{"title":"Model Predictive Control for High-Speed Train Braking Systems With Priority-Based Force Distribution","authors":"Jiuhe Wang;Zhiyong Chen;Zhiwen Chen","doi":"10.1109/TCST.2026.3685687","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TCST.2026.3685687","url":null,"abstract":"Efficient braking force distribution (BFD) is crucial for high-speed trains (HSTs) to maintain peak performance. Traditional BFD strategies follow a fixed priority sequence: electric braking (EB), air braking (AB) of trailer carriages (TCs), and AB of motor carriages (MCs). However, HST operations must also consider factors such as tracking accuracy and ride comfort. Integrating multiple performance considerations while respecting braking priorities presents a significant technical challenge. This brief proposes a novel model predictive control (MPC) method that not only formulates but also effectively addresses the optimal braking force design problem, ensuring a balanced distribution based on priorities. Its effectiveness is demonstrated across representative braking scenarios, with comprehensive comparisons against traditional BFD strategies.","PeriodicalId":13103,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Control Systems Technology","volume":"34 4","pages":"2162-2169"},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2026-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148442763","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Data-driven and Learning-based Control of Autonomous Systems","authors":"","doi":"10.1109/TCST.2026.3691264","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TCST.2026.3691264","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":13103,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Control Systems Technology","volume":"34 4","pages":"2174-2175"},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2026-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=11581337","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148442880","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"A Spatiotemporal Graph Convolutional Network for Predictive Control With Stability Guarantees","authors":"Zixuan Chen;Keke Huang;Ke Wei;Dehao Wu;Chunhua Yang;Weihua Gui","doi":"10.1109/TCST.2026.3686435","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TCST.2026.3686435","url":null,"abstract":"Since controlled systems are becoming large-scale, complicated, and highly coupled, spatiotemporal features are becoming increasingly essential for accurately representing the system’s dynamics. Recent years have witnessed numerous attempts to enhance predictive models with spatiotemporal features. Inspired by the powerful spatial feature extraction capabilities of graph neural networks, this brief proposes a model predictive control (MPC) method based on graph convolutional networks (GCNs). Specifically, a novel GCN-based predictive model is first proposed, which can extract both spatial and temporal features. Notably, the model can also adaptively learn the spatial graph structure from time series data without requiring any prior knowledge. Then, combined with the MPC framework, the gradient descent (GD) method is introduced to handle the optimization problem. Moreover, stability and feasibility analyses have been conducted to guarantee the effectiveness of the proposed method during practical applications. The experimental results indicate the strength and reliability of the proposed method, which can greatly improve control accuracy compared to other learning-based MPC methods.","PeriodicalId":13103,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Control Systems Technology","volume":"34 4","pages":"2146-2153"},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2026-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148443071","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Hybrid Control of an Islanded Network of Microgrids via Hybrid Dynamical Systems","authors":"Carolina Albea;Alexandre Seuret;Francesco Ferrante","doi":"10.1109/TCST.2026.3676141","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TCST.2026.3676141","url":null,"abstract":"This article proposes a distributed hybrid control law for an islanded network of microgrids, which are allowed to exchange their own power and their own information on the state of charge of their own batteries. The control objective consists in reaching a tradeoff between driving the state of charge of the battery toward a neighborhood of a consensus and reducing the losses in power exchange. The model includes a saturating integrator to further take into account the nonlinear dynamics of the state of charge. The modeling and the control design strongly rely on the hybrid dynamical systems theory, where the state of charge of the batteries and the power flows are considered as continuous-time variables, while the state of connections/disconnections between microgrids is considered as discrete-time variables. The main result of this article guarantees the uniform global asymptotic stability of an attractor, which is specifically chosen to balance proximity to the consensus equilibrium and the reduction of energy losses due to interconnections between microgrids. Finally, this article illustrates the theoretical results through several simulations.","PeriodicalId":13103,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Control Systems Technology","volume":"34 