{"title":"Efficient, Structured Controller Synthesis for Linear Parameter-Varying Systems","authors":"Emily Burgin;Harald Pfifer","doi":"10.1109/TCST.2026.3677853","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TCST.2026.3677853","url":null,"abstract":"A structured output-feedback controller synthesis in linear fractional transformation (LFT) formulation is derived. It is presented as a novel approach to the control of linear parameter-varying (LPV) systems. The LFT formulation leads to a controller synthesis with no approximation steps and it scales better than a gridded formulation when increasing the number of scheduling parameters. The proposed approach has better computational efficiency than a traditional output-feedback controller synthesis, as it solves two small semi-definite programs (SDP) in a two-step synthesis, rather than one large SDP posed by the traditional approach. This two-step synthesis also results in the controller’s fixed structure. The design process uses a recently proposed weighting scheme to impose unambiguous, tractable and physically interpretable closed-loop performance requirements; suitable for use on many aerospace applications. An exemplary spacecraft control problem demonstrates the computational superiority of the novel approach over standard output-feedback synthesis when using different scheduling parameters. There is also minimal loss in performance in the structured controller compared to the output-feedback controller.","PeriodicalId":13103,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Control Systems Technology","volume":"34 3","pages":"1520-1534"},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147828828","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Reliability-Based Design and Control of Crystallization Systems Under Parametric and Process Uncertainties","authors":"Yash G. Barhate;Zoltan K. Nagy","doi":"10.1109/TCST.2026.3670402","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TCST.2026.3670402","url":null,"abstract":"Population balance model-based approaches are widely employed in crystallization process design to meet the industry-specific critical quality attributes (CQAs). However, their reliability is often limited by parameter uncertainties arising from noisy experimental data, which if, unaccounted for, can lead to suboptimal or failed designs. This study introduces a novel reliability-based design optimization (RBDO) framework for open-loop design of crystallization systems under uncertainty. The framework formulates CQA constraints as probabilistic constraints with user-defined reliability thresholds, enabling quantified, risk-informed process design. To solve the resulting RBDO problems efficiently, a surrogate modeling-based, nested simulation-optimization workflow is developed. The proposed methodology is applied to both batch and continuous pharmaceutical crystallization systems, demonstrating its ability to generate robust design trajectories with significantly higher probabilities of meeting CQAs under both parametric and operational uncertainties compared to the deterministic designs. The computational efficiency and accuracy of the approach are further validated through benchmarking against back-mapping-based solutions of the underlying chance constrained formulations.","PeriodicalId":13103,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Control Systems Technology","volume":"34 3","pages":"1550-1562"},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147828969","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Structured Dataset Management for Data-Enabled Predictive Control of Nonlinear Systems","authors":"Alexandre Faye-Bédrin;Paul Chauchat;Stanislav Aranovskiy;Romain Bourdais","doi":"10.1109/TCST.2026.3666551","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TCST.2026.3666551","url":null,"abstract":"Data-enabled predictive control (DeePC) is based on Willems’ fundamental lemma, making it most suited for linear time-invariant (LTI) systems. Existing extensions allow for successful application to some nonlinear systems—under some assumptions on both the system and collected data. Since data is used as a linear approximation of the system, it must be close to the operating point of the system and be rich enough to explore the (local) behavior of the system. When data is collected online, it should also not conflict with the control objective. Combining these three goals motivates a data management strategy: to this end, we propose a structured double-dataset formulation, coupled with a continuous and singular value-based update policy. We show that the existing stability results can be extended to this case. These heuristics are validated in real-time experiments on a nonlinear system.","PeriodicalId":13103,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Control Systems Technology","volume":"34 3","pages":"1633-1640"},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147828945","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Finite-Time Boundedness Control of Dynamic Wireless Charging System via a Switched Impulsive LPV Model","authors":"Yang Song;Xin Liu;Zhi Chen;Kang Li","doi":"10.1109/TCST.2026.3671331","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TCST.2026.3671331","url":null,"abstract":"The dynamic wireless charging system (DWCS) is characterized by two typical features: 1) pronounced mutual inductance (MI) fluctuations caused by the motion of the receiver (R) coil with the vehicle and 2) impulsive state jump effect induced by switching of the transmitter (T) coil. This article considers the coupled effects of longitudinal displacement and lateral misalignment of the R coil on the MI and derives the corresponding MI formulation. On this basis, combined with the generalized state-space averaging (GSSA) method, a switching impulsive linear parameter-varying (SI-LPV) model is established to describe the dynamic behavior of the DWCS. This framework characterizes the hybrid dynamics, specifically the instantaneous state discontinuities during T-coils switching. Consequently, an average dwell time (ADT)-based finite-time boundedness (FTB) state-feedback controller is designed to ensure that, within a finite charging time window, the system states are always maintained within prescribed safety bounds. Experimental results demonstrate that the proposed scheme effectively suppresses voltage fluctuations and exhibits robust performance against vehicle speed variations and load disturbances.","PeriodicalId":13103,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Control Systems Technology","volume":"34 3","pages":"1535-1549"},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147828821","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
