Shuo Xiang , Hui Zhan , Jimin Zhan , Xin Li , Xiaoji Lin , Wenjie Sun
{"title":"Breaking hypoxic barrier: Oxygen-supplied nanomaterials for enhanced T cell-mediated tumor immunotherapy","authors":"Shuo Xiang , Hui Zhan , Jimin Zhan , Xin Li , Xiaoji Lin , Wenjie Sun","doi":"10.1016/j.ijpx.2025.100400","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijpx.2025.100400","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Hypoxia in the tumor microenvironment (TME) is a critical barrier to effective cancer immunotherapy, as it suppresses T cell infiltration and response while fostering immune evasion. Oxygen-supplied nanomaterials (OSNs) have recently emerged as promising tools to alleviate hypoxia, modulate the TME, and enhance the efficacy of immunotherapies. This review explores the synergistic interplay between OSNs and T lymphocytes in overcoming hypoxia-driven immune suppression. We discuss the mechanisms by which hypoxia limits T cell functionality, infiltration, and cytotoxicity, and highlight how nanomaterials restore oxygenation, boost immune activation, and improve chemokine-mediated T cell recruitment. Key advances in nanotechnology, including perfluorocarbon-based systems and catalytic nanoparticles, are evaluated for their ability to improve anti-tumor immunity and synergize with immune checkpoint inhibitors and chimeric antigen receptor-T cell therapies. Finally, we address the challenges of nanomaterial delivery, safety, and clinical translation, emphasizing opportunities for personalized strategies. OSNs offer transformative potential to enhance T cell-mediated anti-tumor responses, advancing immunotherapy's frontier.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":14280,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Pharmaceutics: X","volume":"10 ","pages":"Article 100400"},"PeriodicalIF":6.4,"publicationDate":"2025-09-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145117858","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Mohammad Javad Javid-Naderi , Seyed Ali Mousavi Shaegh
{"title":"Advanced microfluidic techniques for the preparation of solid lipid nanoparticles: Innovations and biomedical applications","authors":"Mohammad Javad Javid-Naderi , Seyed Ali Mousavi Shaegh","doi":"10.1016/j.ijpx.2025.100399","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijpx.2025.100399","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Solid lipid nanoparticles (SLNs) represent a promising category of nanocarriers used in medicine and cosmetics, offering enhanced drug protection, controlled release, and targeted delivery for both hydrophilic and lipophilic compounds. Conventional preparation methods, such as high-pressure homogenization and solvent emulsification-evaporation, face several challenges, including increased polydispersity, scaling limitations, and the presence of hazardous residual solvents. Microfluidic technology has emerged as a novel approach for preparing SLNs, addressing issues such as variable particle sizes and residual solvents by facilitating enhanced control over particle dimensions, morphology, and encapsulation efficiency. Microfluidics enables rapid and uniform mixing through micro-scale fluid dynamics, resulting in the production of homogeneous nanoparticles with adjustable characteristics. The review examines key parameters in microfluidic SLN preparation and categorizes various microfluidic chip designs and mixing techniques in detail, illustrating their unique advantages in controlling nanoparticle properties. Furthermore, this article provides a comprehensive overview of microfluidic SLN preparation, emphasizing its advantages over conventional methods, and explores the transformative potential of SLNs for advancing drug delivery systems, cosmetic formulations, and diagnostics. The integration of artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning to optimize synthesis conditions and enhance reproducibility and scalability for industrial translation are also discussed.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":14280,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Pharmaceutics: X","volume":"10 ","pages":"Article 100399"},"PeriodicalIF":6.4,"publicationDate":"2025-09-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145117859","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Junjie Wang , Chenxiao Zhang , Huiru Wu , Guofei Li
{"title":"recent advances in the pathogenesis of vitiligo and the application of novel drug delivery systems in its treatment","authors":"Junjie Wang , Chenxiao Zhang , Huiru Wu , Guofei Li","doi":"10.1016/j.ijpx.2025.100397","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijpx.2025.100397","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Vitiligo is an acquired depigmenting skin disorder that significantly impacts the physical and mental health of patients, primarily characterized by the loss of epidermal melanocytes, leading to white patches on the skin and mucous membranes. The pathogenesis of vitiligo is complex, with oxidative stress, immune imbalance, and the interaction between these two factors playing a key role. Current treatment strategies mainly focus on alleviating oxidative stress to regulate immune responses, thereby inhibiting the excessive immune activation that damages melanocytes, with drug interventions being the primary approach. However, due to the barrier effect of the skin's stratum corneum, the therapeutic outcomes of these treatments remain suboptimal. The introduction of novel nanoparticle drug delivery systems has revolutionized local treatments for vitiligo, enhancing both the efficacy and safety of drugs and offering new possibilities for personalized and precision treatments. In this review, we systematically summarize the latest advances in the understanding of vitiligo's pathogenesis, treatment strategies, and the role of nanoparticle-based therapies, with a focus on lipid-based and polymeric nanoparticle drug delivery systems, nanoemulsions, microemulsions, hydrogels, and microneedles. These studies emphasize improving treatment outcomes for vitiligo by enhancing drug loading efficiency, improving skin penetration, and increasing local drug concentration, providing theoretical support for further research into vitiligo's pathogenesis and the development of novel therapeutic agents.