Won-Gyu Kim;Sang-Yun Nam;Young-Jun Jeon;Sung-Wan Hong
{"title":"A 1.8–5.5-V LDO–BGR System With LACM Buffer for High PSRR in Camera Applications","authors":"Won-Gyu Kim;Sang-Yun Nam;Young-Jun Jeon;Sung-Wan Hong","doi":"10.1109/TCSII.2025.3578616","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TCSII.2025.3578616","url":null,"abstract":"This brief proposes a low-dropout regulator (LDO) and bandgap reference (BGR) system designed for camera applications, where high power supply rejection ratio (PSRR) and low output noise are critical. To achieve a stable output across a wide load range from no load to 600 mA a load-adaptive current-mirror (LACM) buffer is introduced. The LACM buffer effectively regulates current flow across different load conditions, minimizing power loss while ensuring stable operation. Additionally, a sample-and-hold (S/H)-based BGR is implemented to eliminate noise propagation from the supply voltage <inline-formula> <tex-math>$(V_{mathrm { SYS}})$ </tex-math></inline-formula> to the reference voltage <inline-formula> <tex-math>$(V_{mathrm { REF}})$ </tex-math></inline-formula>, further enhancing PSRR. The proposed system was fabricated using a 0.18-<inline-formula> <tex-math>$mu $ </tex-math></inline-formula>m CMOS process.","PeriodicalId":13101,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems II: Express Briefs","volume":"72 8","pages":"1108-1112"},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2025-06-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144751080","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Privacy-Preserving Optimal Battery Control for Energy Storage Systems Using Adaptive Dynamic Programming","authors":"Jiaoni Wang;Jiayue Sun","doi":"10.1109/TCSII.2025.3578944","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TCSII.2025.3578944","url":null,"abstract":"This brief investigates the problems of high electricity costs due to price fluctuations and data transmission security risks in energy management systems. To mitigate these issues, first, a privacy-preserving communication framework based on encryption-decryption mechanisms is designed to enhance data security and prevent malicious attacks. Then, a battery management approach based on an adaptive dynamic programming algorithm with privacy protection is designed to optimize energy scheduling, reduce electricity costs, and extend battery lifetime. The algorithm is implemented using an actor-critic neural network architecture, and it is proven that the weight estimation errors are uniformly ultimately bounded. Finally, simulation results validate the designed approach’s capability in reducing electricity costs and enhancing data security.","PeriodicalId":13101,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems II: Express Briefs","volume":"72 8","pages":"1053-1057"},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2025-06-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144750997","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"A Switch-as-Resistor Self-Adaptive Gate-Biasing Technique for Optimized Forward and Reverse Conduction in a CMOS Rectifier","authors":"Yi Chen Lee;Harikrishnan Ramiah;Tian Siang Ho;Fu Qi Chua;Wen Xun Lian;Kishore Kumar Pakkirisami Churchill;Yong Chen","doi":"10.1109/TCSII.2025.3578345","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TCSII.2025.3578345","url":null,"abstract":"This brief proposes a switch-as-resistor self-adaptive gate-biasing technique implemented in a 900 MHz single-stage cross-coupled rectifier for IoT and WSN applications. The proposed method employs NMOS switches as the resistive component (RRES), which are controlled by a rectangular signal from a CMOS inverter. This configuration adaptively enables (disables) the NMOS switches during reverse (forward) conduction phases, and self-adaptively provides gate-biasing, resulting in conserved forward charge with mitigated reverse charge. As a result, the output power is enhanced with higher charge accumulation at the output terminal. The circuit gives a measured result of 84.3% in peak power conversion efficiency (PCE) at an input power (PIN) of –21 dBm through a 100 k<inline-formula> <tex-math>$Omega $ </tex-math></inline-formula> load. The proposed circuit also achieves a 25 dB DR with a PCE of over 20%. With a compact chip area of 0.0105 mm2, the rectifier achieves the widest PDR of 25 dB and a sensitivity of –18 dBm under a 100 k<inline-formula> <tex-math>$Omega $ </tex-math></inline-formula> load. Compared to other state-of-the-art rectifiers, the proposed scheme demonstrates higher performance in terms of PDR and PCE.","PeriodicalId":13101,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems II: Express Briefs","volume":"72 8","pages":"1103-1107"},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2025-06-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144750906","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Cong Huang;Li Zhu;Weiping Ding;Peng Mei;Shichun Yang;Quan Shi
