Indian Journal of Medical Microbiology最新文献

{"title":"Immunological signatures and genomic adaptations in Human Mpox Clade Ib and IIb and Buffalopox Infections in India","authors":"Deepak Y. Patil ,&nbsp;Rima R. Sahay ,&nbsp;Anita M. Shete ,&nbsp;Shubin Chenayil ,&nbsp;Nandan Mohite ,&nbsp;Harsha C. Palav ,&nbsp;Juhi Khurana ,&nbsp;Vainav Patel ,&nbsp;Pragya D. Yadav","doi":"10.1016/j.ijmmb.2026.101068","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijmmb.2026.101068","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>Mpox and buffalopox are zoonotic viral infections which demonstrate distinct clinical and immune profile. This study examines the clinical presentation with genomic and immunological characteristics among three confirmed cases of Mpox Clade IIb-A.2.1 and Clade Ib infections and a buffalopox from Malappuram, Kerala, India.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>Immunophenotyping via flow cytometry was used to assess T, B, Natural Killer (NK) cells, and monocytes. The viral DNA, Anti-Mpox IgG/IgM, and anti-BPXV IgG were detected using real time PCR and ELISA respectively. Genomic characterization was performed using next generation sequencing. MAFFT alignment and IQ-TREE2 with maximum likelihood method was used for phylogenetic analysis.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Clinically, vesiculo-pustular lesions detected in Mpoxv infection were more severe in Clade Ib patient along with penile edema and gangrenous eschar. The face and hands were primarily affected in BPXV infection. Immunological analysis demonstrated notable differences where Mpoxv infection exhibited major increase in lymphocytes and NK cells and differential activation patterns of immune T-cell population. During BPXV infection, B-cell numbers rose with expansion of mucosal-homing B-cells. IgM and IgG responses differed among infections, where Mpoxv Clade Ib generated early but transient IgM and low IgG titer, while Clade IIb-A.2.1 and BPXV exhibited prolonged IgG response. Genomic analysis revealed deletion in diagnostic region in Clade Ib, albeit Clade IIb showed host-derived mutations. The multiple genomic alignments revealed distinct immunological responses and vaccine development capacity of <em>orthopoxviruses</em>.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>The findings of the study emphasizes the need for extensive genomic surveillance and immunological research. This will help in understanding the pattern of virus evolution and host immune responses in <em>orthopoxvirus</em> infections.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":13284,"journal":{"name":"Indian Journal of Medical Microbiology","volume":"60 ","pages":"Article 101068"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146051819","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"From bronchopneumonia to sepsis: “An unexpected diagnosis of Legionnaires’ disease” a rare case report","authors":"Preeti Rai,&nbsp;Ankit Sharma,&nbsp;Ravikant Nair,&nbsp;Jaspreet Kaur,&nbsp;Kuldeep Kumar Ashta","doi":"10.1016/j.ijmmb.2026.101076","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijmmb.2026.101076","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Diagnosing fastidious organisms like <em>Legionella pneumophila</em> is difficult in peripheral laboratories due to the unavailability of specialized media such as BCYE agar and the delayed results of serological tests, which are mainly epidemiological. Rapid multiplex PCR platforms, such as the BioFire® Pneumonia Panel, enable timely detection of rare pathogens including <em>L. pneumophila</em>. A 45-year-old female with fever, chest pain, breathlessness, and productive cough was admitted with pneumonia and sepsis. BioFire testing of a mini-BAL sample confirmed <em>L. pneumophila</em>. Early molecular diagnosis ensures targeted therapy, improves outcomes, and supports antimicrobial stewardship.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":13284,"journal":{"name":"Indian Journal of Medical Microbiology","volume":"60 ","pages":"Article 101076"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146149797","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Invasive aspergillosis in a child without any identifiable risk factors","authors":"Surbhi Kumari ,&nbsp;Pallavi Pallavi ,&nbsp;Virendra Kumar ,&nbsp;Vagata Ram ,&nbsp;Romit Saxena ,&nbsp;Sonal Saxena ,&nbsp;Meeta Singh","doi":"10.1016/j.ijmmb.2026.101045","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijmmb.2026.101045","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The diagnosis of invasive aspergillosis is difficult because its clinical presentation overlaps with other common diseases. This disease is rare in children without any risk factors. We share a case of a healthy young Asian boy who presented with persistent fever, generalized lymphadenopathy, and pericardial effusion. Given these symptoms, the initial suspicion leaned heavily towards tuberculosis (TB) or lymphoma. On further investigations, the unexpected diagnosis was made as his lymph node culture grew <em>Aspergillus flavus</em>. This case serves as an important reminder that invasive aspergillosis, although rare in children without traditional risk factors, can still present in the most surprising ways.