International journal of sports physiology and performance最新文献

Comparative Effects of the Free Weights and Smith Machine Squat and Bench Press: The Important Role of Specificity for Strength Adaptations. 自由重量和史密斯机深蹲和卧推的比较效果：特异性对力量适应的重要作用。

IF 3.5 2区医学

International journal of sports physiology and performance Pub Date : 2025-12-31 Print Date: 2025-02-01 DOI: 10.1123/ijspp.2024-0274

Daniel Marcos-Frutos, Sergio Miras-Moreno, Gonzalo Márquez, Amador García-Ramos

{"title":"Comparative Effects of the Free Weights and Smith Machine Squat and Bench Press: The Important Role of Specificity for Strength Adaptations.","authors":"Daniel Marcos-Frutos, Sergio Miras-Moreno, Gonzalo Márquez, Amador García-Ramos","doi":"10.1123/ijspp.2024-0274","DOIUrl":"10.1123/ijspp.2024-0274","url":null,"abstract":"Purpose: Although previous studies have compared strength-training adaptations between free weights (FW) and machine-guided exercises, those studies did not use a Smith machine (SM), which most closely replicates the exercises performed with FW. Thus, the aim of the present study was to investigate the chronic effects of strength-focused, velocity-based training regimens using FW versus SM.Methods: Thirty-seven sport-science students (14 female) were assigned, balanced by sex and relative strength, to either an FW or SM training group. The training program lasted 8 weeks (2 sessions/wk), and participants performed 4 sets per exercise (back squat and bench press) at 70% of their 1-repetition maximum with moderate effort levels (20%-25% velocity loss). Load-velocity profile parameters (load-axis intercept, velocity-axis intercept, and area under the load-velocity relationship line), cross-sectional areas of the vastus lateralis and pectoralis major muscles, and the number of repetitions to failure in the bench-press exercise were assessed before and after the training program. Mechanical variables were assessed using both FW and SM.Results: All variables, with the exception of back-squat velocity-axis intercept (P = .124), improved in both training groups. The changes in load-axis intercept and area under the load-velocity relationship line were more pronounced when the training and testing conditions matched. Failure in the bench-press exercise and cross-sectional areas of the vastus lateralis and pectoralis major showed comparable improvements for both training groups, while velocity-axis intercept tended to improve more in the SM group.Conclusions: The general population, unconcerned with the specificity of strength adaptations, can choose a training modality (FW or SM) based on personal preferences.","PeriodicalId":14295,"journal":{"name":"International journal of sports physiology and performance","volume":" ","pages":"292-300"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2025-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142909667","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Hip Adduction and Abduction Strength Reference Values of Gaelic Football and Rugby Union Players: A Cross-Sectional Study. 盖尔足球和橄榄球联盟球员髋内收外展力量参考值：一项横断面研究。

IF 3.5 2区医学

International journal of sports physiology and performance Pub Date : 2025-12-31 Print Date: 2025-02-01 DOI: 10.1123/ijspp.2024-0116

Ciaran O'Connor, Martin McIntyre, Eamonn Delahunt, Kristian Thorborg

{"title":"Hip Adduction and Abduction Strength Reference Values of Gaelic Football and Rugby Union Players: A Cross-Sectional Study.","authors":"Ciaran O'Connor, Martin McIntyre, Eamonn Delahunt, Kristian Thorborg","doi":"10.1123/ijspp.2024-0116","DOIUrl":"10.1123/ijspp.2024-0116","url":null,"abstract":"Purpose: The purpose of this research was to report isometric hip adduction and abduction strength reference values of men's and women's Gaelic football and rugby union players and compare values between sexes and between sports.Methods: This cross-sectional cohort study consisted of 331 club-level athletes. Maximum isometric hip adduction squeeze and abduction press strength values were measured with a ForceFrame across several testing positions.Results: Hip adduction squeeze and abduction press strength reference values for men's and women's Gaelic and rugby union footballers were provided with mean and 1 SD. A 2-way analysis of variance demonstrated significant sport × sex interaction main effects for hip adduction squeeze (η2 = .159-.228), abduction press (η2 = .099-.144), and adduction:abduction ratio (η2 = .120). Men demonstrated significantly greater relative (Newtons per kilogram) maximum isometric hip adduction squeeze (15.5%-26.4%, 0.48-1.00 N/kg) and hip abduction press (9.6%-19.6%, 0.20-0.67 N/kg) strength across all testing positions when compared with women of the same sport. Male Gaelic football players demonstrated significantly greater hip adduction (8.7%-14.0%, 0.30-0.52 N/kg) and abduction (6.1%-8.6%, 0.16-0.31 N/kg) strength (Newtons per kilogram) than their rugby counterparts, while no significant between-sports differences in strength were observed between female athletes.Conclusion: Reference values are provided with mean and 1 SD. Sport and sex interaction had significant main effects for hip adduction, abduction, and adduction:abduction ratio, with medium to large effect sizes. Male athletes demonstrate significantly greater hip strength than female athletes of the same sport, and male Gaelic players demonstrate greater hip strength than male rugby players.","PeriodicalId":14295,"journal":{"name":"International journal of sports physiology and performance","volume":" ","pages":"282-291"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2025-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142909668","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Randall Foils Versus Big Blades: Comparative Analysis in On-Water Sprint Rowing.

