International journal of sports physiology and performance最新文献

{"title":"Lactate Threshold and Swimming Performance in World-Class Open-Water Swimmers.","authors":"Óscar López-Belmonte, Roberto Baldassarre, Jesús J Ruiz-Navarro, Marco Bonifazi, Raúl Arellano, Maria Francesca Piacentini","doi":"10.1123/ijspp.2024-0342","DOIUrl":"10.1123/ijspp.2024-0342","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>The assessment of lactate threshold (LT) and its relationship to open-water (OW) performance is crucial. This study aimed (1) to analyze LT in world-class OW swimmers, (2) to compare swimming speed at LT (SSLT) and 4 mmol·L-1 of blood lactate concentration ([La-]; SS4), and (3) to examine the relationships between SSLT and swimming performance.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Twenty world-class and elite (11 male, 26.4 [3.0] y; 9 female, 25.8 [3.6] y) OW swimmers voluntarily participated. A total of 46 (29 male and 17 female) intermittent incremental tests (7 × 400 m) conducted in a 50-m pool were analyzed. Seasonal best performances on 400-, 800-, and 1500-m and 10-km OW swimming events were obtained.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The SSLT was 1.62 (0.02) (3.8 [1.0] mmol·L-1) and 1.46 (0.04) m·s-1 (3.0 [0.7] mmol·L-1) in males and females, respectively, which corresponded to 97% of the peak speed reached in the tests. There were no differences (P = .148) between SSLT and SS4 in males; however, SSLT was lower (P = .019) than SS4 in females. The SSLT was negatively correlated with swimming performance, with the exception of 10-km OW and 400-m times in males and females, respectively.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>World-class and elite OW swimmers exhibited a greatly developed aerobic capacity with LT close to their maximum speed. The SS4 could be used as an approximation to SSLT in males but overestimates true aerobic capacity in females. LT is a useful tool for assessing performance, as OW swimmers with higher SSLT showed better swimming performance.</p>","PeriodicalId":14295,"journal":{"name":"International journal of sports physiology and performance","volume":" ","pages":"309-315"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2025-01-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142948865","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Determination of Ventilatory Thresholds Using Near-Infrared Spectroscopy in Recreational Endurance and CrossFit Athletes.","authors":"Janik Arnet, Raphael Knaier, Raphael Schoch, Gommaar D'Hulst, Fabienne Bruggisser, Andri Feldmann, Rahel Leuenberger, Elena Westerhuis, Denis Infanger, Arno Schmidt-Trucksäss, Jonathan Wagner","doi":"10.1123/ijspp.2024-0265","DOIUrl":"10.1123/ijspp.2024-0265","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>To define training zones, ventilatory thresholds (VTs) are commonly established by cardiopulmonary gas-exchange analysis during incremental exercise tests. Portable near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) devices have emerged as a potential tool for detecting these thresholds by monitoring muscle oxygenation. This study evaluated the accuracy of NIRS measurements to determine VTs or critical power (CP) based on muscle oxygen saturation and assesses the device's consistency across 2 constant-load tests. Data from 2 cross-sectional studies involving trained recreational endurance athletes (26 from study 1) and CrossFit athletes (59 from study 2) were examined. Incremental ramp tests on a cycle ergometer were performed and followed by either a constant-load test (study 1) or a CP test (study 2). When comparing power output or heart rate between NIRS-derived breakpoints and VTs, weak to moderate agreement was found. Mean differences in power output and heart rate ranged from 16.8 to 22.4 W and 3.8 to 6.0 beats·min-1 at the first threshold and 27.4 to 31.2 W and 7.1 to 7.8 beats·min-1 at the second threshold. Comparing with CP, mean differences ranged from -0.4 to 0.4 W and -0.6 to 0.9 beats·min-1. Test-retest reliability showed moderate agreement, with a mean bias of 1.2 percentage points between constant-load tests. Thus, NIRS may not be accurate for determining VTs or CP during exercise due to limited agreement in power output or hear rate, notable variability on individual level, and moderate reproducibility.</p>","PeriodicalId":14295,"journal":{"name":"International journal of sports physiology and performance","volume":" ","pages":"345-354"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2025-01-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142948775","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Comment on Matomäki et al: Better Understand the Methods of Exercise-Dose Quantification Before Addressing the Issue of Protocol Equalization.","authors":"François-Denis Desgorces, Philippe Noirez","doi":"10.1123/ijspp.2024-0334","DOIUrl":"10.1123/ijspp.2024-0334","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":14295,"journal":{"name":"International journal of sports physiology and performance","volume":"20 1","pages":"2"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142909669","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Response