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":13284,"journal":{"name":"Indian Journal of Medical Microbiology","volume":"60 ","pages":"Article 101045"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145950243","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Mixed fungal infection in immunocompetent Dengue patient","authors":"Sarvodaya Tripathy ,&nbsp;Sourav Pal ,&nbsp;Teenu Singh ,&nbsp;Shreyas Gutte ,&nbsp;Mohan Gurjar ,&nbsp;Chinmoy Sahu","doi":"10.1016/j.ijmmb.2026.101071","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijmmb.2026.101071","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Invasive fungal infection (IFI) simultaneously due to three fungi is rare. IFI caused by two fungal agents is relatively commoner in transplant patients. Most common IFI worldwide is candidiasis, whereas in India, aspergillosis and mucormycosis infections are commoner. Severe dengue viral infection has been linked with invasive fungal infections. Following case report exemplifies more than two fungi can together cause pneumonia as confirmed by similar findings in 3 respiratory samples from the dengue shock syndrome patient. High clinical suspicion and prompt initiation of aggressive, high-dose, guideline-recommended antifungal therapy is essential at the slightest doubt of mucormycotic pneumonia.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":13284,"journal":{"name":"Indian Journal of Medical Microbiology","volume":"60 ","pages":"Article 101071"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146137184","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Beyond categorical agreement: Embracing essential agreement for robust antimicrobial susceptibility testing proficiency in CLSI-dominant India","authors":"Balaji Veeraraghavan ,&nbsp;Chand Wattal ,&nbsp;Yamuna Devi Bakthavatchalam ,&nbsp;Rani Diana Sahni ,&nbsp;John Antony Jude Prakash ,&nbsp;Jaswinder Kaur Oberoi ,&nbsp;Neeraj Goel ,&nbsp;Reena Raveendran ,&nbsp;Sanghamitra Datta ,&nbsp;Binesh Lal ,&nbsp;Dhanalakshmi Solaimalai","doi":"10.1016/j.ijmmb.2026.101082","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijmmb.2026.101082","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>The updated ISO 20776-2 (edition 2, published in 2021) removed categorical agreement (CA) as a core metric for validation of antimicrobial susceptibility testing (AST) devices which are based on MIC determination, prioritising essential agreement (EA) and bias due to CA's dependence on evolving clinical breakpoints.</div></div><div><h3>Objective</h3><div>We discuss impacts on external quality assessment (EQA), propose EA/bias as primary metrics, and compare EUCAST vs CLSI CA frameworks for antimicrobial stewardship (AMS).</div></div><div><h3>Content</h3><div>Indian proficiency schemes, reliant on CLSI guidelines, traditionally score participants primarily on CA. This approach challenges longitudinal comparability when CLSI breakpoints change. EUCAST's refined \"I as Susceptible, increased exposure\" reduces ambiguity but increases very major discrepancies; CLSI's broader \"I\" accommodates technical error but risks overcalling intermediates. Hybrid approaches are recommended for Indian CLSI based EQA.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":13284,"journal":{"name":"Indian Journal of Medical Microbiology","volume":"60 ","pages":"Article 101082"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146776301","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) assay for rapid detection and differentiation of selected Escherichia coli from other Enterobacteriaceae","authors":"Victor O. Azuh ,&nbsp;Samia S. Alkhalil ,&nbsp;Oludare Temitope Osuntokun ,&nbsp;Oluwafemi Adebayo Oyewole ,&nbsp;Oluwafunmilayo Theresa Jimoh ,&nbsp;Naga Raju Maddela","doi":"10.1016/j.ijmmb.2026.101070","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijmmb.2026.101070","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div><em>Escherichia coli</em> is a bacterium that lives in both human and animal intestines and it is one of the first bacteria to infiltrate the intestine. The majority of <em>E. coli</em> strains are benign; however, some serotypes can infect people and animals with illnesses. The genomes of <em>E. coli</em> and <em>Shigella</em> spp. are closely related phenotypically, serotypically, biochemically, clinically and molecularly.