Handbook of clinical neurology最新文献_第7页

Hemispheric organization of the brain and its prevailing impact on the neuropsychology of aging. 大脑的半球组织及其对衰老神经心理学的普遍影响。

Handbook of clinical neurology Pub Date : 2025-01-01 DOI: 10.1016/B978-0-443-15646-5.00004-X

Sara B Festini, Grace Kegler, Patricia A Reuter-Lorenz

{"title":"Hemispheric organization of the brain and its prevailing impact on the neuropsychology of aging.","authors":"Sara B Festini, Grace Kegler, Patricia A Reuter-Lorenz","doi":"10.1016/B978-0-443-15646-5.00004-X","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-443-15646-5.00004-X","url":null,"abstract":"Age differences in brain hemispheric asymmetry have figured prominently in the neuropsychology of aging. Here, a broad overview of these empirical and theoretical approaches is provided that dates back to the 1970s and continues to the present day. Methodological advances often brought new evidence to bear on older ideas and promoted the development of new ones. The deficit-focused hypothesis of accelerated right-hemisphere aging is reviewed first, followed by subsequent accounts pertaining to compensation, reserve, and their potential hemispheric underpinnings. Structural and functional neuroimaging reveal important and consistent age-related patterns, including indications of reduced brain asymmetry in older relative to younger adults. While not mutually exclusive, different neuropsychologic theories of aging offer divergent interpretations of such patterns, including age-related reductions in neural specificity (dedifferentiation) and age-related compensatory bilateral recruitment [e.g., Hemispheric Asymmetry Reduction in Older Adults (HAROLD); Compensation-Related Utilization of Neural Circuits Hypothesis (CRUNCH)]. Further, recent neurobehavioral evidence suggests that the right hemisphere plays a unique role in resisting the neurocognitive effects of aging via brain reserve. Future advances in human cognitive neuroscience, including neurostimulation methods for targeted interventions, along with analytic techniques informed by machine learning promise new insights into the neuropsychology of aging and the role of hemispheric processes in resilience and decline.","PeriodicalId":12907,"journal":{"name":"Handbook of clinical neurology","volume":"208 ","pages":"169-180"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143614613","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Split-brain patients: A clinical vs experimental perspective. 裂脑患者：临床与实验的对比。

Handbook of clinical neurology Pub Date : 2025-01-01 DOI: 10.1016/B978-0-443-15646-5.00015-4

Michael B Miller, Lukas J Volz, Jessica M Simonson, Michael S Gazzaniga

引用次数: 0

Definitions, diagnostic criteria, and clinical assessment scales in disorders of consciousness. 意识障碍的定义、诊断标准和临床评估量表。

Handbook of clinical neurology Pub Date : 2025-01-01 DOI: 10.1016/B978-0-443-13408-1.00011-7

Bei Zhang, Nathan Darji, Joseph T Giacino

{"title":"Definitions, diagnostic criteria, and clinical assessment scales in disorders of consciousness.","authors":"Bei Zhang, Nathan Darji, Joseph T Giacino","doi":"10.1016/B978-0-443-13408-1.00011-7","DOIUrl":"10.1016/B978-0-443-13408-1.00011-7","url":null,"abstract":"Disorders of consciousness (DoC) are neurologic conditions characterized by severe alteration in level of consciousness. Categories of DoC may include coma, unresponsive wakefulness syndrome/vegetative state, minimally conscious state (MCS; can be further categorized into MCS+ and MCS- based on the presence or absence of language-related behaviors), emergence from MCS, confusional state or delirium, and cognitive motor dissociation (CMD). CMD is a recently defined condition in which the patient fails to demonstrate observable behavioral responses on bedside assessment but demonstrates covert cognitive processing on functional imaging or EEG studies. Accurate differential diagnosis in DoC is aided by adherence to basic principles of assessment, including use of standardized assessment scales. Clinicians should serially administer standardized assessment tools to ensure valid interpretation of results and optimize diagnostic accuracy. Among standardized scales, the Coma Recovery Scale-Revised is most widely used and has the strongest psychometric validity in assessing DoC. The Neurocritical Care Society's Curing Coma Campaign has proposed a slate of DoC common data elements that is expected to improve the consistency and precision of DoC research.","PeriodicalId":12907,"journal":{"name":"Handbook of clinical neurology","volume":"207 ","pages":"1-13"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143476448","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Metabolic control of microglia in health and disease. 小胶质细胞在健康和疾病中的代谢控制

Handbook of clinical neurology Pub Date : 2025-01-01 DOI: 10.1016/B978-0-443-19104-6.00009-7

