International journal of sports physiology and performance最新文献

{"title":"Physiological and Biomechanical Responses Induced by a Continuous Test and an Intermittent Test in Middle-Distance Runners.","authors":"Saddek Benhammou, Filipe Manuel Clemente, Laurent Mourot, Adel Belkadi","doi":"10.1123/ijspp.2024-0350","DOIUrl":"10.1123/ijspp.2024-0350","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>This study aimed to examine middle-distance runners' acute physiological and biomechanical responses to 2 maximal aerobic speed tests: an intermittent test (5 × 1 mintest) and a continuous test (University of Montreal Track Test [UM-TT]).</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Twenty trained male middle-distance runners completed the UM-TT and 5 × 1 mintest on separate days. The rating of perceived exertion, peak heart rate, and maximal aerobic speed of both tests (VUM-TT and V5 ×1m) were analyzed. Heart-rate variability (time and frequency domain) and spatiotemporal parameters were measured preexercise and postexercise at 5, 30, and 60 minutes.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>No differences were found between VUM-TT and V5×1m (18.4 [1.0] vs 18.5 [0.9] km·h-1, r = .88, P = .14). Peak heart rate was similar between tests (UM-TT: 188.6 [4] beats·min-1 vs 5 × 1 mintest: 189 [2] beats·min-1, r = .63, P = .23). Rating of perceived exertion was higher in UM-TT (UM-TT: 8.1 [0.5] vs 5 × 1 mintest: 7.6 [0.7], r = .47, P = .009). For both tests, heart-rate-variability parameters indicated higher sympathetic/lower parasympathetic activity compared with baseline at all time points (P < .001), without differences between tests. Stride frequency and duty factor increased postexercise (P < .05), with no changes in contact time and stride time (P > .05), without differences between the 2 tests.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Both tests significantly changed heart-rate variability and biomechanical parameters, with no differences between the tests. As 5 × 1 mintest was perceived as less demanding, it may be a less taxing alternative for assessing maximal aerobic speed in middle-distance runners.</p>","PeriodicalId":14295,"journal":{"name":"International journal of sports physiology and performance","volume":" ","pages":"638-643"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2025-02-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143515647","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"What Is \"Zone 2 Training\"?: Experts' Viewpoint on Definition, Training Methods, and Expected Adaptations.","authors":"Sebastian Sitko, Xabier Artetxe, Martin Bonnevie-Svendsen, Miguel Ángel Galán-Rioja, Gabriele Gallo, Frédéric Grappe, Peter Leo, Manuel Mateo, Iñigo Mujika, Dajo Sanders, Stephen Seiler, Mikel Zabala, Pedro L Valenzuela, Aitor Viribay","doi":"10.1123/ijspp.2024-0303","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1123/ijspp.2024-0303","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>The role of high-volume low-intensity training for enhancing endurance performance has gained growing interest in recent years. Specifically, so-called \"zone 2 training\" is currently receiving much attention, and many propose that this is the target intensity at which a large proportion of total endurance training should be performed. However, despite the popularity of this concept, there is no clear consensus among coaches, athletes, and scientists regarding the definition of zone 2 training.</p><p><strong>Purpose: </strong>This commentary summarizes the perspectives, experience, and knowledge of an expert panel of 14 applied sport scientists and professional coaches with the aim of providing insight and a basis for definitional consensus on zone 2 training. Moreover, potential training strategies at this intensity are proposed, and the expected physiological adaptations when exercising at this intensity and related research gaps are also discussed.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Experts reached consensus that zone 2 training should preferably be performed at intensities located immediately below the first lactate or ventilatory threshold through continuous, variable, or interval-type sessions. Furthermore, experts expected a broad range of central and peripheral adaptations from zone 2 training. These expected adaptations might not be unique to zone 2 and could also be induced with sessions performed at slightly higher and lower intensities.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>This commentary provides practical insight and unified criteria regarding the preferred intensity, duration, and session type for the optimization of zone 2 training based on the perspectives of acknowledged sport scientists and professional coaches.