IEEE Transactions on Control Systems Technology最新文献

筛选
英文 中文
Safe Circumnavigation of a Hostile Target Using Range-Based Measurements 基于距离测量的敌对目标安全环球航行
IF 3.9 2区 计算机科学
IEEE Transactions on Control Systems Technology Pub Date : 2025-07-04 DOI: 10.1109/TCST.2025.3583427
Gaurav Singh Bhati;Arukonda Vaishnavi;Anoop Jain
{"title":"Safe Circumnavigation of a Hostile Target Using Range-Based Measurements","authors":"Gaurav Singh Bhati;Arukonda Vaishnavi;Anoop Jain","doi":"10.1109/TCST.2025.3583427","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TCST.2025.3583427","url":null,"abstract":"This brief addresses the problem of safe circumnavigation around a hostile target by a nonholonomic robot, with the objective of maintaining a desired safe distance from the target. Our solution approach involves incorporating an auxiliary circle into the problem formulation, which assists in navigating the robot around the target using available range-based measurements. By leveraging the concept of a barrier Lyapunov function (BLF), we propose a novel control law that ensures stable circumnavigation around the target while preventing the robot from entering the safety circle. This controller is designed based on a parameter that depends on the radii of three circles, namely the <italic>stabilizing circle</i>, the <italic>auxiliary circle</i>, and the <italic>safety circle</i>. By identifying an appropriate range for this design parameter, we rigorously prove the stability of the desired equilibrium of the closed-loop system. Additionally, we provide an analysis of the robot’s motion within the auxiliary circle, which is influenced by a gain parameter in the proposed controller. Simulation and experimental results validate the theoretical findings.","PeriodicalId":13103,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Control Systems Technology","volume":"33 6","pages":"2483-2489"},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2025-07-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145341068","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Guided Control of Human Drivers: Control Design and Experiments 人类驾驶员的导向控制:控制设计与实验
IF 3.9 2区 计算机科学
IEEE Transactions on Control Systems Technology Pub Date : 2025-06-03 DOI: 10.1109/TCST.2025.3571601
Bence Szaksz;Gábor Orosz;Gabor Stepan
{"title":"Guided Control of Human Drivers: Control Design and Experiments","authors":"Bence Szaksz;Gábor Orosz;Gabor Stepan","doi":"10.1109/TCST.2025.3571601","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TCST.2025.3571601","url":null,"abstract":"This brief investigates the guidance of a human driver via an automated lead vehicle, when the automated vehicle is not only responding to a reference velocity but it also takes into account the speed of the subsequent human-driven vehicle (HV). To verify the theoretical results, a human-in-the-loop (HITL) simulation environment is developed, in which a graphical interface illustrates the automated vehicle ahead, while the human operator controls the velocity of the following vehicle via the accelerator and brake pedals. Nine human drivers were involved in the experiments, each of them carried out the driving task for 79 control gain combinations of the automated vehicle. Based on the measurement data, the parameters of the human driver model were estimated using the sweeping least squares method; the measurement results confirmed the applicability of the theoretical model in designing advanced traffic control strategies.","PeriodicalId":13103,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Control Systems Technology","volume":"33 6","pages":"2455-2462"},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2025-06-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145339698","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Robust Optimal Control of Inverter-Based Resources Under Grid-Forming Operation 并网工况下基于逆变器的资源鲁棒最优控制
IF 3.9 2区 计算机科学
IEEE Transactions on Control Systems Technology Pub Date : 2025-04-30 DOI: 10.1109/TCST.2025.3560569
Sina Ameli;Olugbenga Moses Anubi;Fang Peng