4","pages":"1871-1882"},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2026-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148509295","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Adaptive Optimal PI Control for Grid-Forming Inverters With Provable Multitime-Scale Stability via Lyapunov-Constrained Learning","authors":"Hamad Alduaij;Chenxu Chao;Yang Weng","doi":"10.1109/TCST.2026.3692709","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TCST.2026.3692709","url":null,"abstract":"Modern inverter-based power systems require controllers that adapt to changing grid conditions while maintaining strict stability across nested control loops. Existing approaches face a fundamental tradeoff: classical proportional–integral (PI) controllers offer provable stability but are static, while learning-based methods can adapt but often violate the structural stability guarantees needed for safe operation, especially in systems with tightly coupled, multitime-scale dynamics. This work proposes a distributed adaptive control framework for grid-forming inverters that combines neural gain scheduling with provable Lyapunov stability across multiple time scales. Our approach reformulates nested Lyapunov stability conditions as explicit gain-ratio inequality constraints and embeds them into both: 1) an offline augmented-Lagrangian constrained optimization for base gain synthesis and 2) online neural schedulers that adapt controller parameters to changing operating conditions while preserving stability certificates. A key contribution is the introduction of per-converter dynamic adaptation states governed by Lyapunov-passivity constraints, enabling state-dependent gain scheduling within certified stability envelopes. Implemented within a physics-informed, differentiable simulation environment, controllers tuned with our method preserve stability under severe transients, including large load steps and setpoint changes, while improving closed-loop regulation. This framework retains the familiar PI control architecture while rigorously enforcing stability margins, offering a practical stability-certified learning paradigm for emerging power-electronic systems. The adaptive control performs algorithmic gain synthesis and scheduling as operating conditions change, implemented through learned neural schedulers operating at multiple timescales.","PeriodicalId":13103,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Control Systems Technology","volume":"34 4","pages":"1979-1990"},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2026-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148507924","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Comments on \"Efficient Group Key Management for Resilient Operation of LoRaWAN-Based Smart Grid Applications\"","authors":"Lihua Liu;Zhengjun Cao","doi":"10.1109/TCST.2026.3682777","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TCST.2026.3682777","url":null,"abstract":"We show that Hanna et al.'s group key management cannot be practically implemented, because its group key renewal falsely requires that the control center (CC) uses <inline-formula> <tex-math>$n$ </tex-math></inline-formula> random points to construct a <inline-formula> <tex-math>$t{,}-{,}1$ </tex-math></inline-formula> degree polynomial by Lagrange interpolation, where <inline-formula> <tex-math>$t{,}lt {,}n$ </tex-math></inline-formula>. Actually, the interpolated polynomial is of <inline-formula> <tex-math>$n{,}-{,}1$ </tex-math></inline-formula> degree, not of <inline-formula> <tex-math>$t{,}-{,}1$ </tex-math></inline-formula> degree.","PeriodicalId":13103,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Control Systems Technology","volume":"34 4","pages":"2170-2171"},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2026-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148443009","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Crash-Risk-Aware Integrated Predictive Control in Emergency Conditions for Intelligent Vehicles","authors":"Yu Zhang;Fuwei Wu;Yechen Qin;Mingming Dong;Shaoyang Shi;Ke Chen","doi":"10.1109/TCST.2026.3688255","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TCST.2026.3688255","url":null,"abstract":"Crash-avoidance systems in current intelligent vehicles (IVs) require accurate crash risk estimation and optimization of multiple control inputs. However, the uncertainties in vehicle states caused by the inherent noise in onboard sensors lead to increased errors in spatiotemporal crash risk calculations, which, in turn, affect the optimization of control inputs. To address these challenges, this article introduces a crash-risk-aware integrated predictive control (CRIPC), which computes crash positions and time-to-collision with uncertainties (UTTC) between vehicles under nonideal conditions by constructing an extensive elliptical vehicle geometry model to quantify the uncertainties arising from sensor noise. Additionally, CRIPC utilizes UTTC and the crash-point position between vehicles to dynamically adjust the crash-risk-aware repulsive field, which is subsequently used to define the objective function for CRIPC optimization. Validation results from real-vehicle experiments and driver-in-the-loop (DiL) simulations demonstrate that CRIPC effectively quantifies the motion uncertainties of surrounding vehicles, significantly enhancing crash avoidance capabilities while