{"title":"Fault Detection for Brushless Direct-Current Motor Using Descriptor System-Based Set-Membership Estimation","authors":"Zhenhua Wang;Danxu Lian;Vicenç Puig;Yi Shen","doi":"10.1109/TCST.2025.3547257","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TCST.2025.3547257","url":null,"abstract":"Brushless direct-current (BLdc) motors are pivotal in electric vehicles, drones, and industrial systems due to their high efficiency and reliability. However, faults in stators, rotors, or inverters may degrade performance. In this article, we focus on the problem of model-based fault detection of BLdc motors. First, a high-fidelity model of the BLdc motor is developed, explicitly incorporating inverter switching behaviors, winding, back EMF, rotor inertia, and Hall sensors, which is formulated as a discrete-time-varying descriptor system. Based on this model, a fault detection method is proposed using a set-membership estimation theory. The proposed BLdc motor model has higher fidelity, and the fault detection method has more relaxed design conditions. Finally, a hardware-in-the-loop (HIL) platform, including a BLdc motor, is established. After that, the platform is used to validate the fidelity of the proposed BLdc motor model and the effectiveness of the fault detection method.","PeriodicalId":13103,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Control Systems Technology","volume":"33 5","pages":"1640-1650"},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2025-03-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144891244","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Nonlinear Model Predictive Control for Electric Bus Operations Based on Generalized Disjunctive Programming Method","authors":"Yin Yuan;Shukai Li;Chengpu Yu;Lixing Yang;Ziyou Gao","doi":"10.1109/TCST.2025.3560220","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TCST.2025.3560220","url":null,"abstract":"This article investigates the nonlinear model predictive control (NMPC) for electric bus operations (EBOs) under dynamic environments, based on the generalized disjunctive programming (GDP) method. Specifically, we construct discrete-event model to capture the dynamic of bus traffic, passenger load, and current electricity. With the safety constraints, we incorporate algebraic equations, disjunctions, and logical propositions to formulate a nonconvex GDP model, for the nonlinear optimal control problem with both discrete and continuous components. Tailored to the nonlinearity and disjunctions, we design a GDP-based branch and bound (GDPB) algorithm with domain reduction under the model prediction control scheme. The main idea entails branching on constraints regarding disjunctive terms and spatial disjunctions, to convert the complex original problem with discrete and continuous variables as well as nonlinear and nonconvex constraints and cost functions into quadratic programming (QP) subproblems with reduced domains. It can ensure the rapid attainment of exact solutions for embedded applications. Extensive experiments confirm the effectiveness of the proposed control (PC) method. Additionally, the solution algorithm demonstrates desirable computational efficiency, suitable for online implementations.","PeriodicalId":13103,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Control Systems Technology","volume":"33 5","pages":"1820-1834"},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2025-03-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144891204","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Agapius Bou Ghosn;Philip Polack;Arnaud de La Fortelle
{"title":"Model Validity in Observers: When to Increase the Complexity of Your Model?","authors":"Agapius Bou Ghosn;Philip Polack;Arnaud de La Fortelle","doi":"10.1109/TCST.2025.3545381","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TCST.2025.3545381","url":null,"abstract":"Model validity is key to the accurate and safe behavior of autonomous vehicles. Using invalid vehicle models in different plan and control vehicle frameworks puts the stability of the vehicle and, thus, its safety at stake. In this work, we analyze the validity of several popular vehicle models used in the literature with respect to a real vehicle and we prove that serious accuracy issues are encountered beyond a specific lateral acceleration point. We set a clear lateral acceleration domain, in which the used models are an accurate representation of the behavior of the vehicle. We then target the necessity of using learned methods to model the vehicle’s behavior. The effects of model validity on state observers are investigated. The performance of model-based observers is compared to learning-based ones. Overall, this work emphasizes the validity of vehicle models and presents clear operational domains in which models could be used safely.","PeriodicalId":13103,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Control Systems Technology","volume":"33 3","pages":"1037-1050"},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2025-03-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143883470","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Lucas Novaki Ribeiro;Pablo Borja;Cosimo Della Santina;Bastian Deutschmann
