{"title":"Dynamic Target Zone Modulation for Physical Activity Management in Artificial Pancreas Using Pulsatile Zone Model Predictive Control","authors":"Nicola Licini;Roberto Trevisan;Giuseppe Lepore;Fabio Previdi;Antonio Ferramosca","doi":"10.1109/TCST.2026.3676649","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TCST.2026.3676649","url":null,"abstract":"Physical activity (PA) presents a significant challenge for artificial pancreas (AP) systems in managing Type 1 Diabetes, primarily by elevating the risk of hypoglycemia both during and after exercise. This work introduces and evaluates a novel exercise-aware pulsatile zone model predictive control (pZMPC) strategy designed to enhance glycemic safety and control around PA; in this proposal, the controller proactively mitigates this risk by dynamically modulating glucose target zones, elevating the target in anticipation of, during, and following announced PA. The performance of this strategy was systematically evaluated through in silico simulations across a cohort of ten virtual adult patients, under various scenarios designed to mimic real-life events, and using two control-relevant metabolic models, one of which explicitly accounted for exercise effects as an uncontrollable input. Compared to a standard pZMPC controller without exercise-specific adaptations, the proposed pZMPC with dynamic target zone modulation demonstrated an improvement in glycemic safety, reducing the incidence and duration of exercise-induced hypoglycemia. Furthermore, the strategy successfully decreased overall glycemic variability and maintained robust control even in the presence of uncertainties in PA information.","PeriodicalId":13103,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Control Systems Technology","volume":"34 4","pages":"1899-1910"},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2026-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=11477895","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148507626","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Tradeoffs Between Resilience, Safety, and String Stability in Vehicle Platoons With Feasibility-Aware Control Barrier Functions","authors":"Ruijie Ma;Chengcheng Zhao;Lin Cai","doi":"10.1109/TCST.2026.3673361","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TCST.2026.3673361","url":null,"abstract":"This article investigates how to achieve resilience, safety, and string stability simultaneously for vehicle platoons under false data injection (FDI) attacks. We utilize the resilient control barrier function-quadratic programming (CBF-QP) framework to formulate the control objective. Specifically, a network-redundancy-based resilient controller serves as the nominal controller to ensure internal stability, while safety and string stability are characterized by control barrier function (CBF) constraints for control inputs optimization. We introduce a novel concept of boundary robustness to preserve the validity of CBF constraints by incorporating a robustness margin under bounded attacks. As strict enforcement of multiple CBFs may cause controller infeasibility, we improve quadratic programming (QP) feasibility via parameter predesign and a feasibility-CBF with bounded adaptive relaxation. Our analysis reveals conflicts among resilience, safety, and string stability, and we propose a conditional activation-relaxation approach to achieve tradeoffs among them. Comparative simulations and experiments involving four TurtleBot3s are conducted to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed method.","PeriodicalId":13103,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Control Systems Technology","volume":"34 4","pages":"1719-1734"},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2026-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148507925","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Long Cheng;Xiangyong Chen;Tao Yang;Guanghui Wen;Feng Zhao;Jianlong Qiu
{"title":"Observer-Based Adaptive Prescribed Performance Control for Vehicular Platoons With Actuator Faults and Mixed Dead Zone--Saturation Constraints","authors":"Long Cheng;Xiangyong Chen;Tao Yang;Guanghui Wen;Feng Zhao;Jianlong Qiu","doi":"10.1109/TCST.2026.3670446","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TCST.2026.3670446","url":null,"abstract":"In this article, a fixed-time prescribed performance control (PPC) scheme is proposed for vehicular platoons with uncertain dynamics and actuator faults, dead zones, and saturation. A novel sigmoid function is employed to smoothly approximate asymmetric actuator saturation and dead zones, and a unified framework is constructed that can simultaneously account for actuator faults. To handle model uncertainties and external disturbances, an observer is designed to estimate disturbances within a prescribed time. The proposed scheme uses adaptive sliding-mode control to ensure that tracking errors converge to prescribed steady-state regions within a fixed time to achieve the fixed-time individual vehicle stability and string stability without considering initial errors between vehicles. Simulation experiments are performed to verify the effectiveness of the proposed scheme.","PeriodicalId":13103,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Control Systems Technology","volume":"34 4","pages":"1688-1701"},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2026-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148508757","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Control Barrier Function for Aligning Large Language Models","authors":"Yuya Miyaoka;Masaki Inoue","doi":"10.1109/TCST.2026.3675329","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TCST.2026.3675329","url":null,"abstract":"This article proposes a control-based framework for aligning large language models (LLMs) by leveraging a control barrier function (CBF) to ensure user-desirable text generation. The presented framework applies the CBF safety filter to the predicted token generated from the baseline LLM to intervene in the generated text. The safety filter includes two significant advantages: this safety filter is an add-on type, allowing it to be used for alignment purposes without fine-tuning the baseline LLM, and if there is an evaluation model regarding the desired alignment, it can be directly applied to the filter design. The overall text-generation system is implemented with open-source language models, aiming to generate positive