International journal of sports physiology and performance最新文献

{"title":"Aerobic Capacity at the Limits of Professional Cycling: Field-Based Estimates of V˙O2max.","authors":"Sebastian Sitko, Ole Kristian Berg, Pedro L Valenzuela","doi":"10.1123/ijspp.2026-0214","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1123/ijspp.2026-0214","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>Maximal oxygen uptake (V˙O2max) is a primary determinant of endurance performance. However, its upper physiological limits remain unknown, partly due to the limited ecological validity of laboratory testing. We aimed to estimate power output and V˙O2max during decisive competitive efforts in a world-class male cyclist.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Competition data during the 2024 and 2025 seasons were analyzed. We first validated the model for estimating power output during competition efforts (accounting for gravitational, aerodynamic, and rolling resistance forces) against publicly available power meter data in different professional cyclists. A model for estimating V˙O2max (with adjustments for altitude, gross efficiency, and fractional utilization based on effort duration and competitive context) was also validated in a former Grand Tour winner for whom laboratory measures were available. Then, we estimated the mean power output during 4 key climbing efforts, and back-calculated V˙O2max.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Power output (mean absolute error = 11.7 W, bias = -9.5 W, 95% limits of agreement = -32.4 to 13.4 W) and V˙O2max estimations (mean difference from laboratory measurement = 0.9 mL·kg-1·min-1) showed acceptable validity. V˙O2max estimations in the world-class cyclist ranged 90 to 102 mL·kg-1·min-1 for assumed gross efficiency 22% to 24%, with a mean V˙O2max of ∼96 mL·kg-1·min-1 across multiple efforts differing in duration (17-40 min), altitude (723-1444 m.a.s.L.) and accumulated fatigue.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Using competition-derived data and conservative physiological assumptions, this study provides potential evidence of an exceptionally high V˙O2max in a world-class cyclist. These findings extend beyond commonly reported values and might support the utility of field-based analyses for exploring the upper limits of endurance performance.</p>","PeriodicalId":14295,"journal":{"name":"International journal of sports physiology and performance","volume":" ","pages":"1-8"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2026-10-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149109318","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Acute Effects of Interset Proprioceptive Neuromuscular Facilitation Stretching on Repetition Performance and Blood Lactate Responses in Resistance-Trained Young Men.","authors":"Alihan Şahbaz, Zarife Pancar, Muhammet Taha Ilhan, Burak Karaca, Zuher Hadded, Kadir Diler, Alexios Batrakoulis","doi":"10.1123/ijspp.2025-0684","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1123/ijspp.2025-0684","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>This study aimed to investigate the acute effects of different interset proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation (PNF) stretching protocols on repetition performance, total load, blood lactate concentration, and rating of perceived exertion during a resistance training session.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Twelve resistance-trained men (age: 20.83 [1.03] y; height: 1.79 [0.04] m; body mass: 73.50 [5.60] kg; body mass index: 22.99 [1.67] kg/m2) participated in a randomized crossover design. Participants completed 4 interset rest protocols: Combined PNF (COM), Hold-Relax (HR), Contract-Relax (CR), and Passive Rest (PASREST). Butterfly and lat pulldown exercises were performed, with all sets completed to muscular failure. Repetition performance, total load, blood lactate concentration, and rating of perceived exertion were assessed for each protocol.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The CR protocol resulted in higher repetition performance and total load compared with PASREST and HR across both exercises (P < .05), while COM produced superior repetition performance and total load compared with PASREST in the butterfly exercise (P < .05). Blood lactate concentration was lower in COM compared with PASREST and HR at selected time points (P < .05), with both COM and CR demonstrating relatively lower lactate concentrations than PASREST at the postexercise time point (T3). Rating of perceived exertion values were higher in COM and HR, whereas CR demonstrated lower perceived exertion alongside maintained performance.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Among the interset PNF stretching protocols, the CR method provides the most balanced performance-fatigue profile, combining high repetition performance with lower perceived exertion. In contrast, the COM may offer a metabolically favorable response, as indicated by lower lactate concentrations at selected time points, although this is accompanied by higher perceptual load. These findings should be considered exploratory and hypothesis-generating, given the small sample size and the absence of prospective registration.</p><p><strong>Practical applications: </strong>Interset PNF strategies may be used to optimize performance and metabolic responses in resistance-trained individuals, particularly in multiset, upper-body resistance training performed to muscular failure. Coaches may select specific protocols based on training goals, using CR to sustain performance with lower perceptual strain, or COM when targeting metabolic responses despite higher perceptual load.</p>","PeriodicalId":14295,"journal":{"name":"International journal of sports physiology and performance","volume":" ","pages":"1-12"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2026-10-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149109390","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Physiological and Neuromuscular Responses to Warm-up and Racing in Competitive Swimmers: A Field-Based Case Series.","authors":"Michael McKenna, José María González Ravé, Anthony P Turner","doi":"10.1123/ijspp.2026-0029","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1123/ijspp.2026-0029","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>This study examined acute physiological and neuromuscular responses of competitive swimmers across warm-up, prerace, and postrace time points during an official competition and explored associations with race performance.