{"title":"Singular-Perturbation Control of a Tendon-Driven Soft Robot: Theory and Experiments","authors":"Lucas Novaki Ribeiro;Pablo Borja;Cosimo Della Santina;Bastian Deutschmann","doi":"10.1109/TCST.2025.3546564","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TCST.2025.3546564","url":null,"abstract":"The existing model-based control strategies for tendon-driven continuum soft robots neglect the dynamics of the actuation system. Nevertheless, such dynamics have an important impact on the closed-loop performance. This work analyzes the influence of the actuation dynamics in tendon-driven continuum soft robots performing trajectory-tracking tasks. To this end, we use singular perturbation (SP) theory to design controllers that account for such dynamics. We provide the analytical formulation of the SP controllers and their in-depth experimental validation. Additionally, we use high- and low-stiffness tendons to experimentally compare the performance of the proposed SP controllers against traditional feedback control schemes that disregard the actuation dynamics. The experimental results show that SP controllers outperform the approaches that neglect the actuation dynamics by reducing oscillations and achieving lower errors without relying on high gains. Furthermore, it is shown that neglecting the actuation dynamics may lead to instability when the tendons have a low stiffness coefficient.","PeriodicalId":13103,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Control Systems Technology","volume":"33 5","pages":"1929-1936"},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2025-03-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144891054","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Branimir Škugor;Jakov Topić;Joško Deur;Vladimir Ivanovic;H. Eric Tseng
{"title":"Interaction-Aware Optimal Safe Speed Control for Autonomous Vehicles Approaching Unsignalized Crosswalks With Pedestrians","authors":"Branimir Škugor;Jakov Topić;Joško Deur;Vladimir Ivanovic;H. Eric Tseng","doi":"10.1109/TCST.2025.3561056","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TCST.2025.3561056","url":null,"abstract":"The proposed autonomous vehicle (AV) safe speed strategy is based on a scenario- and grid-based stochastic model predictive control (SMPC) and a probabilistic neural network (NN) model aimed to predict pedestrian behavior when approaching unsignalized crosswalk. The SMPC problem is formulated to minimize the vehicle traveling time, while accounting for vehicle-pedestrian interaction and keeping the risk of collision with pedestrian low. The vehicle control trajectory is conveniently described by only two parameters to be optimized: the vehicle acceleration and the target speed. Apart from reducing the computational complexity, this simplification facilitates the NN prediction model design in terms of lowering the number of model inputs. The proposed SMPC strategy is verified against a baseline control strategy by means of large-scale stochastic simulations. The verification results indicate that the SMPC strategy on average results in significantly lower vehicle traveling time and less aggressive decelerations, while avoiding pedestrian collisions.","PeriodicalId":13103,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Control Systems Technology","volume":"33 5","pages":"1864-1878"},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2025-03-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144891041","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Jihao Huang;Jun Zeng;Xuemin Chi;Koushil Sreenath;Zhitao Liu;Hongye Su
{"title":"Dynamic Collision Avoidance Using Velocity Obstacle-Based Control Barrier Functions","authors":"Jihao Huang;Jun Zeng;Xuemin Chi;Koushil Sreenath;Zhitao Liu;Hongye Su","doi":"10.1109/TCST.2025.3546076","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TCST.2025.3546076","url":null,"abstract":"Designing safety-critical controllers for acceleration-controlled unicycle robots is challenging, as control inputs may not appear in the constraints of control Lyapunov functions (CLFs) and control barrier functions (CBFs), leading to invalid controllers. Existing methods often rely on state-feedback-based CLFs and high-order CBFs (HOCBFs), which are computationally expensive to construct and fail to maintain effectiveness in dynamic environments with fast-moving, nearby obstacles. To address these challenges, we propose constructing velocity obstacle (VO)-based CBFs (VOCBFs) in the velocity space to enhance dynamic collision avoidance capabilities, instead of relying on distance-based CBFs that require the introduction of HOCBFs. Additionally, by extending VOCBFs using variants of VO, we enable reactive collision avoidance between robots. We formulate a safety-critical controller for acceleration-controlled unicycle robots as a mixed-integer quadratic programming (MIQP), integrating state-feedback-based CLFs for navigation and VOCBFs for collision avoidance. To enhance the efficiency of solving the MIQP, we split the MIQP into multiple suboptimization problems and employ a decision network to reduce computational costs. Numerical simulations demonstrate that our approach effectively guides the robot to its target while avoiding collisions. Compared to HOCBFs, VOCBFs exhibit significantly improved dynamic obstacle avoidance performance, especially when obstacles are fast moving and close to the robot. Furthermore, we extend our method to distributed multirobot systems.","PeriodicalId":13103,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Control Systems Technology","volume":"33 5","pages":"1601-1615"},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2025-03-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144891243","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Georgiy A. Bondar;Robert Gifford;Linh Thi Xuan Phan;Abhishek Halder
{"title":"Stochastic Learning of Computational Resource Usage as Graph-Structured Multimarginal Schrödinger Bridge","authors":"Georgiy A. Bondar;Robert Gifford;Linh Thi Xuan Phan;Abhishek Halder","doi":"10.1109/TCST.2025.3560511","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TCST.2025.3560511","url":null,"abstract":"We propose to learn the time-varying stochastic computational resource usage of software as a graph-structured Schrödinger bridge problem (SBP). In general, learning the computational resource usage from data is challenging because resources, such as the number of CPU instructions and the number of last level cache requests are both time-varying and statistically correlated. Our proposed method enables learning the joint time-varying stochasticity in computational resource usage from the measured profile snapshots in a nonparametric manner. The method can be used to predict the most-likely time-varying distribution of computational resource availability at