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>Loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) assay was designed to accelerate <em>E. coli</em> detection and verify its specificity for different <em>Shigella</em> species and selected members of Enterobacteriaceae using specific LAMP primers designed along the <em>E. coli</em> <em>fliF</em> gene region. For the <em>E. coli</em> sensitivity test, varying concentrations of betaine and MgSO₄ were used to set up a LAMP reaction to detect 10 <em>E. coli</em> isolates and Enterobacteriaceae. The LAMP results interpretation was based on gel and colour change using SYBR green.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Results showed that for varying combinations of betaine and MgSO₄ employed, 1.5 μL betaine and 1.0 μL MgSO₄ gave the best amplification. The LAMP reaction amplified all <em>E. coli</em> strains used and did not amplify other Enterobacteriaceae indicating sensitivity and specificity.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>This study showed that this LAMP protocol can be used to detect <em>E. coli</em> among members of Enterobacteriaceae rapidly.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":13284,"journal":{"name":"Indian Journal of Medical Microbiology","volume":"60 ","pages":"Article 101070"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146090191","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Revisiting the removal of doxycycline and tetracycline breakpoints for Acinetobacter baumannii in CLSI M100","authors":"Rahul Garg ,&nbsp;Pragya Agarwala ,&nbsp;Shoorashetty Manohar Rudresh","doi":"10.1016/j.ijmmb.2026.101072","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijmmb.2026.101072","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":13284,"journal":{"name":"Indian Journal of Medical Microbiology","volume":"60 ","pages":"Article 101072"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146105298","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"An in-silico study exploring the differences between the G protein of Chandipura virus isolates with respect to their antigenic sites and their interaction with vimentin","authors":"Deepak Jena ,&nbsp;Prabhudutta Mamidi ,&nbsp;Satya Ranjan Singh ,&nbsp;Manisha Tripathy ,&nbsp;Amrita Ray ,&nbsp;Diksha Mohapatra ,&nbsp;Sailendra Panda ,&nbsp;Sunil Kumar Raghav ,&nbsp;Bhagirathi Dwibedi ,&nbsp;Soma Chattopadhyay ,&nbsp;Baijayantimala Mishra","doi":"10.1016/j.ijmmb.2026.101083","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijmmb.2026.101083","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Purpose</h3><div>Chandipura virus (CHPV), belonging to the <em>Rhabdoviridae</em> family, is an emerging pathogen linked to encephalitis outbreaks, especially in children under 15 years of age. CHPV is primarily spread by sandflies and has led to several outbreaks in India, but CHPV strains from African nations namely Senegal, Kenya and Nigeria are not associated with human infections. This study involved an <em>in-silico</em> analysis aimed at exploring the differences in the G protein between the Indian and African CHPV isolates which would explain the above anomaly.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>Multiple Sequence Alignment was carried out to identify the amino acid substitution sites between all the Indian and the African CHPV isolates. Additionally, Profile Sequence Alignment (PSA) analysis was also conducted to localize the identified conserved amino acid substitutions between the Indian and the African CHPV G protein, focusing on potential antigenic sites and critical viral domains. Furthermore, an <em>in-silico</em> analysis has been carried out to assess the binding affinity of the CHPV G protein of different countries with the host co-receptor vimentin that is known to be involved in virus entry.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Our results indicated that the Indian and the African CHPV G protein sequences exhibited amino acid variations at 19 conserved sites, which were localized within the antigenic sites and other critical viral domains, including the fusogenic site of the CHPV G protein. Furthermore, our analysis predicted significant alterations in either solvent accessibility or torsional angle rotation stemming from the amino acid variations at the aforementioned sites. Additional in-silico analysis also revealed that the Indian CHPV G protein exhibited a markedly superior binding affinity with vimentin compared to its African counterparts.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>Therefore, the current study provides important findings regarding the variations of the CHPV G protein and highlighting essential amino acid residues that may be targeted for development of future antiviral therapies.