</p>","PeriodicalId":14295,"journal":{"name":"International journal of sports physiology and performance","volume":" ","pages":"1-4"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2025-02-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143515628","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Influence of Travel Demands and Match Load on Recovery Following Postmatch Travel in National-Team Footballers.","authors":"Ewan Clements, Fabian Ehrmann, Andrew Clark, Mark Jones, Alan McCall, Rob Duffield","doi":"10.1123/ijspp.2024-0211","DOIUrl":"10.1123/ijspp.2024-0211","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>This study investigated the relationship between travel demands and match loads on perceptual recovery, fatigue, and sleep following postmatch travel in national football teams. In addition, the influence of travel demands and the time between match kickoff and travel departure on postmatch recovery was examined.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Match-running load (via GPS) and travel data were obtained from 79 male national-team footballers. Postmatch travel duration, direction, context, time-zone difference, and time between kickoff and travel departure were collated. Athletes provided perceptual ratings of fatigue, soreness, sleep, stress, and recovery from 1 day prematch through to 3 days after postmatch travel. Linear mixed models assessed the influence of match load and travel on perceptual ratings for 3 days posttravel. Additional models assessed a standardized postmatch time point of match day + 3 to determine whether timing and extent of travel influenced recovery.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Higher match loads were associated with poorer recovery, fatigue, soreness, and sleep (P = .001-.032). Athletes reported poorer fatigue, soreness, and recovery when traveling from national teams back to clubs compared with between national-team matches (P < .001). Traveling eastward was associated with poorer sleep (P = .004). Longer periods between kickoff and travel departure were associated with poorer sleep on match day + 3 (P = .003).</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Perceptual recovery, fatigue, sleep, and soreness following postmatch travel were affected by both match load and travel demands. Greater match loads and eastward postmatch travel may impair recovery. In addition, departing later after a match was associated with poorer sleep on match day + 3; however, no relationships existed to any other recovery measures.</p>","PeriodicalId":14295,"journal":{"name":"International journal of sports physiology and performance","volume":" ","pages":"629-637"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2025-02-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143515644","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Detraining Effect on Sprint Swimming Performance and Load-Velocity Profile.","authors":"Jesús J Ruiz-Navarro, Óscar López-Belmonte, Adrián Febles-Castro, Ana Gay, Gracia López-Contreras, Esther Morales-Ortiz, Raúl Arellano","doi":"10.1123/ijspp.2024-0491","DOIUrl":"10.1123/ijspp.2024-0491","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>To assess the effect of 5-week training-cessation period on performance and load-velocity profile-related variables.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Twenty-four competitive swimmers (15 male and 9 female: 19.2 [3.7] and 17.3 [2.3] y, 50-m front-crawl 550 [70], and 572 [51] World Aquatics points, respectively) performed a 50-m front-crawl all-out swim, a load-velocity profile, and a pull-up test before and after a 5-week off-season period. Kinematic variables, blood lactate concentration, and rating of perceived exertion were monitored during the load-velocity profile tests.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Performance was impaired 1.3% for males (P < .01) and 3.8% for females (P < .01). Neither anthropometric changes (males r2 = .277, females r2 = .218, P > .05) nor the physical activity performed during the off-season (males r2 = .329, females r2 = .094, P > .05) attenuated performance impairments. While males counteracted the stroke-rate decline (P < .05) by increasing stroke length (P < .05) in the majority of the race, females did not, leading to a decline in clean swimming speed (P < .05). The maximum load at zero velocity decreased (P < .05) during the load-velocity profile test. In addition, males showed an increased blood lactate concentration (P < .05), whereas females decreased the maximum velocity at zero load (P < .01) and stroke rate (P < .01). No change in the slope was observed for either sex (P > .05).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Following a 5-week off-season period, sprint swimming performance declines (males 0.34 s; females 1.15 s). The load-velocity profile and related variables evidenced deterioration, showing changes in blood lactate concentration, maximum load at zero velocity, average velocity during the third trial, and stroke rate.