a desired time. We provide detailed algorithms for stochastic learning in both single-core and multicore cases, discuss the convergence guarantees, computational complexities, and demonstrate their practical use in two case studies: a single-core nonlinear model predictive controller (NMPC) and a synthetic multicore software.","PeriodicalId":13103,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Control Systems Technology","volume":"33 5","pages":"1835-1850"},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2025-03-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144891020","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Empowering Autonomous Underwater Vehicles Using Learning-Based Model Predictive Control With Dynamic Forgetting Gaussian Processes","authors":"Abdelhakim Amer;Mohit Mehndiratta;Yury Brodskiy;Erdal Kayacan","doi":"10.1109/TCST.2025.3539218","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TCST.2025.3539218","url":null,"abstract":"Autonomous underwater vehicles (AUVs) present several challenges due to the complex and simultaneous interplay of various factors, including but not limited to unmodeled dynamics, highly nonlinear behavior, intercouplings, communication delays, and environmental disturbances. In particular, environmental disturbances degrade trajectory tracking performance for model-based controllers, e.g., model predictive control (MPC) algorithms. Data-driven methods such as the Gaussian process (GP) are effective at learning disturbances in real time; however, the underlying offline hyperparameter tuning process limits their overall effectiveness. To overcome this limitation, we propose a novel dynamic forgetting GP (DF-GP) methodology that compensates for operational disturbances, thus circumventing the need for hyperparameter retuning. In essence, the proposed method optimally combines the predictions of individual GPs—designed with handcrafted forgetting factors, rendering precise disturbance estimation of varying timescales. What is more, the predicted disturbances update the model parameters in MPC, facilitating a learning-based control framework that ensures accurate tracking performance in different underwater scenarios. Rigorous simulation and real-world experiments demonstrate the efficiency and efficacy of the proposed framework. The results show a 25% improvement in disturbance estimation and tracking performance, demonstrating that the proposed framework outperforms its direct competitors.","PeriodicalId":13103,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Control Systems Technology","volume":"33 5","pages":"1913-1920"},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2025-03-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144891058","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Edoardo Catenaro;Lorenzo Sabug;Giulio Panzani;Davide Sette;Fredy Ruiz;Lorenzo Fagiano;Sergio M. Savaresi
{"title":"Automatic Learning-Based Calibration of Assisted Motorcycle Gearshift: A Comparative Study","authors":"Edoardo Catenaro;Lorenzo Sabug;Giulio Panzani;Davide Sette;Fredy Ruiz;Lorenzo Fagiano;Sergio M. Savaresi","doi":"10.1109/TCST.2025.3561504","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TCST.2025.3561504","url":null,"abstract":"A comparison of different approaches to the automatic online, data-driven calibration of assisted gearshift settings for a motorcycle is presented. An objective function associated with the component stress and clutch resynchronization time is exploited and optimized during operation using different strategies: from naïve space-filling approaches to learning-based black-box optimization algorithms. The performance of various methods is compared in real-world experiments using metrics related to the experimental convergence rate and the quality of the best found result.","PeriodicalId":13103,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Control Systems Technology","volume":"33 5","pages":"1771-1784"},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2025-03-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144891059","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Stefano Radrizzani;Giulio Panzani;Sergio M. Savaresi
{"title":"Comfort-Oriented Energy Management for an e-Bike in Series Configuration With Experimental Validation","authors":"Stefano Radrizzani;Giulio Panzani;Sergio M. Savaresi","doi":"10.1109/TCST.2025.3545346","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TCST.2025.3545346","url":null,"abstract":"Given the intrinsic hybrid nature of electric bikes (e-bikes), they call for energy management strategies (EMSs), to optimize the energy and power flows in the vehicle. The additional challenge in e-bikes, compared to traditional hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs), is having a human power source. Specifically, human power cannot be directly controlled and his/her energy consumption cannot be easily measured or estimated. In this work, we address the energy management for a series-parallel bike, focusing in particular on the series architecture. In detail, we propose a comfort-oriented EMS able to indirectly control the human power to make the cyclist ride close to his/her preferred operating point. Toward this aim, the equivalent consumption minimization strategy (ECMS) is properly extended, to deal with this unique scenario. The solution is implemented on the vehicle control unit (VCU); therefore, the effectiveness of the ECMS-based energy management is proven through an experimental validation when the rider is present in the loop. Results show how the cyclist’s operating point is indirectly affected by the behavior of the proposed EMS keeping it close to the preferred operating point.","PeriodicalId":13103,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Control Systems Technology","volume":"33 5","pages":"1560-1571"},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2025-03-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144891056","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}