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Eighteen university-level swimmers (10 females and 8 males; 21.3 [2.4] y) competing in sprint (50-100 m) and middle-distance (200 m) events were assessed during the heats of a long-course meet. Heart rate, blood lactate ([La]), rating of perceived exertion (RPE), and countermovement jump (CMJ) height were measured post-warm-up, prerace, and postrace. Official race times were converted to AQUA points.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The transition between warm-up and race averaged 42 (9) minutes. [La] increased from 2.5 mmol·L-1 post-warm-up to 9.3 (2.2) mmol·L-1 postrace (P < .001). CMJ decreased modestly (∼2%-3% from prerace to postrace), while heart rate and RPE increased. Postrace [La] correlated strongly and negatively with AQUA points (r = -.77, P < .001), indicating lower [La] accumulation in higher performing swims. Changes in heart rate, RPE, and CMJ showed no clear associations with performance.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Swimmers experience a partial decline in physiological readiness during the transition from warm-up to race, followed by substantial metabolic and neuromuscular stress during competition. Higher performing swims showed lower metabolic strain (ie, smaller lactate accumulation). Individualized warm-up and re-warm-up strategies that sustain readiness during prolonged transitions may help optimize performance. Monitoring simple field markers such as [La], CMJ, and RPE provides a practical framework for individualizing competition preparation.</p>","PeriodicalId":14295,"journal":{"name":"International journal of sports physiology and performance","volume":" ","pages":"1-4"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2026-09-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149109503","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Reliability, Construct Validity, and Sensitivity of Goalkeeper-Specific Movement and Reactive Agility Tests in Youth Soccer Goalkeepers.","authors":"Pablo González-Jarrín, José Vicente García-Tormo, Jaime Fernández-Fernández","doi":"10.1123/ijspp.2026-0040","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1123/ijspp.2026-0040","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>To develop and evaluate the reliability, construct validity, and sensitivity of 2 field-based goalkeeper-specific tests designed to quantify movement performance (goalkeeper-specific movement [GSM]) and reactive agility (goalkeeper-specific agility [GSA]), alongside derived reaction-time indices in youth soccer goalkeepers.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Fifty-eight goalkeepers (12-19 y) completed a standardized test battery (countermovement jump, 5- to 20-m linear sprints, V-cut change-of-direction, GSM, and GSA) on 2 occasions separated by 7 days. Absolute reliability was assessed using the coefficient of variation (CV) and standard error of measurement, relative reliability using intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC; 95% CIs), and sensitivity by comparing standard error of measurement with the smallest worthwhile change. Construct validity was examined through Pearson correlations with established performance tests and known-groups comparisons across age categories.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Linear sprint and V-cut outcomes showed acceptable-to-good reliability (CV ≤10%; ICC: .70-.93). For the goalkeeper-specific tests, total-time outcomes demonstrated acceptable reliability and sensitivity across age categories (GSM: CV 4.2%-7.0%, ICC: .75-.85; GSA: CV 4.2%-6.0%, ICC: .50-.79), whereas side-specific measures and reaction-time indices were less consistent. GSM and GSA total times were strongly interrelated (r = .71-.82) and moderately-to-strongly associated with sprint and change-of-direction performance, and differed by age group, with generally lower times in older goalkeepers.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>GSM and GSA total-time outcomes offer goalkeeper coaches and practitioners practical, age-sensitive field-based tools to profile, monitor, and guide goalkeeper-specific movement and reactive agility training. In contrast, reaction-time indices derived from difference scores show limited consistency and are not recommended for monitoring.</p>","PeriodicalId":14295,"journal":{"name":"International journal of sports physiology and performance","volume":" ","pages":"1-14"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2026-09-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149109488","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Training Practices and Heat Acclimation Responses of a Hand-Cyclist With Complex Regional Pain Syndrome: A Case Study.","authors":"Anthony P Turner, Chloe Cracknell, Niamh Carter, Ava Keating, Shaun M Phillips","doi":"10.1123/ijspp.2026-0063","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1123/ijspp.2026-0063","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>To describe the training practices and isothermic heat acclimation (HA) of a competitive hand-cyclist with complex regional pain syndrome type I preparing for a world speed-record attempt in a hot environment.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A 53-year-old male hand-cyclist with complex regional pain syndrome type I completed a 16-week training program, followed by 9 consecutive days of isothermic HA. Incremental exercise tests were conducted 9 weeks into training to characterize physiological capacity and training intensity distribution. Heat tolerance tests (2 × [4 min at 70, 100, 120, 150 W, and maximum effort]) were performed pre-HA and post-HA in an environmental chamber (33 °C, 40% relative humidity). Core temperature (Tcore), weighted mean skin temperature (WMTskin), heart rate (HR), power output (PO), rating of perceived exertion (RPE), and thermal sensation (TS) were measured.