International Journal of Dentistry最新文献

{"title":"The Relation of Skeletal Malocclusion and Airway Volumes: A Cross-Sectional Study.","authors":"AmirHossein SohrabiFar, Donya Maleki, Arayeh Maleki, Helia Zare, Dina Maleki","doi":"10.1155/ijod/2318588","DOIUrl":"10.1155/ijod/2318588","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><b>Aim:</b> This study evaluated the relationship between airway volume and skeletal malocclusion. <b>Methods:</b> This study was a cross-sectional analytical study obtaining 450 cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) images from the archives of a private clinic taken by the Sirona Galileos Comfort Plus, Dentsply Sirona, Germany device, following the Fast-Scan protocol with 14 s exposure time, FOV = 15 × 15 cm, kV = 98, and mA = 3. The CBCT images were from adults aged 17-39 years with a normal pattern in their vertical growth (SN-GO.GN = 32 ± 5), with no history of orthognathic or rhino surgery, no syndromes, no previous trauma, and no pathologies along the airway and pharynx detectable in the images. CBCT images with radiographical artifacts and low quality or resolution were excluded from the study. The total pharyngeal volume (TPV) was measured from the superior part of the PNS (posterior nasal spine) parallel to the standard horizontal plane to the anterior-inferior part of the C4 vertebra, parallel to the standard horizontal plane. Velopharynx volume (VPV) was measured from the superior part of the PNS to the inferior border of the soft palate. Glossopharynx volume (GPV) was measured from the inferior border of the soft palate to the superior tip of the epiglottis. The volumes were reported in mm³. To analyze data, SPSS version 22.0 (IBM Corp, Armonk, NY, USA) was used. ANOVA and Tukey's post hoc test were applied. <b>Results:</b> The results revealed that the mean total pharyngeal airway volume and velopharyngeal airway volume were significantly larger in Class III patients compared to Class II and Class I patients. Also, in Class I patients, the mean total pharyngeal airway volume and velopharyngeal airway volume were significantly greater than in Class II patients. The glossopharynx airway volume was significantly different between Class II and Class III patients, so the glossopharynx airway volume was significantly greater in Class III patients than in Class II patients. <b>Conclusion:</b> The results showed that there is a relationship between skeletal malocclusion and airway volumes.</p>","PeriodicalId":13947,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Dentistry","volume":"2025 ","pages":"2318588"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2025-09-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12431819/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145064658","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Impact of Ceramic Composition and Thickness on Light Transmission in CAD/CAM Lithium Disilicate Materials: An In Vitro Study.","authors":"Carlos A Jurado, Salahaldeen Abuhammoud, Austin Green, Kelvin I Afrashtehfar, Silvia Rojas-Rueda, Abdulaziz Alhotan, Franciele Floriani","doi":"10.1155/ijod/7488948","DOIUrl":"10.1155/ijod/7488948","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This study investigates light transmission through five types of computer-aided design/computer-aided manufacturing (CAD/CAM) lithium disilicate ceramics, varying in thickness (0.50, 1.00, and 1.50 mm). A total of 150 specimens (10 per group) were fabricated using both traditional and novel ceramic materials: E.max CAD (traditional), n!ce Straumann and LiSi Block GC (fully-crystallized), and Amber Mill and Cerec Tessera (precrystallized). After polishing, light transmission was measured using a curing radiometer and surface microstructures were examined with scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The data were analyzed using two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) with Tukey's post hoc tests. Results revealed that light intensity decreased as the ceramic thickness increased, regardless of the material type. Amber Mill (0.50 mm) exhibited the highest light intensity at 537 mW/cm², followed by E.max CAD (475 mW/cm²) and n!ce Straumann (470 mW/cm²). In contrast, LiSi Block GC (1.50 mm) showed no light transmission (0 mW/cm²), with Cerec Tessera (60 mW/cm²) and E.max CAD (175 mW/cm²) also exhibiting low transmission at 1.50 mm. SEM analysis identified structural differences among the materials. These findings suggest that both the composition and thickness of CAD/CAM lithium disilicate ceramics significantly impact light transmission. Results revealed that material composition and thickness significantly influenced light transmission values, underscoring the importance of selecting appropriate ceramic type and thickness to optimize polymerization during light-cured resin cementation in clinical practice.