{"title":"Robust Optimal Control of Inverter-Based Resources Under Grid-Forming Operation","authors":"Sina Ameli;Olugbenga Moses Anubi;Fang Peng","doi":"10.1109/TCST.2025.3560569","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TCST.2025.3560569","url":null,"abstract":"In this article, we propose and solve a robust control problem (RCP) for inverter-based resources (IBRs) under grid-forming operation to regulate the voltage and frequency. One major challenge is to mitigate the effect of unmeasurable load current disturbance and grid and load parametric uncertainties. Moreover, strong coupling between the state variables on both the ac and dc sides, as well as between the modulating control input and the frequency impose additional challenges. To address these challenges, first, an RCP is solved at the high level via transformation into an equivalent, but more tractable, optimal control problem (OCP). Then, in the middle layer, a voltage control law is designed on the one side, and a frequency control law on the other side. Finally, an inverter filter current controller is designed to complete the controller design. Theoretical results are derived to provide stability guarantees for the resulting closed-loop system. Specifically, we show that the inverter current injection error is dissipative, the frequency error is semi-globally asymptotically stable, and the inverter terminal voltage error is globally asymptotically stable, all with provided sufficient conditions. Numerical simulation experiments are used to validate the theoretical claims. Furthermore, the developed controller is compared with existing work in the literature to show the efficacy of the proposed approach.","PeriodicalId":13103,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Control Systems Technology","volume":"33 5","pages":"1851-1863"},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2025-04-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144891198","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Data-Driven Controller Tuning for Battery Energy Storage Systems: A Set-Membership Approach 电池储能系统的数据驱动控制器整定:一种集隶属度方法
IF 3.9 2区 计算机科学
IEEE Transactions on Control Systems Technology Pub Date : 2025-04-28 DOI: 10.1109/TCST.2025.3560546
Andres Cordoba-Pacheco;Lorenzo Petrucci;Matteo Filippone;Fredy Ruiz
{"title":"Data-Driven Controller Tuning for Battery Energy Storage Systems: A Set-Membership Approach","authors":"Andres Cordoba-Pacheco;Lorenzo Petrucci;Matteo Filippone;Fredy Ruiz","doi":"10.1109/TCST.2025.3560546","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TCST.2025.3560546","url":null,"abstract":"Optimizing resources in industrial processes requires precise control strategies but often relies on complex mathematical models that are difficult to develop, posing challenges for traditional control methods. To solve this problem, an innovative methodology for fine-tuning controllers is presented based on the set-membership data-driven (SMDD) approach. This novel technique can change the traditional methods used for tuning controllers in the industry by leveraging real-world data and presents a transformative alternative in controller design. To demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed methodology, it is applied in a controller design process for a real battery energy storage system (BESS) with a peak capacity of 267 kW, which is connected to the main grid. The study conducts a detailed comparative analysis between conventional tuning techniques based on simple open-loop step response characteristics, an existing controller for the BESS tuned by trial and error, and the SMDD methodology. The data-driven approach shows significant improvements in the system performance with reductions of up to 18% in step response time and overshoots under 1%, proving its robustness at dealing with time-variant communication delays and fixed controller structures. The study concludes that the SMDD methodology emerges as a tool with the potential for tuning controllers in real-world systems.","PeriodicalId":13103,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Control Systems Technology","volume":"33 5","pages":"1757-1770"},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2025-04-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144891246","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Kernel-Based Learning With Adaptive Physiological Constraints for Personalized Postprandial Glucose Prediction 基于自适应生理约束的核学习用于个性化餐后血糖预测
IF 3.9 2区 计算机科学
IEEE Transactions on Control Systems Technology Pub Date : 2025-04-21 DOI: 10.1109/TCST.2025.3556236
Suhao Feng;Deheng Cai;Jing Chen;Dawei Shi;Ling Shi;Wei Liu;Linong Ji