to Desgorces and Noirez: Dose Quantification Is Indirect.","authors":"Pekka Matomäki, Olli-Pekka Nuuttila, Olli J Heinonen, Heikki Kyröläinen","doi":"10.1123/ijspp.2024-0427","DOIUrl":"10.1123/ijspp.2024-0427","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":14295,"journal":{"name":"International journal of sports physiology and performance","volume":"20 1","pages":"3"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142909670","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Analyzing Competitive Demands in Mountain Running Races: A Running Power-Based Approach.","authors":"Juan Rodríguez-Medina, Belén Carballo-Leyenda, Jorge Gutiérrez-Arroyo, Fabio García-Heras, Jose A Rodríguez-Marroyo","doi":"10.1123/ijspp.2024-0234","DOIUrl":"10.1123/ijspp.2024-0234","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>This study aimed to analyze the competitive demands of mountain running races of varying lengths.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Sixty-six male athletes competed in Vertical race (∼3 km and ∼1000 m of total elevation change), Sky race (∼25 km and ∼3000 m of total elevation change), and SkyUltra race (∼80 km and ∼9000 m of total elevation change). Exercise intensity and competition load (TL) were assessed using running power, heart rate, and rating of perceived exertion (RPE).</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The highest exercise intensity was observed in Vertical race (3.9 [0.4] W·kg-1, 93.6% [2.8%] HRmax, and 9.5 [0.7] RPE) compared to Sky race (3.5 [0.5] W·kg-1, 89.9% [2.4%] HRmax, and 8.5 [1.2] RPE), and SkyUltra (2.7 [0.6] W·kg-1, 73.4% [1.1%] HRmax, and 8.2 [1.1] RPE). Vertical races had the highest mean maximal power outputs for periods <10 minutes. They also had the highest proportion of time spent >5 W·kg-1 and the most time spent above the respiratory compensation threshold. The majority of time in SkyUltra was spent at low intensity. The highest TLs were observed in these races (6200.5 [708.0] kJ, 842.0 [35.7] AU for TLHR, and 4897.3 [940.7] AU for TLRPE). However, when normalized to competition time, the SkyUltra event showed the lowest values compared with the Vertical and Sky races (∼11 vs ∼14.5 kJ·min-1, ∼1.5 vs ∼2.5 AU·m-1 for TLHR).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The results of this study expand knowledge about the effort demands of mountain races and demonstrate how these demands are affected by race duration. Additionally, the study highlights the potential use of running power for quantifying exercise in this sport.</p>","PeriodicalId":14295,"journal":{"name":"International journal of sports physiology and performance","volume":" ","pages":"275-281"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2024-12-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142894516","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Physiological Characteristics of Freestyle Snowboard and Freeski Athletes.","authors":"Jonathan McPhail, Matt R Cross, Jörg Spörri, Vesa Linnamo","doi":"10.1123/ijspp.2024-0127","DOIUrl":"10.1123/ijspp.2024-0127","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>To investigate the physiological characteristics of freestyle snowboard and freeski athletes and explore potential differences between males and females.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>National-team athletes, snowboard (9 males, 21 [2.3] y; 8 females, 20 [4.1] y) and freeski (10 males, 21 [2.1] y; 8 females, 18 [2.2] y), underwent physiological assessments: maximal oxygen uptake (V˙O2max; indirect), countermovement-jump height, drop-jump (DJ) height, DJ contact time, reactive strength index, absolute peak force (PFabs), and relative peak force. Differences were analyzed using multivariate analyses of variance Wilks lambda (Λ) and magnitude with partial-eta squared (ηp2). Pairwise comparisons and the impact of sex and sport were analyzed with univariate tests, utilizing Cohen d.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>No physiological differences were found between snowboard and freeski (Wilks Λ = 0.8, P > .251, ηp2 = .169). Sex differences were observed (Wilks Λ = 0.2, P < .001, ηp2=.79), without an interaction between sex and sport (Λ = 0.8, P > .449, ηp2=.120). For snowboard, sex differences included V˙O2max (P < .001, d = 1.04), countermovement-jump height (P < .001, d = 2.5), DJ height (P < .001, d = 1.45), DJ contact time (P < .001, d = 0.36), reactive strength index (P < .001, d = 1.36), front-limb PFabs (P < .001, d = 1.77), rear-limb PFabs (P < .001, d = 1.36), front-limb relative PF (P < .003, d = 0.88), and rear-limb relative PF (P < .021, d = 0.65). In freeski, differences included V˙O2max (P = .005, d = 0.81), countermovement-jump height (P < .001, d = 1.3), DJ height (P < .001, d = 1.17), DJ contact time (P < .040, d = 0.54), reactive strength index (P < .001, d = 1.0), left-limb PFabs (P < .001, d = 2.2), right-limb PFabs (P < .001, d = 1.88), left-limb relative PF (P < .001, d = 1.1), and right-limb relative PF (P < .001, d = 1.33).