary units) but differed in the time spent in the 3 intensity domains. The TL metrics used were based on training impulse, heart-rate variability, ratings of perceived exertion, and the NASA Task Load Index (NASA-TLX) rating scale.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>TTE was significantly shorter after all the training sessions compared with baseline (P < .001). While APD was higher (+16%, P = .035) for long-duration high-intensity training (HITlong) compared with low-intensity training (LIT), most TL metrics showed higher values (P < .001) in LIT than in HITlong. Conversely, NASA-TLX values were higher (P < .001) in HITlong than in LIT and were significantly associated with APD values (P < .001, β = 0.54). Physiological parameters showed that less time was spent above 90% of V˙O2max during LIT compared with the other training sessions (P < .01), while average respiratory frequency and mean respiratory exchange ratio were higher during HITlong compared to LIT (P < .01).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>APD was observed after the 4 running training sessions, and it was not associated with most of the TL metrics. Only NASA-TLX was associated with APD, suggesting that this TL metric could be leveraged for training monitoring.</p>","PeriodicalId":14295,"journal":{"name":"International journal of sports physiology and performance","volume":" ","pages":"823-833"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2025-04-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143995479","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Irineu Loturco, Lucas A Pereira, Fernando Pareja-Blanco
{"title":"Training at Different Velocity Zones: Does It Really Matter?","authors":"Irineu Loturco, Lucas A Pereira, Fernando Pareja-Blanco","doi":"10.1123/ijspp.2025-0044","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1123/ijspp.2025-0044","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>\"If we could measure the velocity of movements daily and obtain immediate feedback, this would possibly be the best marker to determine whether the loading intensity is appropriate.\" With this visionary statement made approximately 35 years ago, Juan José González-Badillo laid the foundation for what is now recognized as \"velocity-based training\" (VBT). VBT is based on the strong correlation between relative load and movement velocity (ie, the \"load-velocity relationship\"). The load-velocity relationship-the core concept behind VBT-demonstrates, through its high degree of shared variance (R2 ≥ 95%), that it is impossible to manipulate one variable without directly impacting the other (eg, moving heavier relative loads at higher velocities). Nevertheless, a controversial point in the literature challenges this fundamental principle, introducing the subjective theory of \"velocity-training zones.\" The purpose of this commentary is to address this issue by reaffirming the elementary principle of VBT: Due to mechanical constraints, establishing distinct velocity zones is unfeasible and unrealistic.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The primary objective of any resistance-training program is to increase force application against a given absolute load. Consistent with the near-perfect load-velocity relationship, this positive effect will undoubtedly enhance force production at both portions of the force-velocity spectrum (light-load/high-velocity and heavy-load/low-velocity portions). The rationale and logic supporting this argument are extensively detailed and discussed throughout this article.</p>","PeriodicalId":14295,"journal":{"name":"International journal of sports physiology and performance","volume":" ","pages":"1-5"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2025-04-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143966859","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Writing High-Quality Case Studies in Sport Science.","authors":"Iñigo Mujika, Daichi Yamashita, Guro Strøm Solli","doi":"10.1123/ijspp.2025-0025","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1123/ijspp.2025-0025","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>Sport-physiology and -performance research often relies on group designs that compare experimental and control groups and/or preintervention and postintervention results. This commentary highlights the key elements of a high-quality case study and provides clear guidelines for readers and authors of the International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance. We propose 4 essential components. First, case studies should offer relevant and original insights by tackling novel issues and defining a clear purpose. Second, they must employ rigorous methodology, encompassing careful participant selection, comprehensive data collection from diverse sources (eg, interviews, surveys, physiological tests, training diaries, competition data), and deliberate data analysis that explicitly addresses factors influencing performance changes. Third, they should be well structured and engagingly presented to reach both academic and practical audiences. Finally, bridging the science-practice gap is vital, requiring and strengthening collaboration between researchers and practitioners to enable data-driven decision making and spark new hypotheses.