International Journal of Pharmaceutics: X最新文献

{"title":"Nanoparticle-based drug delivery systems: A promising approach for the treatment of liver fibrosis","authors":"Ya-Ning Chen ,&nbsp;Meng-Qi Li ,&nbsp;Hui-Juan Zhang ,&nbsp;Na-Na Xu ,&nbsp;Yu-Qian Xu ,&nbsp;Wen-Xuan Liu ,&nbsp;Ting-Ting Chen ,&nbsp;Nan Li ,&nbsp;Guang-Yang Wu ,&nbsp;Jie-Min Zhao ,&nbsp;Wu-Yi Sun","doi":"10.1016/j.ijpx.2025.100411","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijpx.2025.100411","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Liver fibrosis is the predominant pathological feature of chronic liver diseases, affecting the well-being of millions around the world. If not detected and intervened on time during the early stage, liver fibrosis can advance to cirrhosis, hepatic insufficiency, and finally hepatocellular carcinoma, thereby endangering human health seriously. Current pharmacotherapies for liver fibrosis have several limitations, such as a lack of sufficient therapeutic efficacy and the presence of adverse side effects. In light of these challenges, the use of nanoparticles (NPs) as drug delivery systems for liver fibrosis has gained significant traction, owing to their inherent characteristics, including safety, stability, controlled release, and targeted delivery. Compared to conventional dosage forms, nanomedicines exhibit distinct advantages, including enhanced bioavailability and targeted delivery of drugs. The employment of NP systems has quickly gained prominence as a viable strategy for the secure delivery of hepatoprotective nucleic acids and drugs in treating liver fibrosis. This comprehensive review examines the primary categories of NPs and elucidates the targeted mechanisms underlying NP-mediated drug delivery systems specifically designed for addressing liver fibrosis.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":14280,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Pharmaceutics: X","volume":"10 ","pages":"Article 100411"},"PeriodicalIF":6.4,"publicationDate":"2025-09-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145216876","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Co-assembling de novo designed peptide with high-payload drug protein for noninvasive treatment of corneal neovascularization","authors":"Yuhua Tong ,&nbsp;Sijie Zhou ,&nbsp;Yongjie Guo ,&nbsp;Xiaoli Jin ,&nbsp;Meiting Yu ,&nbsp;Chunyun Feng ,&nbsp;Hao Chen ,&nbsp;Xingjie Zan ,&nbsp;Jinyang Li","doi":"10.1016/j.ijpx.2025.100410","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijpx.2025.100410","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The specificity and low toxicity of protein drugs are significant for disease treatment but are strongly limited by their weak tissue penetrative capacity. Although formulating proteins with nanoparticle is an alternative strategy, the low encapsulation efficiency (EE) and loading capacity (LC) of protein drugs and their potential for protein inactivation remain significant challenges. Herein, the de novo designed peptide (Arg-His-Cys-Arg-His-Cys-Arg-His-Cys) (RHC)₃, zinc ions (Zn²⁺), and the anti-neovascular protein drug Bevacizumab (Beva) were co-assembled to form PZA@Beva (peptide and Zn²⁺ assemblies encaspsulated Beva) nanomedicine, aiming to overcome the challenges associated with corneal neovascularization (CNV) model. The optimized size of PZA@Beva is approximately 162.5 nm, with EE% and LC% of Beva 92.7 % and 55.8 %, respectively. The bioactivity of encapsulated Beva was preserved, protecting it from proteolytic degradation, and the release of Beva from PZA@Beva exhibited pH-dependent kinetics. In vitro, PZA@Beva demonstrated effective penetration across the ocular barrier via both the paracellular pathway (by opening corneal tight junctions) and the transcellular pathway (through rapid cellular endocytosis). Additionally, PZA@Beva exhibited no cytotoxicity in vitro or in vivo, coupled with prolonged ocular retention, collectively yielding promising results for the treatment of CNV. This study contributes to non-invasive protein delivery across ocular bio-barriers for the treatment of diseases in the anterior segment.