</p>","PeriodicalId":14295,"journal":{"name":"International journal of sports physiology and performance","volume":" ","pages":"582-591"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2025-02-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143515620","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effects of Combined Versus Single Supplementation of Creatine, Beta-Alanine, and L-Citrulline During Short Sprint Interval Training on Basketball Players' Performance: A Double-Blind Randomized Placebo-Controlled Trial.","authors":"Menghao Li, Mohsen Sheykhlouvand","doi":"10.1123/ijspp.2024-0310","DOIUrl":"10.1123/ijspp.2024-0310","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>Athletes often use sport supplements to improve their physical and physiological performance. This randomized, double-blind, placebo (PL) -controlled study aimed to investigate the effects of combined versus single supplementation of creatine (Cr), beta-alanine (BA), and L-citrulline (L-Cit) during short sprint interval training (SSIT) on basketball players' physical and physiological performance over a period of 28 days.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Forty-eight basketball players were equally assigned to 6 groups of Cr (0.1 g/kg of Cr monohydrate daily), BA (4.8 g daily), L-Cit (6 g daily), combined supplementation, PL, and an active control group, and each group consisted of 8 participants. The training groups participated in SSIT (3 sets of 10 repetitions of 5-s all-out runs) sessions 3 times a week for 4 weeks. Physical (vertical jump, 20-m sprint, Illinois change of direction) and physiological (Wingate anaerobic power and cardiorespiratory fitness test) performance were evaluated before and after the training period.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>All training groups (Cr, BA, L-Cit, combined, and PL) showed significant improvements in physical and physiological performance over the 4-week intervention (P < .05). Interestingly, the supplement groups displayed significantly (P = .001) greater changes than the PL group, indicating better outcomes in performance adaptations. However, significant differences in performance variables were observed among the supplement groups.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Our findings indicate that short-term supplementation with Cr, BA, and L-Cit, as well as a combination of them during SSIT, can significantly improve the physical and physiological performance of basketball players compared to a PL.</p>","PeriodicalId":14295,"journal":{"name":"International journal of sports physiology and performance","volume":" ","pages":"559-567"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2025-02-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143515627","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Impact of Playing Middle and Side Pick-and-Roll Actions With Aggressive and Containing Defensive Strategies on Workload During Small-Sided Games in Male Basketball Players.","authors":"Abdelaziz Qarouach, Kęstutis Matulaitis, Ramunas Butautas, Daniele Conte","doi":"10.1123/ijspp.2024-0325","DOIUrl":"10.1123/ijspp.2024-0325","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>This study aimed to evaluate the effect of executing different pick-and-roll (PnR) actions and performing different defensive strategies on workloads during basketball small-sided games.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Twelve male basketball players (age: 21 [3] y; stature: 192 [5] cm; body mass: 84 [9] kg) completed 4 randomized small-sided games including PnRs executed on 2 court positions (ie, middle and side PnR) and 2 defensive strategies (ie, aggressive [ie, trap] and containing [ie, drop and ice for middle and side PnR, respectively] strategy). PlayerLoad and number of accelerations, decelerations, and changes of direction are classified as low (<2.5 m·s-2), medium (between 2.5 and 3.5 m·s-2), and high (>3.5 m·s-2), and jumps categorized as low (<40 cm) and high (≥40 cm) were used as external-load measures, while rating of perceived exertion was used as an internal-load measure.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Higher PlayerLoad values were found when playing middle PnR compared with side PnR (P = .046; effect size [ES] = 0.6; 95% CI, 0.0-1.2; moderate). Furthermore, trap defense showed moderately higher values of PlayerLoad (P < .001; ES = 1.1; 95% CI, 0.5-1.7), high accelerations (P = .006; ES = 0.8; 95% CI, 0.3-1.4), medium changes of direction (P = .047; ES = 0.6; 95% CI, 0.0-1.2), and high changes of direction (P = .050; ES = 0.6; 95% CI, 0.0-1.2) compared with drop and/or ice defense. No effects of court position and defensive strategy were found in rating of perceived exertion (P > .05).</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>When planning small-sided games with tactical target, basketball coaches are advised to use middle PnR and aggressive defensive strategies to increase player's external load compared with side PnR and containing defensive strategies.