</p>","PeriodicalId":13947,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Dentistry","volume":"2025 ","pages":"7488948"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2025-08-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12414618/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145023251","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Maintenance of Periodontally Compromised Teeth Using Periodontal Splints.","authors":"Janina Golob Deeb, Caroline K Carrico, Anne Miller, Jacqueline Bennett, Amirreza Ghassemi","doi":"10.1155/ijod/7119673","DOIUrl":"10.1155/ijod/7119673","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><b>Objective:</b> Periodontal splints offer a noninvasive and inexpensive treatment modality to stabilize mobile teeth. This study evaluated periodontal splints to examine their longevity and long-term stability. <b>Methods:</b> A retrospective chart review was performed for patients who received splints on mandibular or maxillary anterior teeth. Data collected included patient age, gender, indication for splint placement, date of placement, teeth involved, percent bone loss, presence of a pontic, and type of reinforcement. Data were summarized with descriptive statistics. Differences in bone loss were analyzed using <i>t</i>-tests. <b>Results:</b> A total of 154 cases were included in the study. The average patient age was 57.2 and ranged from 17 to 93, with nearly equal rates of males and females (54% vs. 46%). Procedures were performed from 2003 until 2024. The majority were mandibular splints with (20%) or without a pontic (47%). Maxillary splints accounted for 33% of the sample (12% with pontic and 21% without). The nature of the splint was periodontal for 68% (<i>n</i> = 105) of the cases. Trauma accounted for 18% and included incidents with oral piercings and avulsion. Periodontal cases were assessed for bone loss where data were available. The average loss was 76.5% and ranged from 30%to 100%. Bone loss was not significantly associated with the location of the splint (<i>p</i>-value = 0.3690), patient gender (<i>p</i>-value = 0.3391), or use of splint reinforcement (<i>p</i>-value = 0.3548). Only 40% of splints were reinforced. More than half of the cases had a longevity of 10 or more years (<i>n</i> = 82, 55%). <b>Conclusion:</b> Splinting can provide long-term support to mobile teeth and aid in maintaining periodontally compromised teeth. In replacing single anterior teeth, a splint with a pontic can provide a stable provisional prosthesis as an alternative to a temporary removable appliance.</p>","PeriodicalId":13947,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Dentistry","volume":"2025 ","pages":"7119673"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2025-08-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12413937/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145015169","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evaluation of the Effect of Local Anesthesia for Dental Treatment on Physiological Parameters and Recovery Outcomes in Children Undergoing Dental Treatment Under General Anesthesia.","authors":"Ali Baghalian, Bita Malekianzadeh, Sara Ghadimi, Mohammad Hassan Hamrah","doi":"10.1155/ijod/4297430","DOIUrl":"10.1155/ijod/4297430","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><b>Objectives:</b> The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of local anesthesia (LA) for dental treatment of children under general anesthesia (GA) on physiologic parameters of patients and recovery of the patients. This information is important because currently, no guidelines exist to define the usage of local anesthetics in dental cases under GA. <b>Methods:</b> This study was designed as a double-blinded randomized clinical trial. Intraoperatively, physiologic parameters, including heart rate, mean arterial pressure (MAP), arterial oxygen saturation, and end-tidal carbon dioxide (ETCO₂) were observed during points of potential stimulation, and the corresponding time was recorded from the monitor of the operation room. The Aldrete scoring system was then recorded for all the included participants. <b>Results:</b> There were 34 children (55.9% boys, 44.1% girls, age 2-7 years) for whom the dental treatment was done under GA in the study. The mean age was 4.08 ± 1.31 years. ETCO₂ was significantly lower in the group that received LA than in those that did not (<i>p</i>  < 0.05). Aldrete's score in the group that received LA was significantly higher than that did not (9 vs. 9.47 ± 0.51, <i>p</i> = 0.002). <b>Conclusion:</b> In conclusion, we found LA provides better intraoperative vital sign stability, particularly regarding heart rate and ETCO₂. Also, patients who did not receive LA had statistically significantly higher ETCO₂ than those patients who received LA. <b>Trial Registration:</b> Iranian Registry of Clinical Trials: IRCT20220425054651N1.