{"title":"Kernel-Based Learning With Adaptive Physiological Constraints for Personalized Postprandial Glucose Prediction","authors":"Suhao Feng;Deheng Cai;Jing Chen;Dawei Shi;Ling Shi;Wei Liu;Linong Ji","doi":"10.1109/TCST.2025.3556236","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TCST.2025.3556236","url":null,"abstract":"Accurate and physiologically interpretable postprandial glucose prediction is of importance in diabetes self-management. In this work, the problem of personalized glucose prediction is considered, and an interpretable postprandial glucose trajectory prediction framework is proposed based on kernel-based system identification under physiological constraints. Considering treatment requirements in inpatient scenarios, an online prediction update mechanism is developed to deal with intrasubject variability. Through incorporating physiological constraints abstracted from linearized compartmental models, a posterior performance assessment and adaptation mechanism is designed to guarantee the interpretability of the predicted glucose responses. The proposed method is evaluated through clinical data from type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) subjects, and the results indicate that the proposed method can achieve physiologically interpretable postprandial glucose trajectory prediction with satisfactory performance.","PeriodicalId":13103,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Control Systems Technology","volume":"33 5","pages":"1712-1726"},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2025-04-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144891195","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Robust Fault Estimation With Structured Uncertainty: Scalable Algorithms and Experimental Validation in Automated Vehicles 基于结构不确定性的鲁棒故障估计:可扩展算法与自动驾驶车辆的实验验证
IF 3.9 2区 计算机科学
IEEE Transactions on Control Systems Technology Pub Date : 2025-04-08 DOI: 10.1109/TCST.2025.3552618
Chris van der Ploeg;Pedro Vieira Oliveira;Emilia Silvas;Peyman Mohajerin Esfahani;Nathan van de Wouw
{"title":"Robust Fault Estimation With Structured Uncertainty: Scalable Algorithms and Experimental Validation in Automated Vehicles","authors":"Chris van der Ploeg;Pedro Vieira Oliveira;Emilia Silvas;Peyman Mohajerin Esfahani;Nathan van de Wouw","doi":"10.1109/TCST.2025.3552618","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TCST.2025.3552618","url":null,"abstract":"To increase system robustness and autonomy, in this article, we propose a nonlinear fault estimation filter for a class of linear dynamical systems, subject to structured uncertainty, measurement noise, and system delays, in the presence of additive and multiplicative faults. The proposed filter architecture combines tools from model-based control approaches, regression techniques, and convex optimization. The proposed method estimates the additive and multiplicative faults using a linear residual generator combined with nonlinear regression. An offline simulator allows us to numerically characterize the mismatch between an assumed linear model and a range of alternative linear models that exhibit different levels of structured uncertainty. Moreover, we show how the performance bounds of the estimator, valid in the absence of uncertainty, can be used to determine appropriate countermeasures for measurement noise. In the scope of this work, we focus particularly on a fault estimation problem for Society of Automotive Engineers (SAEs) level 4 automated vehicles, which must remain operational in various cases and cannot rely on the driver. The proposed approach is demonstrated in simulations and in an experimental setting, where it is shown that additive and multiplicative faults can be estimated in a real vehicle under the influence of model uncertainty, measurement noise, and delay.","PeriodicalId":13103,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Control Systems Technology","volume":"33 5","pages":"1651-1666"},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2025-04-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144891307","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Multirate Consensus-Based Distributed Control for Large-Scale Wind Farms 基于多速率共识的大型风电场分布式控制
IF 3.9 2区 计算机科学
IEEE Transactions on Control Systems Technology Pub Date : 2025-04-02 DOI: 10.1109/TCST.2025.3550033
Jean Gonzalez Silva;Twan Keijzer;Alexander Julian Gallo;Riccardo Ferrari;Jan-Willem van Wingerden