</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Differences between the sexes, rather than between sports, explained the largest variance. A broad concurrent training approach with the aim of developing resilient athletes is likely warranted while acknowledging and adapting to individual needs.</p>","PeriodicalId":14295,"journal":{"name":"International journal of sports physiology and performance","volume":" ","pages":"301-308"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2024-12-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142894518","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Women Upward-Sex Differences in Uphill Performance in Speed Climbing, Ski Mountaineering, Trail Running, Cross-Country Skiing, and Cycling.","authors":"Grégoire P Millet, Antoine Raberin, Raphael Faiss, Nicola Giovanelli, Thierry Galindo, Nicolas Place, Øyvind Sandbakk","doi":"10.1123/ijspp.2024-0354","DOIUrl":"10.1123/ijspp.2024-0354","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Women have generally lower body size and lean- to fat-mass ratio, lower maximal anaerobic power due to a lower muscle mass, and fewer fast-twitch fibers, although they can show higher resistance to fatigue or greater metabolic flexibility than men. These factors are well known and explain the sex differences in endurance sports such as distance running (10%-12%). Several of these factors-particularly the differences in body composition and skeletal-muscle characteristics-may directly impact vertical displacement and uphill performance. However, there is a lack of sex-difference reports in sports with uphill locomotion.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>The sex differences in world-level endurance performance over 10 years (2013-2022) in 6 different sports with uphill displacement (speed climbing, vertical race in ski mountaineering, vertical kilometer in mountain running, cycling, cross-country skiing, and ultratrail running) were calculated.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The sex differences are generally larger (18%-22%) than in endurance sports performed primarily on flat terrains. This may be due to the lower lean- to fat-mass ratio commonly reported in women. In shorter uphill events (eg, sport climbing, vertical kilometer, and short climb in cycling), the sex differences appear even more pronounced (28%-35%), potentially being explained by additional factors (eg, anaerobic capacity, muscle composition, and upper-body contribution).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>This novel analysis over 10 years of elite endurance performance in different sports with uphill displacement shows that the sex differences are generally larger (18%-22%) than in endurance sports performed primarily on flat terrains.</p>","PeriodicalId":14295,"journal":{"name":"International journal of sports physiology and performance","volume":" ","pages":"246-255"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2024-12-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142894519","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Mouth Rinsing and Ingesting Unpleasant Salty or Bitter Solutions After Heavy-Intensity Cycling Does Not Influence Sprint Performance or Knee-Extensor Force in Trained Cyclists.","authors":"Edward A Gray, Rocco Cavaleri, Jason C Siegler","doi":"10.1123/ijspp.2023-0314","DOIUrl":"10.1123/ijspp.2023-0314","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>The present study investigated the effect of unpleasant salty or bitter tastes on cycling sprint performance and knee-extensor force characteristics in different fatigue states.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Following a familiarization session, 11 trained male cyclists completed 3 experimental trials (salty, bitter, and water) in a randomized crossover order. In each trial, participants cycled at 85% of the respiratory compensation point for 45 minutes and then, after a 5-minute rest, completed a 1-minute sprint. Muscle-force characteristics were assessed using 2 knee-extensor maximal voluntary contractions immediately before, between, and after the cycling efforts. Participants mouth-rinsed and ingested 25 mL of test solution (salty, bitter, and water) immediately before each maximal voluntary contractions and the 1-minute sprint.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>There were no significant differences in mean and peak power output during the 1-minute sprint between conditions (mean power: 528 [71] W, 524 [70] W, and 521 [80] W in the water, salt, and bitter conditions, respectively). Muscle-force production was impaired in all conditions after the heavy-intensity cycling, evidenced by a decline in maximum force production (P = .01, effect size = 0.32) and 100- to 200-millisecond impulse (P = .04, effect size = 0.27). However, there were no significant differences between conditions in maximal force or impulse measures at rest or after exercise.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>These data question whether unpleasant tastes can influence muscle-force production and do not support that they may be used as an ergogenic aid for a cycling sprint performed under fatigued conditions.