</p>","PeriodicalId":13947,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Dentistry","volume":"2025 ","pages":"4297430"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2025-08-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12413953/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145015155","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Corrigendum to \"Human Interleukin-1<i>β</i> Profile and Self-Reported Pain Monitoring Using Clear Aligners with or without Acceleration Techniques: A Case Report and Investigational Study\".","authors":"","doi":"10.1155/ijod/9896852","DOIUrl":"10.1155/ijod/9896852","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>[This corrects the article DOI: 10.1155/2022/8252696.].</p>","PeriodicalId":13947,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Dentistry","volume":"2025 ","pages":"9896852"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2025-08-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12419925/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145040156","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Monoclonal Antibodies and Osteonecrosis of the Jaw: A Systematic Review of Risk, Incidence, and Clinical Management in Dentistry.","authors":"Gianna Dipalma, Alessio Danilo Inchingolo, Mariafrancesca Guglielmo, Irene Palumbo, Lilla Riccaldo, Roberta Morolla, Francesco Inchingolo, Daniela Di Venere, Andrea Palermo, Angelo Michele Inchingolo","doi":"10.1155/ijod/2557594","DOIUrl":"10.1155/ijod/2557594","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><b>Aim:</b> Osteonecrosis of the jaw (ONJ) is a complication associated with antiresorptive therapies, particularly bisphosphonates and monoclonal antibodies such as denosumab. This systematic review explores preventive measures, therapeutic strategies, and the role of a multidisciplinary approach in reducing the risk of ONJ. <b>Materials and Methods:</b> The study was conducted following Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines, and the protocol was registered on PROSPERO (ID CRD42024593760). A literature search was performed across PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science using the keywords \"osteonecrosis of the jaw\" OR \"jaw osteonecrosis\" OR \"ONJ\" AND (\"monoclonal antibodies\" OR \"denosumab\" OR \"antibody therapy\"). A total of 2629 articles were identified, of which 19 were included in the qualitative analysis. <b>Results:</b> Denosumab provides significant benefits in treating bone-related conditions but carries a notable risk of ONJ, particularly in cancer patients and individuals undergoing invasive dental procedures. <b>Conclusions:</b> Pretreatment dental assessments and personalized care are crucial for preventing ONJ. Surgical intervention has been shown to be the most effective treatment for resolving the condition.</p>","PeriodicalId":13947,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Dentistry","volume":"2025 ","pages":"2557594"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2025-08-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12411045/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145015171","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Open-Flap and Flapless Er, Cr:YSGG Laser-Assisted Esthetic Crown Lengthening: A Comparative Study of Patient Perceptions.","authors":"Walid Altayeb, Josep Arnabat-Dominguez, Sam B Low, Ahmed Abdullah, Georgios E Romanos","doi":"10.1155/ijod/1776661","DOIUrl":"10.1155/ijod/1776661","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><b>Objectives:</b> This study investigated patients' perceptions of laser-assisted esthetic crown lengthening (ECL) for treating \"gummy smiles\" using either an open-flap (OF) or flapless (FL) technique. <b>Materials and Methods:</b> This study included 36 healthy patients with altered passive eruption who underwent ECL surgery and were randomly divided into two equal groups: OF and FL. Gingivectomy and ostectomy were performed using an Er, Cr:YSGG laser in both groups. Patients' perceptions of postsurgical morbidity were assessed using a 5-point self-administered Likert scale. The participants provided ratings on their experiences with anxiety, pain, swelling, bleeding, discomfort, tooth sensitivity, and use of pain medication after 7 days. Nine months after surgery, another survey was conducted to assess the overall satisfaction. <b>Results:</b> Patients reported less anxiety, postoperative pain, swelling, bleeding, discomfort, sensitivity, and need for pain medication after the FL than the OF surgery procedure. Both groups reported high satisfaction with the final cosmetic outcome after 9 months, although patients who underwent FL surgery tended to report even greater satisfaction. The FL procedure was also significantly faster, taking approximately 15 min less than OF surgery. <b>Conclusions:</b> The FL laser-assisted ECL technique led to a more positive recovery and better patient experiences than the OF technique. <b>Clinical Relevance:</b> This study suggests that laser-assisted FL ECL may be a more patient-friendly and efficient procedure compared to traditional OF surgery with similar esthetic results. This could be important for dentists looking to offer their patients a less invasive and potentially more comfortable option.