{"title":"An Encoding–Decoding-Based State Estimation Scheme for State-Saturated Systems Under Buffer-Aided Mechanism","authors":"Cong Huang;Li Zhu;Weiping Ding;Peng Mei;Shichun Yang;Quan Shi","doi":"10.1109/TCSII.2025.3578535","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TCSII.2025.3578535","url":null,"abstract":"In this brief, the encoding-decoding-based state estimation problem is investigated for a class of state-saturated systems under buffer-aided mechanism where the wireless communication is unreliable. The buffer-aided mechanism is exploited to improve the data utilization and estimation performance with the capability of storing the undelivered signals and then transmits them to the remote estimator at each transmission instant. To overcome inherent communication limitations, a novel probabilistic encoding-decoding scheme is introduced to compress the sensor measurements. The objective of this brief is to develop an encoding-decoding-based estimator such that the estimation error covariance is minimized in certain sense for all possible state saturations as well as the effects induced by buffer-aided mechanism. The estimation error covariance conditioned on the transmission intervals is first obtained in recursions and then is minimized by the choice of the appropriate estimator gain. Finally, simulation results are presented to demonstrate the validity of the proposed estimation scheme.","PeriodicalId":13101,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems II: Express Briefs","volume":"72 8","pages":"1043-1047"},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2025-06-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144750996","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Jongchan An;Seung-Myeong Yu;Gwangmyeong An;Songi Cheon;Hyunsu Jang;Junyoung Song
{"title":"A 1.58 pJ/b 9 G bps Reference-Less Clock and Data Recovery Circuit With Sigma Range Detector","authors":"Jongchan An;Seung-Myeong Yu;Gwangmyeong An;Songi Cheon;Hyunsu Jang;Junyoung Song","doi":"10.1109/TCSII.2025.3577785","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TCSII.2025.3577785","url":null,"abstract":"A 1.58 pJ/b 9 Gbps half-rate reference-less clock and data recovery (CDR) circuit with a sigma range detector (SRD) is presented. The SRD detects the standard deviation of the reference clock frequency error extracted from random data when the stochastic divider ratio is set to 256. The proposed SRD-based CDR mitigates the trade-off between the divider ratio induced by the randomness of the PRBS and the frequency error. This approach enhances the calculation speed of the frequency loop and improves the accuracy of the extracted frequency by eliminating additional compensation stages, resulting in reduced power consumption. The proposed CDR was fabricated in a 65-nm CMOS technology. The lock-time for PRBS11 is <inline-formula> <tex-math>$2.7~mu $ </tex-math></inline-formula>s, with a rms jitter of 1.1 ps and a peak-to-peak jitter of 16 ps. The active area of the design is 0.0636 mm2, with a power efficiency of 1.58 pJ/b.","PeriodicalId":13101,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems II: Express Briefs","volume":"72 7","pages":"888-892"},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2025-06-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144536345","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
An Sun;Yaxin Zeng;Haoqi Qin;Hao Xu;Rui Yin;Xiaoliang Shen;Lifeng Bian;Na Yan
{"title":"A 0.2-19GHz Zero-IF Reconfigurable Quadrature Transmitter With T-Coil Matching Network","authors":"An Sun;Yaxin Zeng;Haoqi Qin;Hao Xu;Rui Yin;Xiaoliang Shen;Lifeng Bian;Na Yan","doi":"10.1109/TCSII.2025.3577994","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TCSII.2025.3577994","url":null,"abstract":"This brief presents a 0.2-19GHz ultra-wideband reconfigurable transmitter in 28nm CMOS process. This brief is based on the analysis of the T-coil matching network, which defines the design boundaries for achieving wideband gain flatness in T-coil voltage transfer. The T-coil with capacitive and resistive loads is applied separately in the matching networks of the mixer and power amplifier (PA), enabling the proposed transmitter to achieve wideband frequency coverage. To achieve the image rejection ratio (IRR) across a wideband, two structures of divide-by-2 circuits are utilized to generate low phase error quadrature LO signals. Driven by the feedforward compensation transconductance amplifier (OTA), the analog baseband low pass filter(LPF) achieves a wide reconfigurable bandwidth(BW) and gain range. The proposed transmitter achieves 8.1-13.4dBm saturation output power(Psat) in a compact area of 1.08mm<inline-formula> <tex-math>${times }1.92$ </tex-math></inline-formula>mm(2.07mm2). The measured IRR and LO leakage suppression are better than 41dBc/38dBc. The baseband LPF BW is configurable from 100 to 500MHz and gain adjustment range is 20dB in 1.5dB step.","PeriodicalId":13101,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems II: Express Briefs","volume":"72 8","pages":"1023-1027"},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2025-06-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144750873","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"A Ku-Band Broadband 8-Channel 8-Beam Phased-Array Receiver With Polarization Agility and Beam Reconfiguration for SATCOM Applications","authors":"Zhuoheng Xie;Yue Feng;Bo Huang;Zihan Zhang;Heng Zhao;Lan Liu;Zhihao Liu;Zhigang Li;Xiulong Wu","doi":"10.1109/TCSII.2025.3578020","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TCSII.2025.3578020","url":null,"abstract":"This brief presents a Ku-band broadband 8-channel 8-beam phased-array receiver with polarization agility and dynamic beam reconfiguration, addressing the growing demand for Low Earth Orbit (LEO) and high-throughput satellite communications (SATCOM). The receiver chip integrates 32 independently controlled amplitude and phase channels, utilizing an innovatively designed reconfigurable power divider network to flexibly support single-beam, dual-beam, four-beam, and eight-beam modes, while enabling dynamic selection between horizontal and vertical polarization. Furthermore, the receiver system adopts a hybrid architecture combining a 6-bit active vector-modulated phase shifter and a 6-bit passive attenuator to achieve high-precision amplitude and phase control. Measurement results demonstrate a wide operational frequency range from 10 GHz to 15 GHz, achieving a remarkable channel gain of 24.5 dB and an input 1-dB gain compression point (IP1dB) exceeding 15.8 dBm. The root mean square (RMS) phase and amplitude errors are below 5.19° and 0.24 dB, respectively. Fabricated using a 0.18 <inline-formula> <tex-math>$mu $ </tex-math></inline-formula>m SiGe Bi-CMOS process, the chip features a compact area of <inline-formula> <tex-math>$6.7 times 5.3,text {mm}^{2}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> and a total power consumption of less than 465 mW.","PeriodicalId":13101,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems II: Express Briefs","volume":"72 7","pages":"893-897"},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2025-06-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144536276","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Qiankang Hou;Huanzhi Wang;Shihong Ding;Chen Ding;Christopher H. T. Lee