IF 3.5 2区医学

International journal of sports physiology and performance Pub Date : 2025-03-11 DOI: 10.1123/ijspp.2024-0515

Ricardo Cardoso, Manoel Rios, Filipa Cardoso, Segan Bouicher, J Arturo Abraldes, Beatriz B Gomes, João Paulo Vilas-Boas, Ricardo J Fernandes

{"title":"Randall Foils Versus Big Blades: Comparative Analysis in On-Water Sprint Rowing.","authors":"Ricardo Cardoso, Manoel Rios, Filipa Cardoso, Segan Bouicher, J Arturo Abraldes, Beatriz B Gomes, João Paulo Vilas-Boas, Ricardo J Fernandes","doi":"10.1123/ijspp.2024-0515","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1123/ijspp.2024-0515","url":null,"abstract":"Purpose: We evaluated the technical and energetical impact of using Randall foils versus simple Big blades during a maximum rowing effort in field conditions.Methods: Fourteen experienced rowers (12 male and 2 female) 26 (9) versus 25 (9) years of age, 179.8 (4.3) versus 175.0 (2.8) cm in height, and 74.2 (4.8) versus 65.5 (6.2) kg of body mass (for males and females, respectively) performed 2 maximal 500-m on-water bouts (1 each using Randall foils and simple Big blades in a randomized order). Performance and physiological variables were continuously measured along the efforts, with the latter being also recorded during the baseline and recovery periods.Results: Rowing time was shorter using Randall foils when compared with simple Big blades (107.59 [5.53] vs 108.96 [5.44] s), while cycle rate (39.73 [2.56] vs 39.71 [2.24] cycle·min-1), peak oxygen uptake (63.47 [9.96] vs 62.68 [9.65] mL·kg-1·min-1), mean oxygen uptake (4.15 [0.77] vs 4.12 [0.78] L·min-1), respiratory frequency (62.44 [9.22] vs 62.17 [11.22] beats·min-1), peak heart rate (178 [11] vs 180 [9] beats·min-1], peak blood lactate concentration (14.26 [3.52] vs 13.76 [4.02] mmol · L-1), and rating of perceived effort (17 [1.43] vs 17 [1]) were similar in both experimental conditions. Furthermore, it was observed that the aerobic pathway represented ∼50% of the total energy spent in the 500-m sprint independently of the blades used.Conclusions: Data suggest that the use of Randall foils enhances rowing performance without compromising rowers' mechanical and metabolic functions.","PeriodicalId":14295,"journal":{"name":"International journal of sports physiology and performance","volume":" ","pages":"1-6"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2025-03-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143615511","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Verbal Feedback Is the Primary Mechanism for Performance-Related Review in Professional English Male Soccer: A Quantitative Exploration.

