Agapius Bou Ghosn;Philip Polack;Arnaud de La Fortelle
{"title":"Model Validity in Observers: When to Increase the Complexity of Your Model?","authors":"Agapius Bou Ghosn;Philip Polack;Arnaud de La Fortelle","doi":"10.1109/TCST.2025.3545381","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TCST.2025.3545381","url":null,"abstract":"Model validity is key to the accurate and safe behavior of autonomous vehicles. Using invalid vehicle models in different plan and control vehicle frameworks puts the stability of the vehicle and, thus, its safety at stake. In this work, we analyze the validity of several popular vehicle models used in the literature with respect to a real vehicle and we prove that serious accuracy issues are encountered beyond a specific lateral acceleration point. We set a clear lateral acceleration domain, in which the used models are an accurate representation of the behavior of the vehicle. We then target the necessity of using learned methods to model the vehicle’s behavior. The effects of model validity on state observers are investigated. The performance of model-based observers is compared to learning-based ones. Overall, this work emphasizes the validity of vehicle models and presents clear operational domains in which models could be used safely.","PeriodicalId":13103,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Control Systems Technology","volume":"33 3","pages":"1037-1050"},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2025-03-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143883470","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Albertus Johannes Malan;Joel Ferguson;Michele Cucuzzella;Jacquelien M. A. Scherpen;Sören Hohmann
{"title":"Passivation of Clustered DC Microgrids With Non-Monotone Loads","authors":"Albertus Johannes Malan;Joel Ferguson;Michele Cucuzzella;Jacquelien M. A. Scherpen;Sören Hohmann","doi":"10.1109/TCST.2025.3537861","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TCST.2025.3537861","url":null,"abstract":"In this article, we consider the problem of voltage stability in dc networks containing uncertain loads with non-monotone incremental impedances and where the steady-state power availability is restricted to a subset of the buses in the network. We propose controllers for powered buses that guarantee voltage regulation and output strictly equilibrium independent passivity (OS-EIP) of the controlled buses, while buses without power are equipped with controllers that dampen their transient behavior. The OS-EIP of a cluster containing both bus types is verified through a linear matrix inequality (LMI) condition, and the asymptotic stability of the overall microgrid with uncertain, non-monotone loads is ensured by interconnecting the OS-EIP clusters. By further using singular perturbation theory, we show that the OS-EIP property of the clusters is robust against certain network parameter and topology changes.","PeriodicalId":13103,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Control Systems Technology","volume":"33 3","pages":"1069-1084"},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2025-02-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143883412","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Data-Driven Combined Longitudinal and Lateral Control for the Car Following Problem","authors":"Leilei Cui;Sayan Chakraborty;Kaan Ozbay;Zhong-Ping Jiang","doi":"10.1109/TCST.2025.3539216","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TCST.2025.3539216","url":null,"abstract":"This article studies the problem of data-driven combined longitudinal and lateral control of autonomous vehicles (AVs) such that the AV can stay within a safe but minimum distance from its leading vehicle and, at the same time, in the lane. Most of the existing methods for combined longitudinal and lateral control are either model-based or developed by purely data-driven methods such as reinforcement learning. Traditional model-based control approaches are insufficient to address the adaptive optimal control design issue for AVs in dynamically changing environments and are subject to model uncertainty. Moreover, the conventional reinforcement learning approaches require a large volume of data, and cannot guarantee the stability of the vehicle. These limitations are addressed by integrating the advanced control theory with reinforcement learning techniques. To be more specific, by utilizing adaptive dynamic programming (ADP) techniques and using the motion data collected from the vehicles, a policy iteration algorithm is proposed such that the control policy is iteratively optimized in the absence of the precise knowledge of the AV’s dynamical model. Furthermore, the stability of the AV is guaranteed with the control policy generated at each iteration of the algorithm. The efficiency of the proposed approach is validated by the integrated simulation of SUMO and CommonRoad.","PeriodicalId":13103,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Control Systems Technology","volume":"33 3","pages":"991-1005"},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2025-02-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143883414","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Anthony Siming Chen;Guido Herrmann;Reza Islam;Chris Brace;James W. G. Turner;Stuart Burgess
{"title":"Q-Learning-Based Optimal Control via Adaptive Critic Network for a Wankel Rotary Engine","authors":"Anthony Siming Chen;Guido Herrmann;Reza Islam;Chris Brace;James W. G. Turner;Stuart Burgess","doi":"10.1109/TCST.2025.3533312","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TCST.2025.3533312","url":null,"abstract":"We propose a new Q-learning-based air-fuel ratio (AFR) controller for a Wankel rotary engine. We first present a mean-value engine model (MVEM) that is modified based on the rotary engine dynamics. The AFR regulation problem is reformulated as an optimal proportional-integral (PI) controller for fuel tracking over the augmented error dynamics. Leveraging the generalized-Hamilton-Jacobi–Bellman (GHJB) equation, we propose a new definition of the Q-function with its arguments being the augmented error and the injected fuel flow rate. We then derive its Q-learning Bellman (QLB) equation based on the optimality principle. This allows online learning of a controller via an adaptive critic network for solving the QLB equation, of which the solution satisfies the GHJB equation. The proposed model-free Q-learning-based controller is implemented on an AIE 225CS Wankel engine, where the practical experiments validate the optimality and performance of the proposed controller.","PeriodicalId":13103,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Control Systems Technology","volume":"33 3","pages":"1101-1109"},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2025-02-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143883415","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