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":14280,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Pharmaceutics: X","volume":"10 ","pages":"Article 100410"},"PeriodicalIF":6.4,"publicationDate":"2025-09-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145216957","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Transformative roles of digital twins from drug discovery to continuous manufacturing: pharmaceutical and biopharmaceutical perspectives","authors":"Ravi Maharjan ,&nbsp;Nam Ah Kim ,&nbsp;Ki Hyun Kim ,&nbsp;Seong Hoon Jeong","doi":"10.1016/j.ijpx.2025.100409","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijpx.2025.100409","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Digital Twins (DTs) represent a groundbreaking development tool in the pharmaceutical and biopharmaceutical industries, providing virtual representations of physical entities, processes, or systems. This review investigates the transformative roles of DTs by examining their applications throughout the entire drug development lifecycle, from discovery to continuous manufacturing. By facilitating real-time monitoring and predictive analytics, DTs enhance operational efficiency, reduce costs, and improve product quality. Integration with advanced technologies, such as artificial intelligence and machine learning, further amplifies their capabilities, enabling sophisticated data analysis for preventive maintenance and manufacturing optimization. Despite these advantages, the implementation of DTs faces significant challenges, including data integration, model accuracy, and regulatory complexity. This review discusses these barriers while highlighting opportunities for innovation and automation through emerging technologies, including blockchain, nanotechnology, and dark factory. It also explores the potential of DTs to support personalized medicine through individualized treatments based on patient-specific data. Overall, this review highlights the current state, key challenges, and future perspectives of DT applications in pharmaceutical systems, emphasizing their potential to improve efficiency, quality, and patient outcomes.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":14280,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Pharmaceutics: X","volume":"10 ","pages":"Article 100409"},"PeriodicalIF":6.4,"publicationDate":"2025-09-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145216879","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Colistin and Oxyclozanide co-loaded PLGA nano-microspheres to reverse colistin resistance can effectively treat colistin-resistant Escherichia coli infections","authors":"Shuai-hua Li ,&nbsp;Meng-jing Feng ,&nbsp;Hao-tian Shao ,&nbsp;Jian-hua Liu,&nbsp;Hua Wu,&nbsp;Li Yuan,&nbsp;Xiao-yuan Ma,&nbsp;Gong-zheng Hu","doi":"10.1016/j.ijpx.2025.100402","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijpx.2025.100402","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Colistin (COL) is widely recognized as the last line of defense for treating MDR-negative bacterial infections, but currently, bacteria have a very serious resistance to COL. The combination of antibacterial drugs and adjuvant drugs can reverse drug resistance, enhance antibacterial activity, and improve therapeutic effects. It is currently regarded as a new safe and effective strategy for controlling drug resistance. In this study, we found that the combination of Oxyclozanide (OXY) and colistin can effectively reverse colistin resistance. For multiple colistin resistant <em>Escherichia coli</em> (<em>E. coli</em>) strains, COL-OXY-PLGA @MS significantly reduced the MIC of COL monotherapy (8 &lt; MIC&lt;64) by 40–160 times. The prepared COL-OXY-PLGA@MS had particle sizes of 140–160 nm, PDI of 0.03–0.2, COL loading of 5.14 % and OXY loading of 2.93 %. The release rate of COL in COL-OXY-PLGA@MS at 72 h was 39.31 %, and there was no burst release. Cytotoxicity assay, hemolysis test and long-term injection tests in mice have proved that COL-OXY-PLGA@MS has good safety and biocompatibility. It was clearly observed by SEM that the COL-OXY-PLGA@MS group disrupted <em>E. coli 58</em> cells under 1 h of action with obvious exudation of contents, and large number of cells ruptured at 4 h and 12 h. COL-OXY-PLGA@MS significantly reduced mortality rate after <em>E. coli</em> infection in mice. This study successfully prepared COL-OXY-PLGA@MS with high safety and strong antibacterial effect, which has great potential in the treatment of infections caused by color-resistant Gram-negative bacteria and provides a new and important strategy for the clinical application of colistin.