IF 3.5 2区医学

International journal of sports physiology and performance Pub Date : 2025-03-11 DOI: 10.1123/ijspp.2024-0300

Tom Page, Zoe Knowles, Matt Green, Barry Drust, Matthew Andrew

{"title":"Verbal Feedback Is the Primary Mechanism for Performance-Related Review in Professional English Male Soccer: A Quantitative Exploration.","authors":"Tom Page, Zoe Knowles, Matt Green, Barry Drust, Matthew Andrew","doi":"10.1123/ijspp.2024-0300","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1123/ijspp.2024-0300","url":null,"abstract":"Purpose: Feedback is information that is provided to aid reflection and learning and enhance future performances. Due to the increased demands of professional soccer and governance around staffing structures, the number of stakeholders delivering and receiving feedback has grown over the past 2 decades. The aim of the present study was to explore the feedback strategies used in professional men's soccer in England.Methods: One hundred thirty-nine respondents comprising coaches (n = 34), players (n = 39), and performance staff (n = 66) from the English Premier League and football leagues completed an online survey. The survey included 19 questions on giving and receiving feedback.Results: Daily verbal interactions such as conversations and informal chats were the primary source of feedback and were highly prevalent between the 3 groups (59%-80%). Feedback was delivered frequently (daily/weekly) by all stakeholders at regular time points (before, during, and after training and matches), with >75% of coaches reporting giving feedback at all time points. Two-way feedback was also prevalent, with >76% of participants delivering or receiving feedback 2 ways.Conclusions: The data highlighted the importance of verbal communication within the process of optimizing professional soccer players' development and performance. Professional soccer clubs should focus on interpersonal and intrapersonal skill development and an approach that facilitates positive interactions between staff and players within the optimal environment (ie, time and space). We recommend further exploration of stakeholders' perceptions and effectiveness of feedback in influencing decision making and informing behavior change.","PeriodicalId":14295,"journal":{"name":"International journal of sports physiology and performance","volume":" ","pages":"1-19"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2025-03-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143615544","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

The Relationships Between Training-Load Models in 3 × 3 Basketball Games.

IF 3.5 2区医学

International journal of sports physiology and performance Pub Date : 2025-03-11 DOI: 10.1123/ijspp.2024-0452

Pierpaolo Sansone, Antonio Tessitore, Bojan Makivić, Davide Ferioli, Daniele Conte

{"title":"The Relationships Between Training-Load Models in 3 × 3 Basketball Games.","authors":"Pierpaolo Sansone, Antonio Tessitore, Bojan Makivić, Davide Ferioli, Daniele Conte","doi":"10.1123/ijspp.2024-0452","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1123/ijspp.2024-0452","url":null,"abstract":"Purpose: To quantify the relationship between load models during official games of the novel 3 × 3 basketball sport.Methods: Forty-one adult male players were monitored across three 3 × 3 basketball official tournaments. Players wore Firstbeat Sports microsensors to quantify external (Movement Load) and internal physiological (summated-heart-rate-zones [SHRZ]) loads. Additionally, rating of perceived exertion (RPE) scores were obtained after each game to calculate session RPE (sRPE) loads as internal perceived load. Repeated-measures correlation analyses were performed to assess the relationships between Movement Load and internal loads (SHRZ and sRPE), and between SHRZ and sRPE.Results: External load (Movement Load) and internal physiological load (SHRZ) had a very large correlation (r = .76, P < .001). External load was also largely correlated with internal perceived load (sRPE; r = .57, P < .001). The correlation between SHRZ and sRPE was moderate (r = .47, P < .001).Conclusion: During 3 × 3 basketball games, large to very large relationships exist between external- and internal-load variables. This information allows practitioners to anticipate internal responses of players to games based on the external load imposed, thus optimizing training-load prescription strategies.","PeriodicalId":14295,"journal":{"name":"International journal of sports physiology and performance","volume":" ","pages":"1-5"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2025-03-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143615512","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Training Characteristics Related to (the Changes in) Durability in Semiprofessional Cyclists.

IF 3.5 2区医学

International journal of sports physiology and performance Pub Date : 2025-03-07 DOI: 10.1123/ijspp.2024-0321