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":14280,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Pharmaceutics: X","volume":"10 ","pages":"Article 100397"},"PeriodicalIF":6.4,"publicationDate":"2025-09-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145094829","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Life cycle assessment of pharmaceutical tablet manufacturing: A comparative analysis and systems model integration framework","authors":"Flora Bouchier , Astrid Boje , Gavin Reynolds","doi":"10.1016/j.ijpx.2025.100395","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijpx.2025.100395","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Pharmaceutical drug products in the form of tablets are produced via a series of manufacturing steps, transforming powder blends to compacted granules with carefully selected properties such as tensile strength and dissolution time. Typical oral solid dosage form (OSD) manufacturing processes include direct compression (DC), roller compaction (RC), high shear granulation (HSG) and continuous direct compression (CDC). Design of each process step is required to achieve end-product quality for the specific material properties and available equipment, although design decisions are typically made without a quantitative understanding of the impact on product environmental footprint. Using a ‘cradle-to-gate’ life cycle assessment (LCA) methodology, a quantitative sustainability comparison has been made between standard OSD manufacturing platforms across different production scales. The results demonstrate that for small batch sizes, DC produces tablets with the lowest carbon footprint, however at larger batch sizes, CDC is the most carbon efficient manufacturing platform. Due to the high carbon footprint of the active pharmaceutical ingredient (API), formulation process yields had the greatest impact on overall carbon footprint, although emissions from equipment energy, cleaning and facility overheads were also analysed. Data from these LCA models has been combined with systems models of the CDC manufacturing processes. These combined models are used to demonstrate the optimisation of processes to meet robust product quality attribute targets whilst identifying opportunities to minimise the drug product carbon footprint.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":14280,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Pharmaceutics: X","volume":"10 ","pages":"Article 100395"},"PeriodicalIF":6.4,"publicationDate":"2025-09-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145154409","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Galactosylated liposomes for targeted encapsulation and enhanced cytotoxicity of Mistletoe Lectin, an antitumoral type 2 ribosome-inactivating protein","authors":"Josanna Kaufmann , Eray Cetin , Tiana Kraus , Harden Rieger , Gero Leneweit","doi":"10.1016/j.ijpx.2025.100392","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijpx.2025.100392","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The development of efficient liposomal encapsulations of proteins for pharmaceutical applications is limited by several factors: their high molecular weight, interactions with surrounding substances, or the generally lower stability compared to small molecules. In this work, various liposomal formulations were prepared using the thin-film hydration method followed by extrusion, to investigate their suitability for the encapsulation of the plant-derived antitumoral mistletoe lectin-1 (ML-1). This can be significantly optimized by exploiting its preferential binding to galactose-containing structures, such as modified lipids integrated into the liposomal bilayer. Incorporation of the galactosylated lipid DSPE-PEG2k-Gal into the membrane significantly enhanced the overall recovery rate and encapsulation efficiency of ML-1, attributed to its affinity for the functionalized component. Compared to non-functionalized liposomes, a 2-fold to 4-fold increase in percentage encapsulation efficiency was observed. The galactosylated lipid optimized the ratio of encapsulated to surface-adsorbed ML-1 and facilitated its preferential localization within the core of the liposomes. A strong correlation was identified between the number of entrapped ML-1 molecules per liposome and the degree of galactosylation. The formulations demonstrated high in vitro cytotoxicity, as exemplified with murine colon-26 carcinoma cells, with the galactose-functionalized liposomes achieving an IC<sub>50</sub> value comparable to free ML-1. This strategy presents significant potential for developing more efficient and targeted liposomal formulations of pharmaceutical proteins with specific affinities to tailored lipid components, advancing drug delivery technologies, and improving therapeutic options for cancer treatment.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":14280,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Pharmaceutics: X","volume":"10 ","pages":"Article 100392"},"PeriodicalIF":6.4,"publicationDate":"2025-09-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145094860","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Daniel Yanes , Heather Mead , James Mann , Magnus Röding , Vasiliki Paraskevopoulou , Cameron Alexander , Maryam Parhizkar , Jamie Twycross , Mischa Zelzer