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":14280,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Pharmaceutics: X","volume":"10 ","pages":"Article 100402"},"PeriodicalIF":6.4,"publicationDate":"2025-09-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145216877","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Chondroitin sulfate-decorated cupper-benzene dicarboxylate framework as an efficient passive and active targeting nanomedicine for anticancer methotrexate delivery","authors":"Siamak Javanbakht,&nbsp;Reza Mohammadi","doi":"10.1016/j.ijpx.2025.100403","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijpx.2025.100403","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In this research, an advanced drug delivery system was developed by decorating the copper-benzene dicarboxylate framework (Cu(BDC)) with the multifunctional chondroitin sulfate (ChS), termed Cu(BDC)/ChS. This novel system is designed for both active and passive targeting, featuring a pH-sensitive release mechanism that enhances drug effectiveness. Different characterization techniques confirmed the successful synthesis of the Cu(BDC)/ChS nanocomposite. In-vitro experiments evaluating the loading and release of methotrexate (MTX) showed that the release rate was significantly higher at pH 4.5, releasing 70 % over 92 h at 41 °C, in contrast to less than 20 % at pH 7.4 at 37 °C. This pH responsiveness of the Cu(BDC)/ChS promotes drug release in environments alike to tumor tissues. Additionally, cytotoxicity tests revealed that MTX-loaded Cu(BDC)/ChS exhibited considerable cytotoxic effects on MCF-7 cancer cells, with IC50 value of ∼250 μg/mL after 48 h, accompanied by an increase in apoptosis rates. Remarkably, the overexpression of CD44 receptors on cancer cell surfaces underscores the significance of ChS-functionalized systems in promoting selective cancer cell apoptosis, while exhibiting minimal cytotoxicity toward normal HUVEC cells. Overall, the findings indicate that the combination of Cu(BDC) and ChS holds promise for developing effective platforms for anticancer drug delivery.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":14280,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Pharmaceutics: X","volume":"10 ","pages":"Article 100403"},"PeriodicalIF":6.4,"publicationDate":"2025-09-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145216958","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Foamable pluroleosomes system loaded with amlodipine as a repurposed antibacterial topical formulation against MRSA-induced infection; optimization, in-vitro, ex-vivo, and in-vivo studies","authors":"Alaa S. Eita ,&nbsp;Amna M.A. Makky ,&nbsp;Asem Anter ,&nbsp;Islam A. Khalil","doi":"10.1016/j.ijpx.2025.100406","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijpx.2025.100406","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Amlodipine besylate (AML) is a renowned antihypertensive drug currently acknowledged for having antibacterial activity. AML repositioning can be helpful in the defeat of microbial-resistant strains. Loading amlodipine in the pluroleosomes (PLOs) foam system is desired to approach innovative remedies with a convenient application capable of targeting deep infections. The mixture design was employed to generate different pluroleosomes formulations consisting of various ratios of Pluronic F-127, oleic acid, and soya lecithin loaded with amlodipine. Based on the desirability function, the selected optimized formula (AML-PLOs), consisting of 4.875 for lecithin, one for oleic acid, and 1.125 for pluronic, exhibits a particle size of 320.56 ± 15.5 nm, a polydispersity index of 0.4461 ± 0.03, a surface charge of 15.261 ± 0.62 mV, and AML entrapment of 71.25 ± 3.52 %. The morphological image displayed a uniform spherical shape at the nanoscale. In addition, thermal analysis and infrared spectroscopy (IR) proved the suitability of AML-pluroleosome vesicles. Tween 20, the selected nonionic surfactant in foam preparation, achieved the demand values of foam parameters and showed adequate stability upon storage for up to 90 days. The selected AML-PLO foam showed complete AML release after 48 h in a controlled manner, and the cumulative amount permeated after 24 h was about 45 %. Efficient penetration through dermal strata was affirmed by utilizing a confocal microscope. <em>In vitro</em> microbiological assay, besides the <em>in vivo</em> microbiological and histopathological studies employing a wound healing model, validated the antibacterial efficacy of amlodipine. Those outcomes demonstrated that the prepared pluroleosome foam system of AML is a competent candidate for combating topical bacterial infection.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":14280,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Pharmaceutics: X","volume":"10 ","pages":"Article 100406"},"PeriodicalIF":6.4,"publicationDate":"2025-09-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145216956","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A self-delivery albumin nanomedicine amplified photodynamic therapy against esophageal cancer through COX-2/PGE2 interruption and regulation of mitochondrial respiratory","authors":"Shiying Xu ,&nbsp;Lina Wu ,&nbsp;Boxin Chen ,&nbsp;Xiaoliang Deng ,&nbsp;Zhihui Zheng ,&nbsp;Fei Wu ,&nbsp;Lingjun Zeng ,&nbsp;Changqing Zheng ,&nbsp;Xiaomu Hu ,&nbsp;Aiwen Huang ,&nbsp;Xin Zhou ,&nbsp;Xianquan