Jens G Voet, Teun van Erp, Aitor Viribay, Jos J de Koning, Robert P Lamberts

{"title":"Training Characteristics Related to (the Changes in) Durability in Semiprofessional Cyclists.","authors":"Jens G Voet, Teun van Erp, Aitor Viribay, Jos J de Koning, Robert P Lamberts","doi":"10.1123/ijspp.2024-0321","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1123/ijspp.2024-0321","url":null,"abstract":"Purpose: To provide insights into a dose-response relationship between training and time-trial performance, as assessed in both a \"fresh\" and a \"fatigued\" state (durability), including proposed underlying factors for durability: gross efficiency and substrate oxidation (FatOx and CarbOx).Methods: Ten male semiprofessional cyclists underwent a performance test in both \"fresh\" and \"fatigued\" state (after 38.6 [4.6] kJ·kg-1) before and after an 8-week training period, containing the measurement of gross efficiency, FatOx, and CarbOx at submaximal intensity and maximal time trials of 1 (PO1) and 10 minutes (PO10). Relationships were assessed with the session rating of perceived exertion, kilojoules spent, Lucia training impulse, Training Stress Score, polarization index, and time spent in 3 zones in the intervening period.Results: No significant relationship was found between higher training load and performance on PO1 and PO10, with a large variation between assessed training-load measures and individual participants. However, CarbOx showed a strong correlation with training volume in the \"fresh\" state and with time spent below first-lactate-threshold intensity in the \"fatigued\" state. Also, the relationship between training load and change in performance between tests showed different trends for \"fresh\" compared with \"fatigued\" state, especially for FatOx and CarbOx.Conclusions: The fact that no clear relationships between dose (training) and response (time-trial performance) were shown in this study indicates that a single load measure is not able to predict performance improvements after an 8-week training period. However, the current study shows that the same training can have a different effect on \"fresh\" versus \"fatigued\" performance, having implications for the design of training plans.","PeriodicalId":14295,"journal":{"name":"International journal of sports physiology and performance","volume":" ","pages":"1-9"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2025-03-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143585730","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Impact of Achilles Tendon and Ankle Plantar Flexor Stiffness on the Net Metabolic Cost of Running.

IF 3.5 2区医学

International journal of sports physiology and performance Pub Date : 2025-03-04 DOI: 10.1123/ijspp.2024-0375

Anh Phong Nguyen, Laurent Bosquet, Rayan Belaoued, Christine Detrembleur, Philippe Mahaudens

{"title":"Impact of Achilles Tendon and Ankle Plantar Flexor Stiffness on the Net Metabolic Cost of Running.","authors":"Anh Phong Nguyen, Laurent Bosquet, Rayan Belaoued, Christine Detrembleur, Philippe Mahaudens","doi":"10.1123/ijspp.2024-0375","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1123/ijspp.2024-0375","url":null,"abstract":"Objectives: This study aimed to report (1) the correlation between net metabolic cost (NMC) of running and Achilles tendon (AT) and ankle plantar flexor passive stiffness and (2) explore the relationship between passive stiffness and key running biomechanics.Methods: Twenty-two male recreational runners participated in this study. The runners performed a 5-minute run at 50% of their maximal aerobic speed as a warm-up on an instrumented treadmill, followed by a 6-minute run at 65% of their maximal aerobic speed wherein NMC was recorded. Passive stiffness was measured using a myotonometry device both before and after the run.Results: There was a negative linear relationship between NMC and AT stiffness. NMC and prerun AT stiffness demonstrated a significant negative correlation between leg stiffness and a significant positive correlation with braking peak force and step length. Moreover, we observed an increase in stiffness between prerun and postrun measurements at rest for the AT and both gastrocnemius muscles.Conclusion: Greater AT stiffness measured at rest is correlated with lower NMC.","PeriodicalId":14295,"journal":{"name":"International journal of sports physiology and performance","volume":" ","pages":"1-6"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2025-03-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143566599","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Erratum. Effects of Postactivation Performance Enhancement From Upper-Body Flywheel Overload on Tennis-Serve Performance.

IF 3.5 2区医学

International journal of sports physiology and performance Pub Date : 2025-03-04 DOI: 10.1123/ijspp.2025-0087

引用次数: 0

Physiological and Biomechanical Responses Induced by a Continuous Test and an Intermittent Test in Middle-Distance Runners.

IF 3.5 2区医学

International journal of sports physiology and performance Pub Date : 2025-02-26 DOI: 10.1123/ijspp.2024-0350