maintaining vehicle stability. Furthermore, CRIPC shows robustness to variations in road conditions and system uncertainties, meeting the real-time requirements of practical applications.","PeriodicalId":13103,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Control Systems Technology","volume":"34 4","pages":"2049-2060"},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2026-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148443189","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Controlling PV Panels Tilt Orientation for Optimal Crop Shading and Power Generation in Agrivoltaics","authors":"Nicola Mignoni;Paolo Scarabaggio;Raffaele Carli;Mariagrazia Dotoli","doi":"10.1109/TCST.2026.3675731","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TCST.2026.3675731","url":null,"abstract":"Recently, the merger of agriculture and photovoltaic (PV)-based energy generation has led to the new field of agrivoltaic technology. The baseline paradigm consists of mounting PV modules over cultivated areas, increasing the economic return of the land by enabling simultaneous power generation and crop production. However, the presence of PV modules can reduce the amount of light absorbed by the plants, possibly impacting the final harvest. This article focuses on the interaction between plantations and modules, proposing a novel optimization-based approach for automatically controlling the balance between the crops’ light exposure and the power generation. First, we detail the proposed mathematical model and the arising nonconvex mixed-integer optimization problem. Then, we provide an approximate convex mixed-integer formulation, where the guarantees on the approximation error bounds are formally shown. Moreover, to guarantee scalability, we propose a pruning strategy to remove unnecessary variables. Finally, the results of numerical simulations are reported and discussed, using real-world data based on an existing agrivoltaic plant in Southern Italy.","PeriodicalId":13103,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Control Systems Technology","volume":"34 4","pages":"1883-1898"},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2026-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=11480707","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148507624","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Visual-RRT*: Generating Asymptotically Optimal Trajectories With Vision-Based Controllers","authors":"Ramses Reyes;Israel Becerra;Rafael Murrieta-Cid","doi":"10.1109/TCST.2026.3672186","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TCST.2026.3672186","url":null,"abstract":"In this article, we present a planning method for robotic systems that, by construction, guarantees the planned trajectories to be executable in closed-loop with a visual servoing controller, in addition to assuring their asymptotic optimality in the state space. The design of this method requires one to obtain a locally optimal steering method, locally stable closed-loop controllers used to track the optimal trajectories, and a mapping between the motion of the robot in the state space and the corresponding motion of the visual features in the image space. As a result, the proposed approach allows the system to navigate in a closed-loop manner among nonconvex obstacles, following asymptotically optimal trajectories. The method is validated using two systems: a nonholonomic robot and a robotic arm. Real-world experiments are carried out for the first system.","PeriodicalId":13103,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Control Systems Technology","volume":"34 4","pages":"1789-1804"},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2026-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148507908","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Safe On-Orbit Dislodging of Deployable Structures via Robust Adaptive MPC","authors":"Longsen Gao;Claus Danielson;Andrew Kwas;Rafael Fierro","doi":"10.1109/TCST.2026.3686441","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TCST.2026.3686441","url":null,"abstract":"This article proposes a novel robust adaptive model predictive controller for on-orbit dislodging. We study orbit dislodging where a servicing spacecraft uses a robotic arm to free a jammed and unactuated solar panel mounted on a hybrid hinge that acts as a time-varying client on a space station. Our method couples online set-membership identification with a robust adaptive model predictive control (MPC) to enforce safety under bounded disturbances. The controller explicitly balances exploration to excite the system and shrink uncertainty and exploitation to improve control performance through a dual-mode cost. The feasibility of the developed robust adaptive MPC method is also examined through dislodging simulations and hardware experiments in freefall and terrestrial laboratory environments, respectively. In addition, the advantages of our method are shown through comparison experiments with several state-of-the-art control schemes for both accuracy of parameter estimation and control performance.","PeriodicalId":13103,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Control Systems Technology","volume":"34 4","pages":"1991-2004"},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2026-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148507910","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}