S. A. N. Nouwens;M. M. Paulides;W. P. M. H. Heemels
{"title":"Constraint-Adaptive Model Predictive Control for Radio Frequency Hyperthermia Cancer Treatments","authors":"S. A. N. Nouwens;M. M. Paulides;W. P. M. H. Heemels","doi":"10.1109/TCST.2025.3533315","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TCST.2025.3533315","url":null,"abstract":"During a mild hyperthermia treatment, tumors are heated to temperatures ranging from <inline-formula> <tex-math>$39~^{circ } $ </tex-math></inline-formula>C to <inline-formula> <tex-math>$45~^{circ } $ </tex-math></inline-formula>C for 60–90 min. This thermal therapy can be a successful adjuvant to conventional cancer treatments such as chemotherapy and radiotherapy. In order to extract the maximum potential from the thermal therapy, it is crucial to heat the tumor to the desired therapeutic temperature while minimally heating the healthy tissue. Due to the recent development of magnetic resonance (MR)-compatible heating devices, MR thermometry techniques can be employed to noninvasively monitor the internal patient temperature in real time. This development enables closed-loop control strategies to improve the clinical value of the hyperthermia treatment. In this article, we propose a novel model predictive control (MPC) solution based on the alternating direction method of multipliers in combination with constraint removal techniques to compute optimal control inputs for radio frequency (RF)-based mild hyperthermia in real time based on models with <inline-formula> <tex-math>$10^{5}$ </tex-math></inline-formula>–<inline-formula> <tex-math>$10^{6}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> states and temperature safety constraints. We validated the proposed controller on high-fidelity patient models with and without patient model mismatches. We will show that the proposed control strategy can track a desired tumor temperature reference, while ensuring patient safety through <inline-formula> <tex-math>$10^{5}$ </tex-math></inline-formula>–<inline-formula> <tex-math>$10^{6}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> constraints and maintaining real-time feasibility with a computation time of 6 s, which is sufficiently fast considering the thermal dynamics.","PeriodicalId":13103,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Control Systems Technology","volume":"33 3","pages":"1021-1036"},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2025-02-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143883424","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Bin Zhang;Zhaoyang Li;Xiaoyan Wang;Weiwei Shang;Xinyu Gao;Yifan Ma;Rui Yao;Hui Li;Jianing Yin;Qingge Yang;Qingwei Li
{"title":"Trajectory Planning of Radio Source Tracking for the New Feed Cabin Mechanism in FAST","authors":"Bin Zhang;Zhaoyang Li;Xiaoyan Wang;Weiwei Shang;Xinyu Gao;Yifan Ma;Rui Yao;Hui Li;Jianing Yin;Qingge Yang;Qingwei Li","doi":"10.1109/TCST.2025.3534531","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TCST.2025.3534531","url":null,"abstract":"To reduce the weight of the feed cabin and increase the observation range of the five-hundred-meter aperture spherical radio telescope (FAST) for reaching the galactic center, a new feed cabin mechanism (NFCM) with a lightweight nine-cable-driven structure has recently been proposed, which theoretically has satisfactory performance for the forthcoming upgrade of FAST. However, trajectory planning suitable for the NFCM is still lacking when tracking radio sources. Consequently, an optimal trajectory planning method is proposed in this article that can achieve smooth motion of the NFCM within a specific period by considering the observation requirements of FAST. Based on the motion analysis for radio source tracking, the trajectory relationship between the radio source and the NFCM is deduced by considering the rotation of the Earth. Then, based on the quintic B-spline, the observation-related cable force characteristics are designed as the objective function to obtain the optimal trajectory of the NFCM, where multiple constraints in different spaces are uniformly mapped to the observation space for optimization complexity reduction by using the graphic-based method. The simulation results show that the optimized observation trajectory of the NFCM using constraint mapping is smooth enough to track the radio source, which brings an acceptable continuity of cable length variation for effectively reducing the potential mechanical shock, and the cable force characteristics with constraints are also well guaranteed. In addition, the effectiveness of constraints, the optimality of cable force characteristics, and the feasibility of the planned trajectory are further demonstrated in simulations.","PeriodicalId":13103,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Control Systems Technology","volume":"33 3","pages":"1051-1068"},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2025-02-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143883469","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Robust Predictive Motion Planning by Learning Obstacle Uncertainty","authors":"Jian Zhou;Yulong Gao;Ola Johansson;Björn Olofsson;Erik Frisk","doi":"10.1109/TCST.2025.3533378","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TCST.2025.3533378","url":null,"abstract":"Safe motion planning for robotic systems in dynamic environments is nontrivial in the presence