Feng ,&nbsp;Zhihong Liu","doi":"10.1016/j.ijpx.2025.100407","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijpx.2025.100407","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Photodynamic therapy (PDT) has emerged as a promising non-invasive cancer treatment due to its selective tumor ablation and excellent safety characteristics. However, its efficacy is limited by tumor hypoxia and excessive inflammation. In this study, we fabricated human serum albumin-based nanoparticles (CAI NPs) encapsulating celecoxib (CXB), atovaquone (ATO), and IR820 <em>via</em> sonication. The CAI NPs exhibited favorable physicochemical properties, including a uniform size distribution (&lt;200 nm), high encapsulation efficiency and excellent colloidal stability. Initially, ATO acts as a mitochondrial complex III inhibitor, suppressing oxidative phosphorylation to ameliorate tumor hypoxia. This hypoxia alleviation potentiates PDT efficacy by enhancing tumor cell ROS generation. Furthermore, concomitant COX-2/PGE2 inhibition by CXB attenuates the excessive inflammatory cascade triggered during PDT, resulting in enhanced therapeutic outcomes through microenvironment modulation. Eventually, the dual-enhanced CAI NPs demonstrate potent antitumor activity in both <em>in vivo</em> and <em>ex vivo</em> models, while maintaining excellent biocompatibility under physiological conditions. In summary, the integrated three-drug regimen conclusively enhances photodynamic therapeutic outcomes through multimodal mechanisms, establishing a viable treatment approach for esophageal cancer.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":14280,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Pharmaceutics: X","volume":"10 ","pages":"Article 100407"},"PeriodicalIF":6.4,"publicationDate":"2025-09-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145216878","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Cell membrane-camouflaged nanomedicines for enhanced thrombolysis and blood-brain barrier penetration in ischemic stroke therapy","authors":"Xiachan Chen ,&nbsp;Yiming Liu ,&nbsp;Jing Zou ,&nbsp;Hao Chen ,&nbsp;Hengrui Zhang ,&nbsp;Yan Guo ,&nbsp;Xingjie Zan","doi":"10.1016/j.ijpx.2025.100404","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijpx.2025.100404","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Thrombus-induced ischemic stroke (IS) remains a serious threat a serious health threat with limited therapeutic efficacy due to the dual challenges of precise thrombus targeting and restricted blood-brain barrier (BBB) penetration. While conventional nanocarriers, such as liposomes, micelles, and polymeric nanoparticles (NPs), demonstrate clinical potential due to their mature preparation protocols, their application is limited by poor targeting accuracy, inadequate biocompatibility, and rapid systemic clearance. In response, microenvironment-responsive biomimetic drug delivery systems based on cell membrane-camouflaged nanomedicines (CM-NMs) have emerged as a promising strategy, leveraging the pathological features of ischemic lesions for enhanced targeting and treatment. CM-NMs stand out by utilizing cell membranes to preserve innate targeting and/or BBB penetration capabilities. This approach also ensures high biocompatibility and minimizes the risk of immune clearance. This review highlights recent advances in CM-NMs for IS treatment, critically discussing three key approaches: (1) platelet membrane-camouflaged nanomedicines (PLM-NMs), which mimic platelet adhesion for thrombus-specific accumulation, (2) immune cell membrane NMs and stem cell membrane NMs, which leverage inflammatory tropism or homing mechanisms for enhanced BBB penetration, and (3) hybrid membrane NMs, which enable multi-targeting capabilities. Furthermore, we discuss ongoing challenges and clinical translation potential of CM-NMs to provide guidance for next-generation CM-NMs.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":14280,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Pharmaceutics: X","volume":"10 ","pages":"Article 100404"},"PeriodicalIF":6.4,"publicationDate":"2025-09-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145154423","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Electrospinning of animal-free derived collagen-like protein: Development and characterization of VECOLLAN®- nanofibers for biomedical applications","authors":"Christoph Krauss ,&nbsp;Maria Montero Mirabet ,&nbsp;Jian-Feng Zhang ,&nbsp;Karsten Mäder","doi":"10.1016/j.ijpx.2025.100398","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijpx.2025.100398","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study investigates the potential of VECOLLAN®, a recombinant, novel, non-animal-derived