{"title":"Multirate Consensus-Based Distributed Control for Large-Scale Wind Farms","authors":"Jean Gonzalez Silva;Twan Keijzer;Alexander Julian Gallo;Riccardo Ferrari;Jan-Willem van Wingerden","doi":"10.1109/TCST.2025.3550033","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TCST.2025.3550033","url":null,"abstract":"High penetration of wind energy is pushing wind farms (WFs) to offer grid support capabilities, such as active power tracking. One of the main challenges in active power tracking for WFs is the interaction of wind turbines (WTs) through their wakes. This reduces the available wind in downstream WTs, leading them to saturation, while also affecting structural loading. With the increasing number of WTs in individual WFs, the computational and communication complexity of implementing centralized control architectures grows, posing challenges for real-world applications. In this article, we present a novel distributed control approach for active power tracking for WFs, namely multirate consensus-based distributed control (MCDC). The MCDC is designed to ensure that tracking errors caused by WT saturation are equally compensated throughout the WF, while only requiring local information exchanges between WTs. Furthermore, the proposed controller ensures that WT aerodynamic loading is balanced across the WF in a distributed manner. Finally, the overall power reference is distributed via a leader-follower consensus algorithm, resulting in a fully distributed approach. Our control approach facilitates the WF modularity and sparsity, which reduces the costs associated with control design and its applicability. Throughout this article, we demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed MCDC through high-fidelity simulations, presenting performance comparable to the centralized control.","PeriodicalId":13103,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Control Systems Technology","volume":"33 5","pages":"1572-1585"},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2025-04-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144891295","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Finite-Time Adaptive Sliding Mode Fault-Tolerant Attitude Control for Flexible Spacecraft 柔性航天器的有限时间自适应滑模容错姿态控制
IF 3.9 2区 计算机科学
IEEE Transactions on Control Systems Technology Pub Date : 2025-04-01 DOI: 10.1109/TCST.2025.3550807
Faizan Shahid;Hao Luo;Yuchen Jiang;Muhammad Noman Hasan
{"title":"Finite-Time Adaptive Sliding Mode Fault-Tolerant Attitude Control for Flexible Spacecraft","authors":"Faizan Shahid;Hao Luo;Yuchen Jiang;Muhammad Noman Hasan","doi":"10.1109/TCST.2025.3550807","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TCST.2025.3550807","url":null,"abstract":"This article presents an adaptive fault-tolerant attitude control (FTAC) system designed for flexible spacecraft with minimum computational burden. It offers exceptional energy efficiency and robust anti-unwinding capabilities. First, the spacecraft system dynamics are redefined for the actuator’s performance matrix by considering the flexible appendage’s vibration effects, inertial uncertainties, external disturbances, and faults associated with the actuators (misalignment, bias, and loss of effectiveness). The control scheme is conceived by introducing a modified nonsingular terminal sliding mode (MNTSM) surface with an imposed constraint, and a modal vibration observer (MVO) estimates vibrations induced by flexible appendages. Then, based on the designed sliding manifold, an adaptive law and switching function are employed to estimate and compensate lumped disturbances. Subsequently, an anti-unwinding finite-time adaptive sliding mode (AFASM) fault-tolerant control law is proposed. The remarkable characteristic of the proposed control is its ability to simultaneously handle unwinding and modal vibrations in the presence of actuator faults and demonstrate finite-time precise attitude tracking. The stability and finite-time convergence of the proposed control is established using the Lyapunov and finite-time theory. Finally, numerical simulations illustrate the effectiveness and efficacy of the propounded control for fault-free and faulty actuator scenarios.","PeriodicalId":13103,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Control Systems Technology","volume":"33 5","pages":"1700-1711"},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2025-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144891194","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Deep Reinforcement Learning With Integer Optimization for Dynamic Slab Assignment Problem 动态配板问题的整数优化深度强化学习
IF 3.9 2区 计算机科学
IEEE Transactions on Control Systems Technology Pub Date : 2025-03-31 DOI: 10.1109/TCST.2025.3552543
Tianyang Li;Ying Meng;Lixin Tang;Yuxuan Zhang