{"title":"Making in vitro release and formulation data AI-ready: A foundation for streamlined nanomedicine development","authors":"Daniel Yanes , Heather Mead , James Mann , Magnus Röding , Vasiliki Paraskevopoulou , Cameron Alexander , Maryam Parhizkar , Jamie Twycross , Mischa Zelzer","doi":"10.1016/j.ijpx.2025.100393","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijpx.2025.100393","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Machine learning and artificial intelligence (AI) is transforming the way pharmaceutical products are developed across drug discovery, process engineering, and pharmaceutics functions. AI for nanomedicine development is enabling faster and more accurate prediction of critical quality attributes (CQAs). However, the full potential of AI is limited by the quality and accessibility of data. Unlike adjacent fields such as the chemical sciences, the pharmaceutics domain lacks curated, open-access databases, particularly for nanomedicines. To address this, here we curate an open-access local database focused on liposomal formulations. The database includes formulation parameters, <em>in vitro</em> release (IVR) testing conditions, and digitised drug release data. By evaluating the entries in the database qualitatively and quantitatively, we identified challenges in current data reporting practices. This includes incomplete reporting of formulation and IVR testing conditions, as well as inconsistent quality of drug release plots and their data format. Based on our analysis, we propose a set of data standards and a database structure to support harmonisation for nanomedicine formulation and IVR data. Our open-access database aims to improve data accessibility and transparency to enable the development of robust AI models for IVR and CQA prediction, ultimately streamlining nanomedicine development.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":14280,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Pharmaceutics: X","volume":"10 ","pages":"Article 100393"},"PeriodicalIF":6.4,"publicationDate":"2025-09-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145094830","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Mohammad Reza Fadaei , Mohammad Saleh Fadaei , Amir Emad Kheirieh , Hooman Hatami , Pouria Rahmanian-Devin , Vahid Tayebi-Khorrami , Maryam Fadaei Fathabadi , Vafa Baradaran Rahimi , Vahid Reza Askari
{"title":"Overview of dendrimers as promising drug delivery systems with insight into anticancer and anti-microbial applications","authors":"Mohammad Reza Fadaei , Mohammad Saleh Fadaei , Amir Emad Kheirieh , Hooman Hatami , Pouria Rahmanian-Devin , Vahid Tayebi-Khorrami , Maryam Fadaei Fathabadi , Vafa Baradaran Rahimi , Vahid Reza Askari","doi":"10.1016/j.ijpx.2025.100390","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijpx.2025.100390","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Dendrimers are tree-like polymeric molecules that have three main compartments: the core, branching units, and functional end groups. They are nanosized and monodispersed, with an almost spherical shape. For the past few decades, dendrimers have been evaluated in numerous studies as a promising category of candidates for gene delivery and diagnostic applications. Nowadays, some advanced dendrimers are considered promising anticancer delivery systems due to the vast types and applicable modifications. They also showed their effectiveness as antibacterial and antiviral agents. Smart dendrimers with pH-, redox-, or directly tumor microenvironment-responsive properties are investigated. pH-sensitive dendrimers enhance drug release in the tumor's acidic environment and inhibit release at physiological pH, thereby increasing the hemocompatibility of these chemical agents. Dendrimers have been examined for years to prevent sexually transmitted diseases, such as HIV, HPV, HSV, etc. In this regard, some studies yielded encouraging results and opened new avenues. Following the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic, researchers have shifted their focus toward seeking remedies to prevent and treat this viral disease. Dendrimers have already demonstrated favorable efficacy in protection against COVID-19 and other respiratory viral diseases. Furthermore, they may mitigate the neuroinflammatory manifestations of COVID-19 in individuals experiencing a critical disease state.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":14280,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Pharmaceutics: X","volume":"10 ","pages":"Article 100390"},"PeriodicalIF":6.4,"publicationDate":"2025-09-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145044235","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"A novel nanomicelle based on Rebaudioside A: An oral nanoplatform with enhanced nephroprotective effect of myricetin","authors":"Tian Wang , Zhen Gao , Chuanlong Guo , Wenyong Zhu","doi":"10.1016/j.ijpx.2025.100389","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijpx.2025.100389","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Cisplatin-induced acute kidney injury (AKI) is a significant clinical challenge, primarily characterized by inflammatory responses and oxidative stress. This study aimed to develop a myricetin (Myr) loaded Rebaudioside A (RA) nanomicelle delivery system (RA-Myr) and investigate its nephroprotective effects both <em>in vitro</em> and <em>in vivo</em>. RA-Myr nanomicelles were prepared using a thin film hydration method. The characterization of RA-Myr included evaluating particle size, encapsulation efficiency, and stability. The antioxidant capacity of RA-Myr was assessed using the FRAP assay, and cellular uptake was evaluated using coumarin 6-loaded RA nanomicelles. The protective effects and potential mechanisms of RA-Myr on cisplatin-induced AKI were studied in HK-2 cells and male Kunming mice. RA-Myr significantly inhibited cisplatin-induced suppression of HK-2 cell proliferation, reduced ROS accumulation, and restored mitochondrial membrane potential. <em>In vivo</em>, RA-Myr alleviated cisplatin-induced AKI, evidenced by decreased blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and serum creatinine (SCr) levels, and mitigated kidney tissue pathological damage. Mechanistically, RA-Myr protected against cisplatin-induced DNA damage and inhibited the cGAS-STING pathway. The RA-Myr nanomicelle delivery system shows promise as a potential strategy for alleviating cisplatin-induced AKI by enhancing the nephroprotective effects of Myr.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":14280,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Pharmaceutics: X","volume":"10 ","pages":"Article 100389"},"PeriodicalIF":6.4,"publicationDate":"2025-09-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145044233","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Li Wang , Hongjie Huo , Chunyun Xu, Yuan Liang, Ning Yang, Qingxuan Han, Zhuang Wang, Hongyang Zhang, Ning Wang, Lei Li, Lixue Chen
{"title":"Hypoxia-responsive Exatecan prodrug liposomes co-delivered with IR808 for synergistic chemo–photodynamic therapy of breast cancer","authors":"Li Wang , Hongjie Huo , Chunyun Xu, Yuan Liang, Ning Yang, Qingxuan Han, Zhuang Wang, Hongyang Zhang, Ning Wang, Lei Li, Lixue Chen","doi":"10.1016/j.ijpx.2025.100391","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijpx.2025.100391","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>To overcome the poor solubility, rapid clearance, and systemic toxicity of Exatecan, we developed a tumor-activated liposomal delivery system co-encapsulating a hypoxia-cleavable Exatecan–squalene prodrug (EXA PRO) and the photosensitizer IR808. The nanocarrier integrates photodynamic therapy-induced hypoxia with bioreductive drug activation, enabling spatiotemporally controlled release within the tumor microenvironment. The liposomes, formulated with pH-sensitive lipids, exhibited uniform size (∼136 nm), high encapsulation efficiency, and dual responsiveness to acidic pH and reductive stress. Upon near-infrared laser irradiation, IR808 generated reactive oxygen species and aggravated intratumoral hypoxia, thereby triggering the cleavage of the azobenzene linker and facilitating targeted release of Exatecan. In vitro and in vivo studies confirmed enhanced cellular uptake, efficient intracellular drug release, potent tumor growth inhibition, and favorable biosafety profiles. This synergistic chemo–photodynamic strategy offers a promising platform for precise, tumor-selective drug delivery and represents a potential advancement in personalized cancer therapy.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":14280,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Pharmaceutics: X","volume":"10 ","pages":"Article 100391"},"PeriodicalIF":6.4,"publicationDate":"2025-09-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145044234","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Xianrui Lin , Lin Wang , Zhihao Lin , Zhenlin Yang , Ziheng Zhao , Yuanyuan Wen , Rui Xi , Dingpei Long
{"title":"Recent advances in albumin-based nanoparticle drug delivery systems for intestinal disease treatment","authors":"Xianrui Lin , Lin Wang , Zhihao Lin , Zhenlin Yang , Ziheng Zhao , Yuanyuan Wen , Rui Xi , Dingpei Long","doi":"10.1016/j.ijpx.2025.100387","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijpx.2025.100387","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Intestinal diseases, particularly inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and colorectal cancer (CRC), are increasingly prevalent and difficult to manage due to complex pathology, poor drug targeting, and systemic toxicity. Albumin nanoparticles (ANPs) have emerged as a promising drug delivery platform, offering biocompatibility, controlled degradation, and targeting potential. This review summarizes advances in ANP-based therapies for intestinal diseases, briefly outlining key fabrication approaches and focusing on targeting strategies that exploit pathological features such as leaky vasculature, acidic pH, and oxidative stress. ANPs can also be modified for active targeting via receptor-mediated mechanisms. Preclinical studies demonstrate that drug-loaded ANPs enhance local drug accumulation, suppress inflammation, and improve therapeutic efficacy in IBD and CRC models. In addition, the review addresses potential toxicity concerns related to crosslinkers and drug-albumin interactions. Despite ongoing challenges in oral bioavailability, mucus penetration, and scale-up, ANPs represent a promising avenue for precision treatment of intestinal diseases.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":14280,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Pharmaceutics: X","volume":"10 ","pages":"Article 100387"},"PeriodicalIF":6.4,"publicationDate":"2025-09-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145007669","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}