{"title":"Improved Disturbance Rejection and Noise Suppression Properties for PMSM Speed Control Systems Using Different Order Fast Finite-Time Extended State Observers","authors":"Qiankang Hou;Huanzhi Wang;Shihong Ding;Chen Ding;Christopher H. T. Lee","doi":"10.1109/TCSII.2025.3577129","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TCSII.2025.3577129","url":null,"abstract":"The second-order typical fast finite-time extended state observer (FFESO), third-order generalized FESO, and third-order augmented FFESO are adopted to directly estimate the motor speed and lumped disturbance, thereby enhancing the disturbance rejection and noise suppression properties of permanent magnet synchronous motor (PMSM) speed control systems. Although conventional linear extended state observer (ESO) has been proven to improve the anti-disturbance and robustness of motor speed control system, its estimation error can only converge asymptotically to an infinite region. In this brief, different speed control algorithms combining proportional control with different types of FFESOs are proposed. By introducing nonlinear terms into conventional ESO, the estimation accuracy of the proposed FFESOs can be greatly enhanced. Meanwhile, experimental results show a clearer analysis of the characteristics of FFESOs with different structures and orders.","PeriodicalId":13101,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems II: Express Briefs","volume":"72 8","pages":"1038-1042"},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2025-06-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144750905","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Memory Optimized, High Signal Quality Direct Digital Frequency Synthesizer on an FPGA","authors":"Kalle I. Palomäki;Jari Nurmi","doi":"10.1109/TCSII.2025.3576310","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TCSII.2025.3576310","url":null,"abstract":"Direct digital frequency synthesis is a method for generating digital samples of periodic analog signals. It has been broadly used for decades in applications such as digital radios and radars. The common approaches utilize read-only memory (ROM) for creating amplitude values, and a lot of research focus has been put into reducing the required ROM size. In this brief, we are presenting a memory optimized Direct Digital Frequency Synthesizer (DDFS) architecture that applies the <inline-formula> <tex-math>$3{^{text {rd}}}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> order Taylor series approximation for amplitude computation. To evaluate the architecture performance, also traditional ROM-based architecture is introduced. Both approaches are implemented using VHDL code on a field programmable gate array (FPGA). The FPGA resource utilization, memory consumption, and signal quality are analyzed and compared with other recently published DDFS approaches. Based on the simulation and implementation results, the proposed new architecture consumes only 270 bits of memory and has the output signal spurious free dynamic range (SFDR) of –103.6 dBc.","PeriodicalId":13101,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems II: Express Briefs","volume":"72 7","pages":"958-962"},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2025-06-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=11022740","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144536541","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Tao Li;Yijie Wang;Yang Li;Jianwei Mai;Zhichao Sun;Jian Cui;Ao Yang;Dianguo Xu
{"title":"A Novel Reconfigurable Wireless Charging System Achieving Constant Current and Constant Voltage Conversion by a Single Secondary-Side Switch","authors":"Tao Li;Yijie Wang;Yang Li;Jianwei Mai;Zhichao Sun;Jian Cui;Ao Yang;Dianguo Xu","doi":"10.1109/TCSII.2025.3576132","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TCSII.2025.3576132","url":null,"abstract":"The wireless charging process for lithium batteries involves two key phases: constant current (CC) mode and constant voltage (CV) mode. This brief introduces a novel method for topology reconfiguration, simplifying the CC and CV conversion with the control of a single secondary-side switch. The system leverages a three-coil structure for CC output and employs a single switch to reconstruct the two secondary coils, achieving CV output. This approach stands out from previous solutions that required primary control and multiple switches. Using a single switch on the secondary side significantly simplifies the system control and eliminates the necessity for communication with the primary side. These improvements contribute to heightened system reliability. To validate this concept, a prototype with a maximum output of 1.2 kW was developed and tested.","PeriodicalId":13101,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems II: Express Briefs","volume":"72 7","pages":"973-977"},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2025-06-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144536346","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}