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Although case studies traditionally rank low in the research evidence hierarchy, high-quality examples can significantly bridge the gap between research and practice. By working closely with the sporting community and strategically sharing findings, case studies can enhance evidence-based training strategies and amplify the real-world impact of sport science.</p>","PeriodicalId":14295,"journal":{"name":"International journal of sports physiology and performance","volume":" ","pages":"1-4"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2025-04-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143811419","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Yuming Zhong, Anthony Weldon, Arturo Casado, Fernando González-Mohíno, José María González Ravé, Yinhang Cao, Hang Zheng, Mingyue Yin, Kai Xu, Yongming Li
{"title":"Training-Intensity Distribution, Volume, Periodization, and Performance in Elite Rowers: A Systematic Review.","authors":"Yuming Zhong, Anthony Weldon, Arturo Casado, Fernando González-Mohíno, José María González Ravé, Yinhang Cao, Hang Zheng, Mingyue Yin, Kai Xu, Yongming Li","doi":"10.1123/ijspp.2024-0433","DOIUrl":"10.1123/ijspp.2024-0433","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>This study systematically reviewed the literature on elite rowers' training-intensity distribution (TID), volume, periodization, physiological determinants, and performance characteristics.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Three electronic databases (Scopus, PubMed, and Web of Science) were searched using relevant terms. Studies investigating and detailing training load (TID, volume, and periodization) and reporting data of physiological determinants or performance in elite rowers were included.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Nine studies (N = 82 participants) met the inclusion criteria. Training volume varied between 10 and 31 h·wk-1, typically being between 14 and 20 h·wk-1. The pyramidal TID pattern, which involves a progressive reduction in training volume from zone 1 (intensity at or below lactate threshold [LT1]) to zone 2 (intensity between LT1 and LT2, corresponding to blood lactate levels between 2 and 4 mmol·L-1) and zone 3 (intensity above LT2) was most commonly used by elite rowers. Flexible seasonal TIDs were observed, whereby the combined training in zones 2 and 3 approached or exceeded 20%, and zone 1 training comprised more than 50%. Flexible TIDs were associated with greater improvements in physiological determinants and performance. Elite rowers typically employed a traditional periodization model, progressively transitioning from pyramidal toward a polarized TID model as they moved from preparation to competition phases.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Elite rowers most commonly adopted a seasonal pyramidal model with variable volume. No evidence suggests that a particular TID or periodization model has a significant advantage. Conversely, TID models do not seem to differentiate training adaptations in rowing training, but specific TID percentages might.</p>","PeriodicalId":14295,"journal":{"name":"International journal of sports physiology and performance","volume":" ","pages":"610-621"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2025-04-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143788198","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Concentric Rate of Force Development, Squat Strength, and Faster Unloading Associated With Change-of-Direction Performance and Its Deficit in Female Volleyball Players.","authors":"Naoyuki Yamashita, Daisuke Sato, Akio Nagae, Takaaki Mishima","doi":"10.1123/ijspp.2024-0290","DOIUrl":"10.1123/ijspp.2024-0290","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>Athletes who perform faster changes of direction (CODs) often exhibit superior leg strength, jumping performance, and linear sprint performance. However, these abilities only partially correlate with COD deficit (CODD), and relying solely on correlation analysis may lead to misinterpretations due to unaddressed, additive, or confounding effects. This study investigated the association between COD/CODD performance and various jump heights, countermovement-jump (CMJ) phase-specific performance, leg strength, and linear sprint performance. Multiple linear-regression models with stepwise selection were used to explore and adjust the additive effects and confounders of these factors.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Eighteen female intercollegiate volleyball athletes performed 10- and 20-m linear sprints and proagility tests, and their CODD and physical performance metrics were measured. Furthermore, squat jump and CMJ height, back-squat 1-repetition maximum (BS1RM) corrected for body mass (relative), and CMJ phase-specific performance, including vertical force and rate of force development during eccentric unloading, yielding, braking, and concentric phases, were measured.