{"title":"Deep Reinforcement Learning With Integer Optimization for Dynamic Slab Assignment Problem","authors":"Tianyang Li;Ying Meng;Lixin Tang;Yuxuan Zhang","doi":"10.1109/TCST.2025.3552543","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TCST.2025.3552543","url":null,"abstract":"This article investigates a dynamic slab assignment problem (DSAP) that arises in the slab production process of steel industry. In DSAP, a set of slabs and orders arrive dynamically at each time step of a planning period, and their information cannot be observed in advance. For a planning period, a series of decisions need to be made on allocating the slabs to customer orders, self-designed orders, or holding them in inventory to maximize total rewards. To address DSAP effectively, we formulate a Markov decision process (MDP) model and propose a deep reinforcement learning algorithm combined with an integer programming (DRLIP) model. DRLIP decomposes each decision time step into two stages, i.e., dynamic selection stage and static assignment stage. The dynamic selection stage primarily uses a double-pointer network (DPN) to select the slabs and orders to be involved in matching. In the static assignment stage, an extension of a multiknapsack problem is constructed based on the selected slabs and orders. We formulate an integer programming (IP) model to solve this multiknapsack problem for obtaining an optimal assignment decision, which in turn provides a reward for each time step. To evaluate the effectiveness of DRLIP, we use a global method, three advanced heuristic methods, and a scenario tree method for comparison on practical and randomly generated problem instances. Computational results show that DRLIP yields a mean gap of 21.5% versus the optimum from the global method and outperforms the other comparison methods.","PeriodicalId":13103,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Control Systems Technology","volume":"33 5","pages":"1586-1600"},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2025-03-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144891245","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Optimal Supplemental Lighting Control Using LED Lamps in Greenhouses Considering Multicrops and Spatial Supplemental Light Distribution 考虑多组和空间补光分布的温室LED灯最优补光控制
IF 3.9 2区 计算机科学
IEEE Transactions on Control Systems Technology Pub Date : 2025-03-31 DOI: 10.1109/TCST.2025.3553000
Seyyed Shaho Alaviani;Marc W. van Iersel;Javad Mohammadpour Velni
{"title":"Optimal Supplemental Lighting Control Using LED Lamps in Greenhouses Considering Multicrops and Spatial Supplemental Light Distribution","authors":"Seyyed Shaho Alaviani;Marc W. van Iersel;Javad Mohammadpour Velni","doi":"10.1109/TCST.2025.3553000","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TCST.2025.3553000","url":null,"abstract":"This brief aims at developing an <italic>optimal</i> supplemental lighting control method using light-emitting diode (LED) lamps in controlled environmental agriculture. Existing results in the literature have <italic>not</i> contemplated the problem under <italic>supplemental light distribution</i> and/or <italic>multicrops</i> in greenhouses where “supplemental light distribution” is referred to the horizontal pattern it casts and amount of light that reaches certain vertical angles and “multicrops” is defined as cultivating different plants in a greenhouse. To the best knowledge of the authors, this work is the <italic>first</i> that fills the aforementioned gap. To address the problem, an approach for <italic>sectioning</i> LED lamps’ control sources in a greenhouse is proposed, and an optimization problem is formulated for minimizing the electricity cost, light intensity regulation, and/or peak of supplemental lights minimization under <italic>both</i> supplemental light distribution and multicrops cases for which a learning-based algorithm is given under sunlight prediction (which is based on the Markov process). A switched algorithm is then proposed to reduce electricity cost to the lowest possible. Finally, a numerical example is provided in order to demonstrate the result and its advantages.","PeriodicalId":13103,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Control Systems Technology","volume":"33 5","pages":"1946-1952"},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2025-03-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144891042","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
0
×
引用
GB/T 7714-2015
复制
MLA
复制
APA
复制
导出至
BibTeX EndNote RefMan NoteFirst NoteExpress
×
提示
您的信息不完整,为了账户安全,请先补充。
现在去补充
×
提示
您因"违规操作"
具体请查看互助需知
我知道了
×
提示
确定
请完成安全验证×
相关产品
×
本文献相关产品
联系我们:info@booksci.cn Book学术提供免费学术资源搜索服务,方便国内外学者检索中英文文献。致力于提供最便捷和优质的服务体验。 Copyright © 2023 布克学术 All rights reserved.
京ICP备2023020795号-1
ghs 京公网安备 11010802042870号
Book学术文献互助
Book学术文献互助群
群 号:604180095
Book学术官方微信