</p>","PeriodicalId":14295,"journal":{"name":"International journal of sports physiology and performance","volume":" ","pages":"575-581"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2025-02-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143515643","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Additional Benefits of Repeated-Sprint Training With Prolonged End-Expiratory Breath Holding for Improving Repeated-Sprint Ability in Semiprofessional Soccer Players.","authors":"František Lörinczi, Miroslav Vavák, Xavier Woorons","doi":"10.1123/ijspp.2024-0444","DOIUrl":"10.1123/ijspp.2024-0444","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>To investigate the effects of running repeated-sprint training with voluntary hypoventilation at low lung volume (RSH-VHL) including prolonged end-expiratory breath holding (EEBH) on running repeated-sprint ability (RSA).</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Twenty semiprofessional male soccer players completed 12 sessions of repeated 50-m running sprints over a 6-week period either with EEBH (RSH-VHL, n = 10) or with normal breathing (RSN, n = 10). Before (Pre) and after (Post) training, a running RSA test consisting of performing maximum 30-m \"all-out\" sprints until task failure, with a minimum of 10 sprints, was implemented.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The maximum number of sprints was increased at Post compared to Pre in RSH-VHL only (13.5 [4.4] vs 7.7 [2.3], P < .01) and was greater in RSH-VHL than in RSN at Post (P < .01). The mean velocity for sprints 1 to 10 and sprints 6 to 10 was increased in both groups at Post (P < .01) but was greater in RSH-VHL than in RSN after the training period (P < .01). There was no change in the reference velocity (P = .80) or in the maximal velocity reached during the RSA test (P = .52) in either group. The mean minimal arterial oxygen saturation recorded during training at the end of the sprints was lower in RSH-VHL (78.5% [1.4%]) than in RSN (97.3% [0.1%]).</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>This study shows that an RSH-VHL intervention including prolonged EEBH can provide an additional benefit for improving RSA in male semiprofessional soccer players. This result may be due in large part to the strong hypoxic effect induced by the prolonged EEBH.</p>","PeriodicalId":14295,"journal":{"name":"International journal of sports physiology and performance","volume":" ","pages":"568-574"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2025-02-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143491953","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Comparative Analysis of U17, U20, and Senior Football Team Performances in the FIFA World Cup: From Youth to Senior Level.","authors":"Wonwoo Ju, Ryland Morgans, Jordan Webb, Rick Cost, José M Oliva-Lozano","doi":"10.1123/ijspp.2024-0343","DOIUrl":"10.1123/ijspp.2024-0343","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>This study aimed to investigate differences in match physical and technical/tactical performance of teams across different competitive levels in international soccer: FIFA Men's World Cup Qatar 2022 (MWC), FIFA U20 World Cup Argentina 2023 (U20WC), and FIFA U17 World Cup Indonesia 2023 (U17WC).</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>From a total of 168 games, 138 games were analyzed (N = 276 game observations) using an optical tracking system.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>On average, the U17WC teams exhibited reduced total running (3% less), high-intensity running (14%-16% less), and sprinting (18%-26% less) distance than the MWC and U20WC teams (P ≤ .0023; effect size [ES]: 0.8-1.5). The MWC teams displayed 4% to 5% higher accuracy in passing and executing line breaks (P ≤ .0188; ES: 0.6-0.7), along with increased offers to receive the ball (53%-118% more) and movements to receive the ball (44%-101% more), and received the ball (61%-137%) more often than the U20WC and U17WC teams (P < .001; ES: 1.1-2.1). Moreover, notable decreases in defensive pressure (-18% to -32%) and forced turnovers (-26% to -32%) were observed in the U17WC than other competitions (P ≤ .0001; ES: 0.8-2.2). Greater variability was observed among the U17WC teams in several metrics, including high-intensity/sprinting distances, attempts at goal, and receptions in the final third.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>These findings demonstrate that as the competitive level increases, so do the physical demands, advanced technical skills, and tactical fluidity/adaptability. However, caution should be exercised when interpreting match performance of younger age groups, as higher variability was evident in both physical and technical/tactical performance in matches.</p>","PeriodicalId":14295,"journal":{"name":"International journal of sports physiology and performance","volume":" ","pages":"549-558"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2025-02-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143472464","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Menstrual Phase and Postmatch Perceptual Recovery Responses for Naturally Menstruating Football Players.","authors":"Georgia A Brown, Hugh H K Fullagar, Rob Duffield","doi":"10.1123/ijspp.2024-0295","DOIUrl":"10.1123/ijspp.2024-0295","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>To explore the influence of menstrual phase on postmatch perceptual responses and the time course of recovery for professional footballers.