</p>","PeriodicalId":14295,"journal":{"name":"International journal of sports physiology and performance","volume":" ","pages":"232-237"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2024-12-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142894517","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"How Does Blood-Flow Restriction Alter Forehand Drive Performance and Muscle Recruitment in Tennis Players?","authors":"Zilong Han, Zhenxiang Guo, Bing Yan, Olivier Girard","doi":"10.1123/ijspp.2024-0260","DOIUrl":"10.1123/ijspp.2024-0260","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>To examine the acute effects of forehand drive (FD) preconditioning with or without blood-flow restriction (BFR) on subsequent forehand performance and muscle recruitment in tennis.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>On separate visits, 12 well-trained tennis players participated in 4 randomized trials. Each visit included pretests (maximal muscle-activation capacity or FD performance), a preconditioning phase, and posttests after 5 minutes of rest (ie, similar to pretests). The preconditioning phase involved 5 sets of 10 maximal-effort FD exercises, performed either with (EXP) or without (CON) BFR (50% of the arterial occlusion pressure applied to dominant lower and upper limbs). During the pretest and posttests, either maximal voluntary isometric contraction (MVIC) with surface electromyography recordings of 6 muscles (gastrocnemius, rectus femoris, biceps brachii, anterior deltoid, external oblique, and pectoralis major) or ball velocity and accuracy of 10 crosscourt forehands were assessed.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Peak ball velocity increased from pretests to posttests (+2.3% [2.3%]; P = .004), regardless of the condition (P = .130). Peak ball accuracy remained unchanged (P > .05). From pretests to posttests, increases in electromyography levels for the biceps brachii muscle were larger for EXP (+14.5% [7.4%]; P < .001) than CON (+7.3% [10.3%]; P = .042). During the preconditioning phase, biceps brachii muscle activity was higher for EXP than CON (+7.4% [7.3%]; P = .006) during MVICs. Surface electromyography levels remained unchanged for other muscles.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Executing FD exercises during a preconditioning phase acutely improved FD velocity but not accuracy in tennis, also accompanied by increased recruitment of the biceps brachii muscle. However, adding BFR did not significantly enhance these benefits.</p>","PeriodicalId":14295,"journal":{"name":"International journal of sports physiology and performance","volume":" ","pages":"256-264"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2024-12-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142885734","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Continuous Glucose Monitoring Underreports Blood Glucose During a Simulated Ultraendurance Run in Eumenorrheic Female Runners.","authors":"Andrew Dole, Stacy Sims, Han Gan, Nic Gill, Martyn Beaven","doi":"10.1123/ijspp.2024-0068","DOIUrl":"10.1123/ijspp.2024-0068","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>Continuous-glucose-monitoring (CGM) sensors provide near-real-time glucose data and have been introduced commercially as a tool to inform nutrition decisions. The aim of this pilot study was to explore how factors such as the menstrual phase, extended running duration, and carbohydrates affect CGM outcomes among trained eumenorrheic females in an outdoor simulated ultraendurance running event.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Twelve experienced female ultrarunners (age 39 [6] y) participated in this crossover study. Participants completed an ultraendurance simulation run of 4 hours in the midfollicular and midluteal phases of their menstrual cycle, which consisted of a 3-hour fasted outdoor run (FASTED) followed by a 1-hour treadmill run (TREAD), where 3 standardized 20-g oral glucose doses were provided.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Using a mixed linear model, the menstrual phase was statistically significant for differences in glucose measurements from CGM compared with capillary glucose sampling during TREAD (P = .02) but not FASTED. Additionally, the CGM sensor reported glucose levels with an average of -0.43 mmol·L-1 (95% CI, - 0.86 to -0.005) and -1.02 mmol·L-1 (95% CI, -1.63 to -0.42) lower in fasted and fed scenarios, respectively, when compared with capillary glucose.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>CGM underreports capillary glucose during fasted and fed exercise. Factors contributing to this underreporting between the sampling methods (CGM vs capillary) were dependent on a combination of exogenous glucose availability, individual biological differences, and the menstrual phase.</p>","PeriodicalId":14295,"journal":{"name":"International journal of sports physiology and performance","volume":" ","pages":"265-274"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2024-12-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142885730","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}