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Concentric-phase rate of force development at 100 milliseconds, relative BS1RM, and squat-jump height were retained in the 10-m COD model (adjusted R2 = .515, P = .004). The absolute BS1RM and minimum power at the unloading phase of CMJ were retained in the 10-m CODD model (adjusted R2 = .746, P < .001). In contrast, no variables were retained in the 20-m COD model.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>The results suggest that enhancement of overall leg-contraction power and strength and rapid concentric force production immediately after eccentric braking may enhance 10-m COD/CODD performance in volleyball players.</p>","PeriodicalId":14295,"journal":{"name":"International journal of sports physiology and performance","volume":" ","pages":"709-717"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2025-04-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143772313","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Cooperation Takes Us Further.","authors":"Jos J de Koning","doi":"10.1123/ijspp.2025-0100","DOIUrl":"10.1123/ijspp.2025-0100","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":14295,"journal":{"name":"International journal of sports physiology and performance","volume":" ","pages":"609"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2025-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143772322","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
William T Jardine, Dominique Condo, Brad Aisbett, Megan L Ross, Louise M Burke, Krzysztof Durkalec-Michalski, Gavin Abbott, Julien D Périard, Amelia J Carr
{"title":"The Addition of Glycerol and Sodium Chloride to a Hyperhydration Protocol Does Not Improve Half-Marathon Time-Trial Performance in Trained Runners in Warm Conditions.","authors":"William T Jardine, Dominique Condo, Brad Aisbett, Megan L Ross, Louise M Burke, Krzysztof Durkalec-Michalski, Gavin Abbott, Julien D Périard, Amelia J Carr","doi":"10.1123/ijspp.2024-0268","DOIUrl":"10.1123/ijspp.2024-0268","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>We examined the effect of glycerol- and sodium-induced hyperhydration on a field-based half-marathon in warm conditions.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Endurance runners (N = 13) completed a 180-minute hyperhydration (HYP) and control (CON) protocol before a maximal-effort half-marathon time trial (∼24 °C wet-bulb globe temperature) in a randomized crossover order. HYP involved ingesting 25 mL·kg body mass (BM)-1 fluid with glycerol (1.2 g·kg BM-1) and sodium chloride (7.5 g·L-1) in 4 equal boluses across 60 minutes, with CON matching fluid ingestion for volume and timing. Every 20 minutes, urine samples were analyzed for volume (UVol; in milliliters) and fluid retention (fluid ingested minus UVol; in milliliters), while gastrointestinal symptoms were recorded using a questionnaire. Changes in plasma volume were calculated from hematocrit and hemoglobin at baseline and every 60 minutes. Core temperature (gastrointestinal temperature) and heart rate were recorded during the half-marathon. Intervention effects were estimated using linear mixed models and are presented as mean differences with 95% CIs.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>HYP increased fluid retention compared with CON by 1189 mL, 95% CI 987-1391 (P < .001), and plasma volume by 9.0%, 95% CI 3.6-14.4 (P = .001). However, there were no statistically significant differences in exercise performance, gastrointestinal symptoms, gastrointestinal temperature, and heart rate (P > .05 for mean values and at all time points).</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Glycerol- and sodium-induced hyperhydration improved hydration status without changing gastrointestinal symptoms prior to endurance exercise in warm conditions but did not improve half-marathon performance. This strategy requires further investigation in environments with greater heat stress.</p>","PeriodicalId":14295,"journal":{"name":"International journal of sports physiology and performance","volume":" ","pages":"770-778"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2025-03-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143729911","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Clint R Bellenger, Michael Nitschke, Jason C Bartram