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Thirteen naturally menstruating footballers tracked their menstrual cycle and reported perceptual responses for up to 4 cycles. Menstrual phases were determined by calendar-based tracking and urinary hormone tests and classified as menstruation, follicular, or luteal. On match days (MDs) and the following 2 days (MD+1 and MD+2), players completed perceptual questionnaires on fatigue, soreness, stress, sleep, and perceived recovery status (PRS). Total high-speed running distance during matches was recorded using GPS devices to represent load. Data were analyzed using linear mixed models.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Day × total high-speed running distance affected PRS (P < .001), total wellness (P < .001), fatigue (P = .047), soreness (P < .001), and stress (P = .044). Significant main effects were found for menstrual phase on PRS (P = .038), Day on stress (P = .034), and total high-speed running distance on soreness (P = .045). During the menstruation phase, moderate effect sizes (ES) existed for worse PRS on MD and MD+2 (P = .07-.28, ES > 0.51) and better sleep quality on MD+2 (P = .13, ES = 0.56). No significant differences between menstrual phases existed (P > .05), and all other ESs were trivial to small (ES < 0.50). All perceptual measures, except stress, differed significantly between days (P < .05), with differences based on match load and, to a lesser extent, menstrual phase.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>PRS may be worse during menstruation, although menstrual phase has limited association with postmatch perceptual responses. Variability in the recovery time course for perceptual measures exists between menstrual phases, but evidence for consistently impaired recovery time course in any phase was not evident.</p>","PeriodicalId":14295,"journal":{"name":"International journal of sports physiology and performance","volume":" ","pages":"540-548"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2025-02-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143472471","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Validity and Sensitivity of a Submaximal Fitness Test for Assessing Cardiorespiratory Fitness and Response to Preseason Training Load in Female Football Players.","authors":"Lachlan MacKenzie, Ric Lovell, Lana Atkinson, Daniel Naumovski, Tzlil Shushan","doi":"10.1123/ijspp.2024-0376","DOIUrl":"10.1123/ijspp.2024-0376","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>To evaluate the within-athlete sensitivity, validity, and dose-response relationships of exercise heart rate (HRex) from a submaximal fitness test (SMFT) as a proxy measure of cardiorespiratory fitness.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This study follows an observational, repeated-measures design. Twenty-five trained female football players' training loads (GPS and HR metrics) were collected throughout an 8-week preseason period. A 4-minute continuous-fixed SMFT protocol was administered weekly to evaluate HRex. A running time-trial assessment was conducted in weeks 2 and 8 to calculate mean velocity (5-min-30-s time-trial mean velocity) as a proxy measure of cardiorespiratory fitness. SMFT HRex measurement properties were determined via within- and between-athletes correlations and linear mixed models.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The overall preseason change in SMFT HRex derived from weekly repeated measures was -4.7% points (90% CIs, -3.9 to -5.6). The association between SMFT HRex and 5-minute-30-second time-trial mean velocity changes was large (-0.55), with 90% CIs ranging from negative moderate to negative very large magnitudes (-0.31 to -0.71). A 1% point decrease in SMFT HRex corresponded to an increase in 5-minute-30-second time-trial mean velocity of 0.13 (90% CIs, 0.03-0.24) km·h-1. Within-athlete correlations between training loads and SMFT HRex demonstrated moderate inverse relationships with external-load parameters (-0.39 to -0.47) and small inverse relationships with HR-based internal metrics (-0.25 to -0.29). Accumulated high- and very high-speed running throughout the entire preseason showed consistent inverse dose-response relationships with SMFT HRex (moderate and large, respectively), while all other load measures displayed unclear associations.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>SMFT HRex is a sensitive and valid tool to evaluate preseason cardiorespiratory-fitness changes in female football players.</p>","PeriodicalId":14295,"journal":{"name":"International journal of sports physiology and performance","volume":" ","pages":"592-599"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2025-02-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143467938","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}