text.","PeriodicalId":13103,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Control Systems Technology","volume":"34 4","pages":"1821-1830"},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2026-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148508815","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Cyclic Nullspace Coordination: Perpetual Flight of Aerial Carriers for Static Suspension","authors":"Chiara Gabellieri;Yaolei Shen;Martina Paolucci;Antonio Franchi","doi":"10.1109/TCST.2026.3692228","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TCST.2026.3692228","url":null,"abstract":"This work demonstrates that the nonstop flights of three or more carriers are compatible with holding a constant pose of a cable-suspended load. It also presents an algorithm for generating the carriers’ coordinated nonstop trajectories. The proposed method builds upon two pillars: 1) the choice of <inline-formula> <tex-math>$n$ </tex-math></inline-formula> special linearly independent directions of internal forces within the <inline-formula> <tex-math>$3n-6$ </tex-math></inline-formula>-dimensional nullspace of the grasp matrix of the load, chosen as the edges of a Hamiltonian cycle on the graph that connects the cable attachment points on the load. Adjacent pairs of directions are used to generate <inline-formula> <tex-math>$n$ </tex-math></inline-formula> forces evolving on distinct 2-D affine subspaces, despite the attachment points being generically in 3-D and 2) the construction of elliptical trajectories within these subspaces by mapping, through appropriate graph coloring, each edge of the Hamiltonian cycle to a periodic coordinate while ensuring that no adjacent coordinates exhibit simultaneous zero derivatives. Combined with conditions for load statics and attachment point positions, these choices ensure that each of the <inline-formula> <tex-math>$n$ </tex-math></inline-formula> force trajectories projects onto the corresponding cable constraint sphere with nonzero tangential velocity, enabling perpetual motion of the carriers while the load is still. The work provides a scalable constructive design for any <inline-formula> <tex-math>$nge 3$ </tex-math></inline-formula> with tuning guidelines, quantifies sensitivity and single-carrier failures, and provides a fixed-wing–compatible planner that preserves load statistics under speed/bank/flight-path constraints. The theoretical findings are validated through simulations and laboratory experiments with quadrotor uncrewed aerial vehicles (UAVs).","PeriodicalId":13103,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Control Systems Technology","volume":"34 4","pages":"2022-2036"},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2026-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148442727","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Xiushuo Wang;Zhaobing Chen;Letang Xue;Zhaolong Wu;Xiangru Ding;Lihua Cao
{"title":"Real-Time Short-Term Delay Compensation for Optoelectronic Tracking Control System Under Uncertainty of Target Model","authors":"Xiushuo Wang;Zhaobing Chen;Letang Xue;Zhaolong Wu;Xiangru Ding;Lihua Cao","doi":"10.1109/TCST.2026.3677447","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TCST.2026.3677447","url":null,"abstract":"To address various short-term delay issues caused by detectors, fast steering mirrors (FSMs), and lasers in the photoelectric tracking system (PTS) based on a moving platform, this article presents a prediction method that integrates an improved tracking differentiator (TD), an adaptive zero-order hold (AZOH), and a Markov probability correction model. The method utilizes the tracking differentiator with speed feed forward and rapid exponential integral function (SFREITD) to extract velocity information from delayed data and enables initial prediction of global stochastic data. Additionally, the AZOH is introduced to address the issue of data prediction failure when the velocity is zero. Finally, the Markov probability model is applied to correct the prediction results. The superior performance of SFREITD has been fully verified through time-domain simulations in MATLAB. Meanwhile, based on a single-detector photoelectric platform, the prediction trajectories and prediction errors of inertial spatial angles are presented. The results demonstrate that the proposed scheme offers greater practical application value than traditional prediction methods such as segmented data fitting and long short-term memory (LSTM) networks and can effectively resolve the delay problem of global stochastic data.","PeriodicalId":13103,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Control Systems Technology","volume":"34 4","pages":"1845-1860"},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2026-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148507627","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"An Observer-Based Collaborative Control for Underactuated Dual Ship-Mounted Crane System Considering Spatial Constraints","authors":"Shujie Wu;Yuzhe Qian;Ken Zhong;Haibo Zhang","doi":"10.1109/TCST.2026.3673753","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TCST.2026.3673753","url":null,"abstract":"The dual ship-mounted crane (DSMC) systems are equipment that enables collaborative lifting operations at sea. During engineering transport tasks at sea, the DSMC systems exhibit advantages, such as high lifting capacity and a smooth transportation process. However, DSMC systems have additional state variables, strong coupling, and underactuated characteristics, which require consideration of complex spatial geometric relationships and mechanical structure constraints. In addition, simultaneous consideration of the differing impacts of waves on the two ships, coupled with a lack of information exchange between the booms, can lead to additional steady-state errors and significant load swings. To this end, this article proposes a collaborative control method based on disturbance observers, enabling precise and coordinated transport and hoisting even in the presence of unknown wave disturbances. An observer with switching logic is designed to estimate and compensate for unknown signal disturbances such as wave interference and unmodeled dynamics, effectively enhancing the system’s ability to resist unknown disturbances. Furthermore, carefully designed collaborative signals ensure information exchange between the booms, significantly improving system coordination. Theoretical