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":13284,"journal":{"name":"Indian Journal of Medical Microbiology","volume":"60 ","pages":"Article 101083"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147276212","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Breakthrough invasive fungal infections during posaconazole prophylaxis in patients with hematologic malignancies at a tertiary care center - a 5-year audit from south India","authors":"P.K. Sowndharya ,&nbsp;Anjima Madhu ,&nbsp;B. Gayathri Devi ,&nbsp;Farhana Basheer ,&nbsp;Selin C. Joy ,&nbsp;Mazhuvancherry Kesavan Unnikrishnan ,&nbsp;Rema Ganapathi","doi":"10.1016/j.ijmmb.2026.101079","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijmmb.2026.101079","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Purpose</h3><div>Breakthrough invasive fungal infections (BtIFIs) are an emerging concern in patients with hematological malignancies (HM), despite the use of primary antifungal prophylaxis. Posaconazole (PCZ), a broad-spectrum triazole antifungal, is FDA-approved for primary prophylaxis in high-risk settings. However, data on the real-world burden and characteristics of BtIFIs from low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) are limited. This study aimed to evaluate the incidence, predictors, and microbiological and radiological features of BtIFIs in HM patients receiving PCZ prophylaxis at a tertiary care centre in India.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>Following, Institutional Ethics Committee approval, we enrolled 176 patients on PCZ prophylaxis (adults: 600 mg on day 1, then 300 mg/day; pediatrics: 14 mg/kg on day 1, then 7 mg/kg/day) for IFI prevention during treatment for HM (n = 176) at a tertiary care hospital. We retrospectively reviewed medical records from 2019 to 2023 and prospectively collected data in 2024. Independent sample <em>t</em>-test and a chi-square test were used for statistical analysis.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Of 176 patients, 59 (33.5%) developed BtIFIs [culture-proven BtIFI = 20 (33.8%); probable BtIFI = 39 (66.1%)], with an incidence of 336/1000 patients. Aspergillus (46.66%) and Candida (28.88%) spp. were the most commonly isolated pathogens. Severe neutropenia (lasting 5-15 days) was the most significant risk factor for BtIFI (54%, p &lt; 0.001). Comorbidities, Proton Pump Inhibitors (PPIs) and the chemotherapy regimen were not significant risk factors.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>The High incidence of BtIFI observed may be attributed to the unavailability of therapeutic dose monitoring (TDM), variations in pathogenic strains, and environmental factors conducive to fungal infections (warmth and high humidity), implying that strengthened surveillance and prophylaxis strategies are essential.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":13284,"journal":{"name":"Indian Journal of Medical Microbiology","volume":"60 ","pages":"Article 101079"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146219398","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Antimicrobial activity of native Lactobacillus cell-free supernatant against diarrheagenic Escherichia coli isolated from hospitalized patients in northern Iran","authors":"Farzaneh Rafie Sedaghat ,&nbsp;Ali Mojtahedi ,&nbsp;Meysam Hasannejad-Bibalan ,&nbsp;Tofigh Yaghubi Kalurazi ,&nbsp;Tohid Samadpour Zahmat-dar","doi":"10.1016/j.ijmmb.2026.101063","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijmmb.2026.101063","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background and aims</h3><div>Antibiotic resistance is a growing concern in the fight against <em>Escherichia coli</em>, a pathogen that causes various intestinal diseases. The present study explores the antibacterial effect of <em>lactobacillus</em> on <em>E. coli</em> pathotypes.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>Inpatients stool samples were collected and <em>E. coli</em> pathotypes were identified. The antibacterial effect of five <em>Lactobacillus</em> on the pathotypes was investigated by broth microdilution and well diffusion methods.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>The CFS of <em>L. plantarum, L. rueteri</em> and <em>L. acidophilus</em> had the greatest antibacterial effect.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>Postbiotics have shown significant bactericidal effects against <em>E. coli</em> pathotypes. Their bactericidal effect can prevent the colonization of these pathotypes in hospitalized patients.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":13284,"journal":{"name":"Indian Journal of Medical Microbiology","volume":"60 ","pages":"Article 101063"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146029397","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}