G. Basile;A. Bozzi;S. Bracco;C. Pasquale;S. Sacone;S. Siri;A. Ferrara
{"title":"Optimal Speed and Charging Control for Electric Buses: A Multiscale MPC-Based Framework","authors":"G. Basile;A. Bozzi;S. Bracco;C. Pasquale;S. Sacone;S. Siri;A. Ferrara","doi":"10.1109/TCST.2026.3674773","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TCST.2026.3674773","url":null,"abstract":"This article presents a control framework designed to manage the speed, dwell time, and charging schedules of electric, automated, and connected buses operating on mixed-traffic lines without reserved lanes. The control architecture is composed of two layers, each defined by distinct objectives, levels of detail, and time scales, resulting in a multiscale control framework. The high-level control layer periodically solves a multiobjective optimal control problem to ensure the adequate transport service while considering a prediction of traffic conditions along the bus line. In contrast, the low-level control layer employs a model predictive control to accurately track the high-level control actions. The MPC-based low-level controller accounts for the detailed dynamic behavior of the bus, ensuring robust execution of the high-level directives. The effectiveness of the proposed control scheme is assessed through its application to a realistic case study in Italy, demonstrating improved service reliability and energy efficiency.","PeriodicalId":13103,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Control Systems Technology","volume":"34 3","pages":"1435-1450"},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147829008","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Ivan Gushkov;Amer Orucevic;Kristin Y. Pettersen;Weijia Yao;Marianna Wrzos-Kaminska;Jan Tommy Gravdahl
{"title":"Vector Field Path Following of Time-Varying Sinusoidal Paths for Underwater Snake Robots","authors":"Ivan Gushkov;Amer Orucevic;Kristin Y. Pettersen;Weijia Yao;Marianna Wrzos-Kaminska;Jan Tommy Gravdahl","doi":"10.1109/TCST.2026.3677852","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TCST.2026.3677852","url":null,"abstract":"In this article, a guiding vector field (GVF) approach is applied to solve the path-following problem of a time-varying sinusoidal path for an underwater snake robot (USR). The time-varying path-following application is motivated from one of the promising use cases for USRs: underwater exploration and energy autonomy. We present a Lyapunov design method for GVFs, which accounts for the time-varying nature of the path. The GVF is formally shown to make the path-following error dynamics uniform semiglobal exponential stable (USGES). A sliding mode velocity controller for the USR is designed, and the path-following error dynamics for the normalized GVF are analyzed through cascaded systems theory. The cascade is shown to be globally uniformly asymptotically stable (GUAS) when perturbed by a uniformly bounded interconnection term which vanishes with the heading error. Results from a simulation study in a high fidelity computational fluid dynamics (CFDs) simulator are presented, validating the design approach.","PeriodicalId":13103,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Control Systems Technology","volume":"34 3","pages":"1507-1519"},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147828900","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abel Alberto Cuadrado Vega;Ignacio Díaz Blanco;José María Enguita González;Diego García Pérez;Ana González Muñiz
{"title":"Generation of Interpretable Residuals for Fault Diagnosis Based on Projection Techniques: Leveraging Variable Redundancy","authors":"Abel Alberto Cuadrado Vega;Ignacio Díaz Blanco;José María Enguita González;Diego García Pérez;Ana González Muñiz","doi":"10.1109/TCST.2026.3676142","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TCST.2026.3676142","url":null,"abstract":"A challenging but common scenario in fault diagnosis (FD) of processes concerns both an abundance of normal operation data and expert knowledge available, but no fault data and no predefined set of faults. In that scenario, a possible method may consist in generating residuals from the process variables, which are interpretable in the sense that nonzero residuals correspond to variables actually involved in the fault, so the kind of fault occurring can be identified by applying expert knowledge about the process. Under these conditions, we lay out the theoretical framework of the generation of residuals with projection techniques with no additional requirements other than to use models that involve low-dimensional latent spaces embedded in high-dimensional ambient spaces. We claim that the estimation of additive faults improves with higher differences between the dimension of the ambient space (measured input data space) and the dimension of the latent space. This improvement can be even greater in the case of sparse faults. In order to take advantage of that fact, we propose possible ways to obtain solutions to a sparse fault reconstruction problem for cases where a linear model is applicable. Some justifications for this idea are provided with simulations and illustrated