analysis using Lyapunov methods and LaSalle’s invariance principle examines the asymptotic stability of the closed-loop system at equilibrium points. Finally, the effectiveness and robustness of the method are validated through a series of hardware experiments.","PeriodicalId":13103,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Control Systems Technology","volume":"34 4","pages":"1777-1788"},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2026-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148507903","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Systematic Gain-Tuned Adaptive Backstepping Control for Electric Cycloidal Propellers With Uncertainties and Disturbances","authors":"Subhashis Nandy;Manish Patel;Yoonsoo Kim","doi":"10.1109/TCST.2026.3692725","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TCST.2026.3692725","url":null,"abstract":"This work addresses the emerging challenge of robust control in electric cycloidal propulsion systems, a technology with significant potential for maritime sustainability. Current control strategies often have limited effectiveness in accurately capturing the nonlinear, coupled electromechanical dynamics and in handling disturbances and uncertainties related to independent blade actuation, which also involves multiblade synchronization challenges. To overcome these limitations, a robust adaptive backstepping (AB) controller is developed to regulate both propeller disk speed and six-blade pitch angles synchronously, explicitly accounting for coupled electromechanical dynamics, external disturbances, and parameter uncertainties. The approach computes actuator torques directly for independent electric motors driving the propeller disk and blades, achieving close alignment with experimental power–speed, hydrodynamic, and kinematic phase data. Compared to the existing nonlinear control method, it demonstrates 52%–86% higher tracking accuracy, 49.5%–59.7% reduced control fluctuations, and 37.5%–66.7% faster convergence, validated through extensive simulations. Unlike prior cycloidal propulsion studies that overlook full electromechanical coupling, do not address a systematic methodology for controller gain tuning, and disregard disturbances and uncertainties, this work presents the first unified, torque-level control framework for multiblade electric cycloidal propellers.","PeriodicalId":13103,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Control Systems Technology","volume":"34 4","pages":"2105-2121"},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2026-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148443146","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Ahmed Aboudonia;Johannes Estermann;Keith Moffat;Manfred Morari;John Lygeros
{"title":"A Data-Driven Predictive Control Architecture for Train Thermal Energy Management","authors":"Ahmed Aboudonia;Johannes Estermann;Keith Moffat;Manfred Morari;John Lygeros","doi":"10.1109/TCST.2026.3690759","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TCST.2026.3690759","url":null,"abstract":"We aim to improve the energy efficiency of train climate control architectures, with a focus on a specific class of regional trains operating throughout Switzerland, especially in Zürich and Geneva. Heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) systems represent the second-largest energy consumer in these trains after traction. The current architecture comprises a high-level rule-based controller and a low-level tracking controller. To improve train energy efficiency, we propose adding a middle data-driven predictive control layer aimed at minimizing HVAC energy consumption while maintaining passenger comfort. The scheme incorporates a multistep prediction model developed using real-world data collected from a limited number of train coaches. To validate the effectiveness of the proposed architecture, we conduct multiple experiments on a separate set of train coaches; our results suggest energy savings between 10% and 35% with respect to the current architecture.","PeriodicalId":13103,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Control Systems Technology","volume":"34 4","pages":"1938-1953"},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2026-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148507589","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Safe and Nonconservative Contingency Planning for Autonomous Vehicles via Online Learning-Based Reachable Set Barriers","authors":"Rui Yang;Lei Zheng;Shuzhi Sam Ge;Jun Ma","doi":"10.1109/TCST.2026.3675339","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TCST.2026.3675339","url":null,"abstract":"Autonomous vehicles must navigate dynamically uncertain environments while balancing safety and efficiency. This challenge is exacerbated by unpredictable human-driven vehicle (HV) behaviors and perception inaccuracies, necessitating planners who adapt to evolving uncertainties while maintaining safe trajectories. Overly conservative planning degrades driving efficiency, while deterministic methods risk failure in unexpected scenarios. To address these issues, we propose a real-time contingency trajectory optimization framework. Our method employs event-triggered online learning of HV control-intent sets to dynamically quantify multimodal HV uncertainties and incrementally refine their forward reachable sets (FRSs). Crucially, we enforce invariant safety through FRS-based barrier constraints that ensure safety without reliance on accurate trajectory prediction. These constraints are seamlessly embedded in contingency trajectory optimization and solved efficiently through consensus alternating direction method of multipliers (ADMM). The system continuously adapts to HV behavioral uncertainties, preserving feasibility and safety without excessive conservatism. High-fidelity simulations on highway and urban scenarios, along with a series of real-world experiments, demonstrate significant improvements in driving efficiency and passenger comfort while maintaining safety under uncertainty. The project page is available at <uri>https://pathetiue.github.io/frscp.github.io/</uri>","PeriodicalId":13103,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Control Systems Technology","volume":"34 4","pages":"1805-1820"},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2026-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148507628","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}