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>After 9 weeks of training, PO at the second lactate threshold increased by 10.7% and peak PO by 17.6%. Compared with pre-HA, post-HA heat tolerance tests demonstrated lower exercising HR (mean -7 beats per minute) and reduced perceptual strain (median RPE and TS reduced by 2.5 and 1.9 arbitrary units, respectively). Self-selected mean PO during maximal efforts increased by 9.9% to 44.2% post-HA. The Tcore (+0.22 °C) and WMTskin (+1.1 °C) were higher post-HA.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Moderate-term isothermic HA reduced cardiovascular and perceptual strain and improved self-regulated performance in a hand-cyclist with complex regional pain syndrome type I. Reduced perceptual strain was greater than in previous research and may allow the participant to improve exercise performance/capacity. Findings support the use of HA in this athlete's preparation for competition in a hot environment and the cautious, individualized application of HA in similar contexts.</p>","PeriodicalId":14295,"journal":{"name":"International journal of sports physiology and performance","volume":" ","pages":"1-6"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2026-09-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149109486","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Underappreciated Methods Section-What Is Needed, and How Is It Best Presented?","authors":"David B Pyne, Naroa Etxebarria","doi":"10.1123/ijspp.2026-0465","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1123/ijspp.2026-0465","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":14295,"journal":{"name":"International journal of sports physiology and performance","volume":" ","pages":"1-2"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2026-09-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149109481","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Structuring Variability in Functional Fitness: Implications for Training Prescription and Monitoring.","authors":"Manoel J Rios, David B Pyne","doi":"10.1123/ijspp.2026-0215","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1123/ijspp.2026-0215","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>Functional fitness is characterized by high variability in exercise prescription and multimodal training. However, the primary limitation lies not in the degree of variability, but in the lack of structure of how training exposure is defined, prescribed, and evaluated. This limitation constrains planning, monitoring, and evaluation of sessions and weakens the planning and progression of training adaptations. This report examines how surface variability and structural progression can be integrated to improve training prescription, monitoring, and interpretation. Methodological Considerations: Integration of multiple exercise modalities, combined with self-regulated execution, can result in highly variable and poorly defined training stimuli. These challenges are amplified when pacing, scaling, fatigue-related technical adjustments, and incomplete task execution alter the difference between prescribed and executed training. This sequence of events reduces construct validity, limits standardization, and impairs reproducibility. Common monitoring approaches provide only partial representations of training exposure unless interpreted according to the intended session objective and the executed workload.</p><p><strong>Practical applications: </strong>Training should be structured by linking variation in exercise selection, modality, and session format to planned progression in volume, intensity, density, pacing, work-to-rest structure, movement standards, and recovery demands. Monitoring should include both prescribed and executed training, using workload metrics and adaptive response measures such as session rating of perceived exertion, pacing consistency, countermovement jump, readiness, and heart rate responses when appropriate.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Establishing structure within variability provides a practical lens for improving reproducibility, interpreting training responses, and supporting decision making for coaches, practitioners, and researchers in functional fitness settings.</p>","PeriodicalId":14295,"journal":{"name":"International journal of sports physiology and performance","volume":" ","pages":"1-6"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2026-09-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149109443","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Sex- and Age-Specific Differences in Single-Leg Balance Performance Among Young Competitive Ski Racers: A Cross-Sectional Study.","authors":"Swantje Buse, Christian Raschner, Robert Stojan, Ross Julian","doi":"10.1123/ijspp.2025-0596","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1123/ijspp.2025-0596","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>This study examined sex- and age-specific differences in single-leg balance performance among young competitive alpine ski racers to better understand developmental trajectories of postural control and their implications for individualized training and performance development.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A total of 264 elite youth ski racers (114 females; aged 14-19 y) were tested annually between 2016 and 2022 performing a single-leg balance task on the MFT Challenge Disc 2.0. Balance performance was assessed separately for the left and right leg, and a Limb Symmetry Index was calculated to quantify interlimb asymmetry. Linear mixed-effects models evaluated the effects of sex, age, and their interaction on balance outcomes, with height included as a covariate.