{"title":"Validation of End-of-Session D' Balance for Quantifying and Differentiating Exhaustive and Nonexhaustive Intermittent-Training Sessions in Runners.","authors":"Clint R Bellenger, Michael Nitschke, Jason C Bartram","doi":"10.1123/ijspp.2024-0036","DOIUrl":"10.1123/ijspp.2024-0036","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>Accurate modeling of intermittent-running sessions by D' balance would aid in understanding their physical demand and subsequent prescription of intermittent sessions. In intermittent cycling, W' balance can be validly quantified by modeling W' depletion and recovery; however, these models have not been validated in intermittent running, which was this project's purpose.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Critical speed (in meters per second) and D' (in meters) were calculated from the linear relationship between speed (in meters per second) and 1/time from season-best performances over 1500-, 3000-, and 5000-m race distances. Thirty intermittent-running sessions were classified as exhaustive (n = 14) and nonexhaustive (n = 16). D' balance was calculated from time-stamped running-speed data using D' depletion and recovery models, allowing end-of-session D' balance to be found. End-of-session D' balance for exhaustive and nonexhaustive intermittent sessions were compared, and the 95% CI around end-of-session D' balance in exhaustive intermittent sessions was evaluated for inclusion of 0.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>A moderate difference (effect size ± 95% CI = 1.01 ± 0.72; P = .01) existed between end-of-session D' balance in exhaustive (mean ± 95% CI = 157 ± 25 m) and nonexhaustive (200 ± 19 m) sessions. The 95% CI around end-of-session D' balance in exhaustive intermittent sessions did not include 0.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>End-of-session D' balance did differentiate between exhaustive and nonexhaustive intermittent sessions. However, since D' balance at the end of exhaustive sessions should approximate 0, end-of-session D' balance did not accurately quantify exhaustive sessions as exhaustive. The inaccurate quantification of end-of-session D' balance during exhaustive intermittent running sessions is likely related to the exponential recovery of D' that is reliant on an accurately quantified recovery time constant.</p>","PeriodicalId":14295,"journal":{"name":"International journal of sports physiology and performance","volume":" ","pages":"718-726"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2025-03-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143709615","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Erratum. What It Takes to Win: Examining Predicted Versus Actual Swimming Performances at the Paris 2024 Olympic Games, and What Comes Next.","authors":"","doi":"10.1123/ijspp.2025-0124","DOIUrl":"10.1123/ijspp.2025-0124","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":14295,"journal":{"name":"International journal of sports physiology and performance","volume":" ","pages":"737"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2025-03-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143709420","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Interunit Reliability of Firstbeat Sport Sensors as Accelerometer-Based Tracking Devices in Basketball.","authors":"Daniele Conte, Ermanno Rampinini, Fabio Trimarchi, Davide Ferioli","doi":"10.1123/ijspp.2024-0289","DOIUrl":"10.1123/ijspp.2024-0289","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>The aim of this study was to assess the interunit reliability of the movement load (ML) derived from the Firstbeat Sport sensors during basketball training sessions.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Eight professional male basketball players (age 25.5 [4.7] y, stature 199 [8] cm, body mass 96.6 [7.8] kg, body fat 10.0% [2.2%]) were recruited to participate in this study. A total of 50 individual training sessions were recorded on one or multiple occasions (range: 1-21 individual sessions for each player) while players were wearing 2 Firstbeat Sport sensors firmly affixed to their chest roughly at the base of the sternum via textile straps. ML was calculated via Firstbeat Sports software for the entire basketball training sessions and for the following basketball-specific activity types: 5-on-5 full court (5v5, n = 30), 5-on-5 half-court plus 2 courts back and forth (5v5 1/2 + 2, n = 26), and 5-on-5 half-court (5v5 1/2, n = 26).</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Linear mixed models revealed no statistical differences in ML data recorded using different sensors during the entire training sessions and the selected basketball-specific activity types (all P > .05, trivial). The coefficient of variation calculated as percentage and intraclass correlation coefficient calculated for the entire training sessions and basketball-specific activity types ranged from 2.51% to 5.97% and from .98 to 1.00, respectively.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>The ML derived from the Firstbeat Sport sensor showed acceptable interunit reliability when considering the full training sessions and basketball-specific activities in professional basketball. Overall, basketball practitioners can use Firstbeat Sport sensors interchangeably to monitor the external load of professional basketball players during training sessions.</p>","PeriodicalId":14295,"journal":{"name":"International journal of sports physiology and performance","volume":" ","pages":"727-730"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2025-03-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143657051","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}