</p>","PeriodicalId":13947,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Dentistry","volume":"2025 ","pages":"1776661"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2025-08-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12401595/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144992250","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Impact of Periodontitis on Cardiovascular Disease: Mechanisms, Evidence, and Therapeutic Implications.","authors":"Zhongxiu Wang, Jiaqi Bao, Yuting Yang, Yingming Wei, Chen Li, Yaping Pan, Lili Chen","doi":"10.1155/ijod/3694736","DOIUrl":"10.1155/ijod/3694736","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><b>Objective:</b> Periodontitis, a highly prevalent chronic inflammatory disease caused by bacteria. Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is responsible for more than 17 million deaths globally each year. Both periodontitis and CVD are global noncommunicable diseases that share common risk factors. This review aimed to provide a guide for dentists and physicians, and improved treatment regimens for patients with both periodontitis and CVDs. <b>Method:</b> This present review reports existing evidence in the literature to summarize the correlation between periodontitis and six types of CVD, discusses the existing epidemiological evidence, intermechanism connections, and the impact of periodontal therapy on cardiovascular health. <b>Results:</b> Current research has emphasized the potential importance of periodontitis as a risk factor for CVD and has revealed various mechanisms of interaction between the two conditions. These mechanisms include oxidative stress, immune-inflammatory responses, and dysbiosis of the oral microbiota. Periodontitis may directly or indirectly induce systemic inflammation and oxidative stress by altering the circulation of oral microbiota, thereby affecting the occurrence and development of CVD. <b>Conclusion:</b> By strengthening prevention strategies of periodontitis, we have the potential to prevent or ameliorate cardiovascular conditions. The review provides new perspectives and an indication of future directions for the prevention of CVD.</p>","PeriodicalId":13947,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Dentistry","volume":"2025 ","pages":"3694736"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2025-08-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12398414/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144953138","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Color Stability of Three Ceramics After Thermocycling in Coffee, Black Tea, Cola, and Water: An In Vitro Study.","authors":"Dina Maleki, Donya Maleki, Arayeh Maleki, Helia Zare, AmirHossein SohrabiFar","doi":"10.1155/ijod/6965595","DOIUrl":"10.1155/ijod/6965595","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><b>Background:</b> Ceramic restorations have become a cornerstone of modern dentistry. Color stability is crucial for dental ceramics to maintain the esthetic appearance of restorations over time. <b>Objectives:</b> Given the widespread consumption of staining agents like coffee, tea, and cola, this study aimed to assess the color stability of three ceramics after thermocycling in different solutions. <b>Materials and Methods:</b> In this in vitro study, 120 samples of Vita Suprinity PC, IPS e.max, and InCoris ZI (40 samples each) were prepared as disks with 1 mm thickness and 10 mm diameter in A2 shade and glazed per manufacturer guidelines. The 10 samples of each group underwent 5000 thermocycles in coffee, black tea, cola, or tap water (5 and 55°C) with a dwell time of 30 s and a transfer time of 10 s simulating approximately 6 months of clinical use. To assess color change, <i>ΔE</i> was calculated using a calibrated spectrophotometer (X Rite, sp60 series, USA). <i>L</i> (for the lightness/darkness), <i>a</i> (for redness/greenness), and <i>b</i> (for yellowness/blueness) were measured before and after immersing. The data were analyzed using ANOVA with SPSS version 26.0. at the significance level of 0.05. <b>Results:</b> According to the results in