of uncertain obstacles, where estimation of obstacle uncertainties is crucial in predicting future motions of dynamic obstacles. The worst case characterization gives a conservative uncertainty prediction and may result in infeasible motion planning for the ego robotic system. In this article, an efficient, robust, and safe motion-planning algorithm is developed by learning the obstacle uncertainties online. More specifically, the unknown yet intended control set of obstacles is efficiently computed by solving a linear programming (LP) problem. The learned control set is used to compute forward reachable sets (FRSs) of obstacles that are less conservative than the worst case prediction. Based on the forward prediction, a robust model predictive controller is designed to compute a safe reference trajectory for the ego robotic system that remains outside the reachable sets of obstacles over the prediction horizon. The method is applied to a car-like mobile robot in both simulations and hardware experiments to demonstrate its effectiveness.","PeriodicalId":13103,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Control Systems Technology","volume":"33 3","pages":"1006-1020"},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2025-02-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143883468","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Luca M. Hartmann;Orcun Karaca;Tinus Dorfling;Tobias Geyer
{"title":"Switching Frequency Limitation With Finite Control Set Model Predictive Control via Slack Variables","authors":"Luca M. Hartmann;Orcun Karaca;Tinus Dorfling;Tobias Geyer","doi":"10.1109/TCST.2025.3527876","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TCST.2025.3527876","url":null,"abstract":"Past work proposed an extension to finite control set model predictive control to simultaneously track both a current reference and a switching frequency reference. Such an objective can jeopardize the current tracking performance, and this can potentially be alleviated by instead limiting the switching frequency. To this end, we propose to limit the switching frequency in finite control set model predictive control. The switching frequency is captured with an infinite impulse response filter and bounded by an inequality constraint; its corresponding slack variable is penalized in the cost function. To solve the problem efficiently, a sphere decoder with a computational speed-up is presented.","PeriodicalId":13103,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Control Systems Technology","volume":"33 3","pages":"1125-1133"},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2025-02-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143883397","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Maximilian Pierer von Esch;Eva Nistler;Andreas Völz;Knut Graichen
{"title":"Sensitivity-Based Distributed NMPC: Experimental Results for a Levitating Planar Motion System","authors":"Maximilian Pierer von Esch;Eva Nistler;Andreas Völz;Knut Graichen","doi":"10.1109/TCST.2025.3530165","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TCST.2025.3530165","url":null,"abstract":"This brief presents the experimental results of a sensitivity-based distributed nonlinear model predictive (DMPC) scheme applied to a multiagent levitating planar motion system. The algorithm is based on first-order sensitivities such that the central optimal control problem (OCP) is solved cooperatively and in parallel on distributed hardware with networked communication. The experiments consist of a leader-follower scenario, a distribution problem, formation control, and cooperative load transport. The scenarios include couplings in cost functions, constraints, and dynamics in addition to inhomogeneous and nonlinear agent dynamics providing a challenging validation environment. The results showcase the applicability of DMPC to a wide range of classical distributed control problems and demonstrate the real-time capability of the proposed approach.","PeriodicalId":13103,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Control Systems Technology","volume":"33 3","pages":"1110-1118"},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2025-01-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143883380","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Autonomous Hook-Based Grasping and Transportation With Quadcopters","authors":"Péter Antal;Tamás Péni;Roland Tóth","doi":"10.1109/TCST.2025.3529356","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TCST.2025.3529356","url":null,"abstract":"Payload grasping and transportation with quadcopters is an active research area that has rapidly developed over the last decade. To grasp a payload without human interaction, most state-of-the-art approaches apply robotic arms that are attached to the quadcopter body. However, due to the large weight and power consumption of these aerial manipulators, their agility and flight time are limited. This article proposes a motion control and planning method for transportation with a lightweight, passive manipulator structure that consists of a hook attached to a quadrotor using a 1-DoF revolute joint. To perform payload grasping, transportation, and release, first, time-optimal reference trajectories are designed through specific waypoints to ensure the fast and reliable execution of the tasks. Then, a two-stage motion control approach is developed based on a robust geometric controller for precise and reliable reference tracking and a linear-quadratic payload regulator for rapid setpoint stabilization of the payload swing. Furthermore, mathematical guarantees are provided for closed-loop stability to ensure safe operation. The proposed control architecture and design are evaluated in a high-fidelity physical simulator and also in real flight experiments, using a custom-made quadrotor-hook manipulator platform.","PeriodicalId":13103,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Control Systems Technology","volume":"33 3","pages":"980-990"},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2025-01-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143883467","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}