Saddek Benhammou, Filipe Manuel Clemente, Laurent Mourot, Adel Belkadi

{"title":"Physiological and Biomechanical Responses Induced by a Continuous Test and an Intermittent Test in Middle-Distance Runners.","authors":"Saddek Benhammou, Filipe Manuel Clemente, Laurent Mourot, Adel Belkadi","doi":"10.1123/ijspp.2024-0350","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1123/ijspp.2024-0350","url":null,"abstract":"Purpose: This study aimed to examine middle-distance runners' acute physiological and biomechanical responses to 2 maximal aerobic speed tests: an intermittent test (5 × 1 mintest) and a continuous test (University of Montreal Track Test [UM-TT]).Methods: Twenty trained male middle-distance runners completed the UM-TT and 5 × 1 mintest on separate days. The rating of perceived exertion, peak heart rate, and maximal aerobic speed of both tests (VUM-TT and V5 ×1m) were analyzed. Heart-rate variability (time and frequency domain) and spatiotemporal parameters were measured preexercise and postexercise at 5, 30, and 60 minutes.Results: No differences were found between VUM-TT and V5×1m (18.4 [1.0] vs 18.5 [0.9] km·h-1, r = .88, P = .14). Peak heart rate was similar between tests (UM-TT: 188.6 [4] beats·min-1 vs 5 × 1 mintest: 189 [2] beats·min-1, r = .63, P = .23). Rating of perceived exertion was higher in UM-TT (UM-TT: 8.1 [0.5] vs 5 × 1 mintest: 7.6 [0.7], r = .47, P = .009). For both tests, heart-rate-variability parameters indicated higher sympathetic/lower parasympathetic activity compared with baseline at all time points (P < .001), without differences between tests. Stride frequency and duty factor increased postexercise (P < .05), with no changes in contact time and stride time (P > .05), without differences between the 2 tests.Conclusions: Both tests significantly changed heart-rate variability and biomechanical parameters, with no differences between the tests. As 5 × 1 mintest was perceived as less demanding, it may be a less taxing alternative for assessing maximal aerobic speed in middle-distance runners.","PeriodicalId":14295,"journal":{"name":"International journal of sports physiology and performance","volume":" ","pages":"1-6"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2025-02-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143515647","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

What Is "Zone 2 Training"?: Experts' Viewpoint on Definition, Training Methods, and Expected Adaptations.

IF 3.5 2区医学

International journal of sports physiology and performance Pub Date : 2025-02-26 DOI: 10.1123/ijspp.2024-0303

Sebastian Sitko, Xabier Artetxe, Martin Bonnevie-Svendsen, Miguel Ángel Galán-Rioja, Gabriele Gallo, Frédéric Grappe, Peter Leo, Manuel Mateo, Iñigo Mujika, Dajo Sanders, Stephen Seiler, Mikel Zabala, Pedro L Valenzuela, Aitor Viribay

{"title":"What Is \"Zone 2 Training\"?: Experts' Viewpoint on Definition, Training Methods, and Expected Adaptations.","authors":"Sebastian Sitko, Xabier Artetxe, Martin Bonnevie-Svendsen, Miguel Ángel Galán-Rioja, Gabriele Gallo, Frédéric Grappe, Peter Leo, Manuel Mateo, Iñigo Mujika, Dajo Sanders, Stephen Seiler, Mikel Zabala, Pedro L Valenzuela, Aitor Viribay","doi":"10.1123/ijspp.2024-0303","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1123/ijspp.2024-0303","url":null,"abstract":"Background: The role of high-volume low-intensity training for enhancing endurance performance has gained growing interest in recent years. Specifically, so-called \"zone 2 training\" is currently receiving much attention, and many propose that this is the target intensity at which a large proportion of total endurance training should be performed. However, despite the popularity of this concept, there is no clear consensus among coaches, athletes, and scientists regarding the definition of zone 2 training.Purpose: This commentary summarizes the perspectives, experience, and knowledge of an expert panel of 14 applied sport scientists and professional coaches with the aim of providing insight and a basis for definitional consensus on zone 2 training. Moreover, potential training strategies at this intensity are proposed, and the expected physiological adaptations when exercising at this intensity and related research gaps are also discussed.Results: Experts reached consensus that zone 2 training should preferably be performed at intensities located immediately below the first lactate or ventilatory threshold through continuous, variable, or interval-type sessions. Furthermore, experts expected a broad range of central and peripheral adaptations from zone 2 training. These expected adaptations might not be unique to zone 2 and could also be induced with sessions performed at slightly higher and lower intensities.Conclusions: This commentary provides practical insight and unified criteria regarding the preferred intensity, duration, and session type for the optimization of zone 2 training based on the perspectives of acknowledged sport scientists and professional coaches.","PeriodicalId":14295,"journal":{"name":"International journal of sports physiology and performance","volume":" ","pages":"1-4"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2025-02-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143515628","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0