all three groups, <i>∆E</i> was significantly higher in the coffee subgroup compared to the black tea, cola, and water subgroups; was significantly higher in the black tea subgroup compared to the cola and water subgroups; and was significantly higher in the cola subgroup than the water subgroup (<i>p</i>  < 0.001). In the comparison of all four solutions, the color change in the Vita Suprinity PC samples was more significant compared to IPS e.max and InCoris ZI samples; and was more significant in IPS e.max than InCoris ZI (<i>p</i>  < 0.001). ∆<i>E</i> values for Vita Suprinity PC and IPS e.max were perceptible (<i>∆E</i> > 1) but clinically acceptable (<i>∆E</i> < 3.7), while InCoris ZI's <i>∆E</i> was imperceptible (<i>∆E</i> < 1). <b>Conclusion:</b> The color stability of monolithic zirconia was more than lithium disilicate in coffee, black tea, cola, and water solutions. The color of lithium disilicate was more stable than zirconia-reinforced lithium silicate in all staining solutions. Coffee, black tea, and cola consumption can affect ceramic restorations' color change. Coffee has a more staining effect among different beverages.</p>","PeriodicalId":13947,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Dentistry","volume":"2025 ","pages":"6965595"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2025-08-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12393944/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144953135","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Cross-Sectional Observational Study of the Differences in Cephalometric Parameters in German Class I/II Orthodontic Patients.","authors":"Eva Paddenberg-Schubert, Kareem Midlej, Sebastian Krohn, Iqbal M Lone, Osayd Zohud, Obaida Awadi, Samir Masarwa, Aysar Nashef, Christian Kirschneck, Nezar Watted, Peter Proff, Fuad A Iraqi","doi":"10.1155/ijod/9665260","DOIUrl":"10.1155/ijod/9665260","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><b>Objectives:</b> The correct classification of orthodontic patients is essential in individualized diagnostics and treatment planning. However, due to the complexity of the craniofacial skeleton and differences related to gender, age, and ethnicity, cephalometric analysis can be prone to errors. This multicenter, cross-sectional study aimed to compare cephalometric measurements between skeletal class I and II in German orthodontic patients and analyze the effect of gender/age subgroups. <b>Materials and Methods:</b> In total, 556 German orthodontic patients were included and stratified into skeletal class I (<i>n</i> = 210) and II (<i>n</i> = 346), based on the individualized ANB of Panagiotidis and Witt (Calculated_ANB). Both classes presented a mean age of 13 with a range of 6.6-41 years and 5.4-53 years in classes I and II, respectively. Regarding the gender variations, most participants were females, <i>n</i> = 194 (56%) among class I, and <i>n</i> = 125 (60%) among class II. Cephalometric parameters were compared between classes and among age and gender-specific subgroups, followed by identifying correlations and performing principal component analysis (PCA). <b>Results:</b> Class II patients presented a more considerable sagittal discrepancy between jaw bases than class I cases (Calculated_ANB 2.8° vs. 0.025°), a more horizontal growth pattern (Gonion angle 119° vs. 123°), and compensated inclinations of the incisors in the upper (+ 1/NL 71° vs. 68°) and lower jaw (-1/ML 84° vs. 80°). Correlations were found between sagittal, vertical, and dental cephalometric parameters, which were strongest in adult class II males. Finally, ML-NSL angle, SNPg angle, PFH/AFH ratio, and SNB angle are related to the variations of the first four components. <b>Conclusions:</b> The differences in cephalometric parameters between skeletal class I and II demonstrate certain configurations in vertical, sagittal, and dental parameters, and identifying these marks precisely will enable accurate diagnosis. In addition, the variations concerning gender and age highlight the possible influence of these factors on orthodontic diagnostics and treatment planning. Future studies with equal sample sizes among subgroups must validate these findings. Finally, the PCA results highlighted that the mandible's vertical and sagittal position has a strong influence on the diagnosis of skeletal class I/II, which highlights the importance of identifying the corresponding reference marks.</p>","PeriodicalId":13947,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Dentistry","volume":"2025 ","pages":"9665260"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2025-08-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12393958/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144953093","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}