collagen-like protein, for use in electrospinning applications relevant to biomedical and drug delivery sectors. Given the limitations of animal-derived collagens, including immunogenicity and variability, VECOLLAN® offers a promising alternative due to its biotechnological production and non-immunogenic, non-allergenic, and non-inflammatory properties. We optimized the electrospinning parameters for VECOLLAN® and examined the effects of a novel coaxial crosslinking approach on the dissolution and disintegration behaviors of the resultant fibers. Our results demonstrate that VECOLLAN®-based fibers can achieve varying degrees of water insolubility, influenced by crosslinker concentration and type of crosslinker. Additionally, the fibers exhibit distinct swelling behaviors. With the addition of hyaluronic acid, the water absorption capacity could be increased. We investigated the distribution of silver nanoparticles within the fibers, confirming the homogeneity of the coaxial electrospinning process. Mechanical tests revealed that increased crosslinker concentrations lead to greater stability and rigidity, while elastin incorporation improved elongation properties. This study lays the groundwork for developing electrospun fibers made from a non-animal-derived collagen-like protein, highlighting the potential for applications in drug delivery and tissue engineering. Future research should focus on assessing the biocompatibility of these fibers further to explore their utility as drug carriers or cell scaffolds. Overall, our findings underscore the promising properties of VECOLLAN®-based fibers in advancing innovative solutions in the biomedical and drug delivery sectors.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":14280,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Pharmaceutics: X","volume":"10 ","pages":"Article 100398"},"PeriodicalIF":6.4,"publicationDate":"2025-09-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145154408","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Synergistic effects of bioactive glass and sodium alginate on the surface properties and therapeutic release of ciprofloxacin from apatite cements","authors":"Hanaa Mabroum ,&nbsp;Hamid Ait Said ,&nbsp;Hamza Elbaza ,&nbsp;Yousra Hamdan ,&nbsp;Said Zayane ,&nbsp;Rachid Hakkou ,&nbsp;Sanae Ben Mkaddem ,&nbsp;Rachid El Fatimy ,&nbsp;Hicham Ben Youcef ,&nbsp;Hassane Oudadesse ,&nbsp;Hassan Noukrati ,&nbsp;Allal Barroug","doi":"10.1016/j.ijpx.2025.100401","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijpx.2025.100401","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This work aims to investigate the effect of the incorporation of additives, including 46S6 bioactive glass (BG) and sodium alginate polymer (Alg), on the adsorption behavior, drug release kinetics, <em>in vitro</em> degradability, antibacterial activity, cytotoxicity, and inflammatory response of ciprofloxacin (Cip)-loaded reference cement (RC). Microstructural analysis revealed that the addition of BG and Alg to the reference cement composition (DCPD-CaCO₃) significantly affected its specific surface area, porosity, surface charge, and the pH of the cement pastes, as well as the solubility of ciprofloxacin within the cement matrix. The adsorption and release behaviors of ciprofloxacin were examined in relation to these modified cement properties and the physicochemical characteristics of ciprofloxacin. The results revealed that the adsorption process was mainly governed by a Freundlich-type isotherm, which is characterized by a low affinity between the Cip molecules and the carrier surface. Moreover, the results of the antibiotic release showed that antibiotic release is influenced mainly by the pH and solubility of Cip. Depending on the composition of the cement, the release follows mechanisms driven by Fick's law of diffusion alone or in combination with other mechanisms. The <em>in vitro</em> biodegradation test of the prepared cements in phosphate buffer solution attested that adding BG and alginate improved the degradability of the reference cement. Moreover, the formulated cements exhibited good antibacterial activity against <em>Staphylococcus aureus</em> and <em>Escherichia coli</em>. Finally, the <em>in vitro</em> investigation revealed the non-cytotoxicity and non-inflammatory effects of the ciprofloxacin-loaded cements towards hPBMCs cells, confirming their biocompatibility.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":14280,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Pharmaceutics: X","volume":"10 ","pages":"Article 100401"},"PeriodicalIF":6.4,"publicationDate":"2025-09-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145154422","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}