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Female athletes consistently demonstrated superior single-leg balance performance compared with males across all age groups (β ≈ 0.4, P < .001). Balance ability improved significantly with age (β ≈ -0.17, P < .001) for both sexes, indicating developmental progression. No sex-by-age interaction was observed for either leg, suggesting parallel improvement trajectories. Limb Symmetry Index decreased with age (P < .001), reflecting reduced asymmetry, and showed a modest sex-by-age interaction, with females exhibiting greater improvements.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Female youth ski racers outperformed males in single-leg balance, likely due to anatomical and maturational factors, such as a lower center of mass and earlier pubertal onset. Balance improved with increasing age, emphasizing the combined influence of neuromuscular development and cumulative training exposure. These findings highlight the importance of incorporating sex- and age-specific balance training in alpine skiing to optimize performance.</p>","PeriodicalId":14295,"journal":{"name":"International journal of sports physiology and performance","volume":" ","pages":"1-9"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2026-09-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149038463","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Validation of the Italian Version of the Talk Test for Determining Exercise Intensity.","authors":"Emanuel Festino, Olga Papale, Francesca Di Rocco, Marianna De Maio, Carl Foster, Cristina Cortis, Andrea Fusco","doi":"10.1123/ijspp.2025-0426","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1123/ijspp.2025-0426","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>To validate the Italian version of the Talk Test (TT) for determining exercise intensity.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Fourteen recreational-level athletes performed 2 graded exercise tests: one in which respiratory gas exchange was measured to determine ventilatory (VT) and respiratory compensation thresholds (RCT), and one incorporating the Italian version of the TT. In TT, subjects read the Italian Olympic Oath during the final 30 seconds of each stage, while heart rate (HR), rating of perceived exertion (RPE), and speed were recorded. The last stage at which subjects could speak comfortably was defined as the last positive stage (LP), uncertainty about speaking comfortably as the equivocal stage (EQ), and inability to speak comfortably as the negative stage (NEG). Repeated-measures analysis of variance compared HR, RPE, speed at LP, EQ, and NEG, VT, and RCT. Pearson correlation coefficient (r) and Bland-Altman plots analyzed the relationship and agreement between Italian version of the TT and test variables.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>No differences emerged between LP and VT for HR, RPE, and speed. Significant correlations between VT and LP were found in HR (r = .736, P = .003) and speed (r = .921, P < .001). NEG values did not differ from RCT and showed significant correlations with HR (r = .732, P = .003), RPE (r = .842, P < .001), and speed (r = .986, P < .001).</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>The Italian version of the TT provides valid estimates of VT and RCT, particularly at LP and NEG stages in recreational-level athletes.</p>","PeriodicalId":14295,"journal":{"name":"International journal of sports physiology and performance","volume":" ","pages":"1-6"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2026-09-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149024798","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Beyond the Metrics: A Case Study on Integrating Quantitative and Qualitative Data to Monitor Training in Elite Rowers.","authors":"Alex R Brown, Erin L McCleave, Aaron J Coutts, John S Warmenhoven, Katie M Slattery","doi":"10.1123/ijspp.2026-0183","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1123/ijspp.2026-0183","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>Current athlete monitoring practices remain largely focused on training load (TL), overlooking critical aspects of how training is executed. This study explored how a mixed-methods approach integrating qualitative and quantitative data could provide a more holistic evaluation of training quality in an elite rowing environment.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A concurrent mixed-methods case study was conducted with 19 elite female rowers (age 22-37; tier 4-5) preparing for the 2024 Paris Olympics. Across 16 on-water sessions from 4 crews, traditional monitoring data-duration, session rating of perceived exertion, and TL-were collected. Athletes and coaches independently completed the Subjective Training Quality scale following each session. Postsession coach-athlete debriefs were audio recorded, transcribed, and subjected to manual deductive content and sentiment analysis. Interrater reliability was assessed via intraclass correlation coefficients. Qualitative data were quantized and integrated with quantitative metrics through joint displays.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Interrater reliability was excellent (intraclass correlation coefficient = .992; 95% CI, .966-.998). Coaches consistently rated Subjective Training Quality scores equal or higher than athletes across all constructs, with discrepancies ranging from 0 to 3.5 points. Technical aspects dominated debrief content, followed by mental and physical themes. Sentiment varied considerably across sessions of comparable TL, demonstrating that TL alone does not capture the full experiential nature of training.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Integrating Subjective Training Quality scores, coach-athlete debrief analysis, and TL provides contextual insight into training quality not accessible through conventional monitoring alone. This mixed-methods framework offers a practical, minimally intrusive approach that captures nuanced physical, technical, and mental dimensions of training, supporting more informed coaching decisions and athlete development.</p>","PeriodicalId":14295,"journal":{"name":"International journal of sports physiology and performance","volume":" ","pages":"1-11"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2026-09-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149024828","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}