with a real example using data from a rotating machine.","PeriodicalId":13103,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Control Systems Technology","volume":"34 3","pages":"1563-1575"},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=11457319","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147828902","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Acoustic Noise Rejection Mode of Atomic Force Microscope Imaging: A Data-Driven Control Approach","authors":"Jiarong Chen;Qingze Zou","doi":"10.1109/TCST.2026.3673873","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TCST.2026.3673873","url":null,"abstract":"In this article, we propose an imaging mode of atomic force microscope (AFM) that is robust to environmental disturbances such as acoustic noise. AFM operation is sensitive to external disturbances such as acoustic noise, as disturbances to the probe-sample interaction directly result in distortions in the images obtained. Although conventional passive noise cancellation has been employed, the passive-noise apparatus limits the function of AFM and its use in emerging applications. Moreover, residual noise still persists. In this work, a noise rejection mode (NRM) is proposed to combat the external disturbance effect during the imaging process—regardless of the disturbance location and without identifying the disturbance dynamics. Specifically, the set point of the feedback control loop for tracking the sample topography is adaptively adjusted online such that the AFM system is insensitive and thereby, robust to the environmental noise. Then, an adaptive feedforward controller is augmented to counteract the noise-caused probe vibration. Moreover, the proposed NRM can be integrated to high-speed imaging. Experimental implementation is presented and discussed to illustrate the proposed technique.","PeriodicalId":13103,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Control Systems Technology","volume":"34 3","pages":"1481-1493"},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147828873","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Disturbance-Adaptive Data-Driven Predictive Control: Trading Comfort Violation for Savings in Building Climate Control","authors":"Jicheng Shi;Christophe Salzmann;Colin N. Jones","doi":"10.1109/TCST.2026.3664129","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TCST.2026.3664129","url":null,"abstract":"Model predictive control (MPC) has demonstrated significant potential in improving energy efficiency in building climate control, outperforming traditional controllers commonly used in modern building management systems (BMSs). Among MPC variants, data-driven predictive control (DPC) offers the advantage of modeling building dynamics directly from data, thereby substantially reducing commissioning efforts. However, inevitable model uncertainties and measurement noise can result in comfort violations, even with dedicated MPC setups. This article introduces a disturbance-adaptive DPC (DAD-DPC) framework that ensures asymptotic satisfaction of predefined violation bounds without knowing the uncertainty and noise distributions. The framework employs a data-driven pipeline based on Willems’ Fundamental Lemma and conformal prediction for application in building climate control. The proposed DAD-DPC framework was validated through four building cases using the high-fidelity building optimization testing framework (BOPTEST) simulation platform and an occupied campus building, Polydome. DAD-DPC successfully regulated the average comfort violations to meet predefined bounds. Notably, the 5% violation DAD-DPC setup achieved 30.1%/11.2%/27.1%/20.5% energy savings compared to default controllers across four cases. These results demonstrate the framework’s effectiveness in balancing energy consumption and comfort violations, offering a practical solution for building climate control applications.","PeriodicalId":13103,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Control Systems Technology","volume":"34 3","pages":"1419-1434"},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147828824","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Physics-Guided Gated Recurrent Units for Inversion-Based Feedforward Control","authors":"Mingdao Lin;Max Bolderman;Mircea Lazar","doi":"10.1109/TCST.2026.3662610","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TCST.2026.3662610","url":null,"abstract":"Inversion-based feedforward control relies on an accurate model that describes the inverse system dynamics. The gated recurrent unit (GRU), which is a recent architecture in recurrent neural networks (RNNs), is a strong candidate for obtaining such a model from data. However, due to their closed-box nature, GRUs face challenges such as limited interpretability and vulnerability to overfitting. Recently, physics-guided neural networks (PGNNs) have been introduced, which integrate the prior physical model structure into the prediction process. This approach not only improves training convergence, but also facilitates the learning of a physics-based model. In this work, we integrate a GRU in the PGNN framework to obtain a PG-GRU, based on which we adopt a two-step approach to feedforward control design. First, we adopt stable inversion techniques to design a stable linear model of the inverse dynamics. Then, a GRU trained on the residual is tailored to inverse system identification. The resulting PG-GRU feedforward controller is validated by means of real-life experiments on a two-mass spring-damper system, where it demonstrates roughly a twofold improvement compared to the linear feedforward and a preview-based GRU feedforward in terms of the integral absolute error (IAE).","PeriodicalId":13103,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Control Systems Technology","volume":"34 3","pages":"1641-1648"},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147828825","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}