Gloria Colombo, Katia Monsorno, Rosa C Paolicelli

{"title":"Metabolic control of microglia in health and disease.","authors":"Gloria Colombo, Katia Monsorno, Rosa C Paolicelli","doi":"10.1016/B978-0-443-19104-6.00009-7","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-443-19104-6.00009-7","url":null,"abstract":"Metabolic states within cells are tightly linked to functional outcomes and finely regulated by nutrient availability. A growing body of the literature supports the idea that various metabolites can influence cellular functions, such as cell differentiation, migration, and proliferation in different contexts, with ample evidence coming from the immune system. Additionally, certain functional programs can trigger significant metabolic changes within cells, which are crucial not only to meet high energy demands, but also to produce intermediate metabolites necessary to support specific tasks. Microglia, the resident innate immune cells of the central nervous system, are constantly active, surveying the brain parenchyma and providing support to neighboring cells in the brain. They exhibit high metabolic flexibility, capable of quickly undergoing metabolic reprogramming based on nutrient availability and functional requirements. In this chapter, we will discuss the major metabolic pathways within cells and provide examples of how relevant enzymes and metabolites can impact microglial function in physiologic and pathologic contexts.","PeriodicalId":12907,"journal":{"name":"Handbook of clinical neurology","volume":"209 ","pages":"143-159"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143691700","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Neuroglia in neurodegeneration: Alzheimer, Parkinson, and Huntington disease. 神经退行性疾病中的神经胶质：阿尔茨海默病、帕金森病和亨廷顿病。

Handbook of clinical neurology Pub Date : 2025-01-01 DOI: 10.1016/B978-0-443-19102-2.00012-0

Dmitry Lim, Carlos Matute, Fabio Cavaliere, Alexei Verkhratsky

{"title":"Neuroglia in neurodegeneration: Alzheimer, Parkinson, and Huntington disease.","authors":"Dmitry Lim, Carlos Matute, Fabio Cavaliere, Alexei Verkhratsky","doi":"10.1016/B978-0-443-19102-2.00012-0","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-443-19102-2.00012-0","url":null,"abstract":"The conspicuous rise of chronic neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer (AD), Parkinson (PD), and Huntington (HD) diseases, is currently without disease-modifying therapies and accompanied by an excessive rate of unsuccessful clinical trials. This reflects a profound lack of understanding of the pathogenesis of these diseases, indicating that the current paradigms guiding disease modeling and drug development are in need of reconsideration. The role of neuroglia, namely astrocytes, microglial cells, and oligodendrocytes, in the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases emerged during the last decades. This chapter provides the state-of-the-art update on the changes of astrocytes, microglial cells, and oligodendrocytes in AD, PD, and HD. A growing body of evidence suggests that homeostatic and defensive functions of glial cells are compromised at different disease stages, leading to increased susceptibility of neurons to noxious stimuli, eventually resulting in their malfunction and degeneration. Investments are needed in the generation of novel preclinical models suitable for studying glial pathology, in \"humanizing\" research, and in-depth investigation of glial cell alterations to slow down and, possibly, halt and prevent the rise of neurodegenerative disease. Targeting glial cells opens new therapeutic avenues to treat AD, PD, and HD.","PeriodicalId":12907,"journal":{"name":"Handbook of clinical neurology","volume":"210 ","pages":"9-44"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143729782","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Hemispheric asymmetries in episodic memory. 情景记忆中的半球不对称。

Handbook of clinical neurology Pub Date : 2025-01-01 DOI: 10.1016/B978-0-443-15646-5.00023-3

Gian Daniele Zannino, Giovanni Augusto Carlesimo

{"title":"Hemispheric asymmetries in episodic memory.","authors":"Gian Daniele Zannino, Giovanni Augusto Carlesimo","doi":"10.1016/B978-0-443-15646-5.00023-3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-443-15646-5.00023-3","url":null,"abstract":"The term \"episodic memory\" refers to our ability to remember past personal experiences. This ability is severely disrupted following bilateral damage to a dedicated neural substrate located symmetrically in the mesial temporal lobes. Milder deficits are also observed following unilateral damage to the same structures. In this chapter, we contrast memory deficits after left and right mesiotemporal damage and review some of the hypotheses proposed to account for the observed differences. As proposed by other authors (e.g., Binder et al., 2010), the observed lesion side effects in memory profiles after unilateral brain damage do not directly reflect specialization across the two symmetric memory substrates. Rather, they depend on the different kinds of information each of the two mesiotemporal structures receives from the ipsilateral hemisphere where other non-memory-specific cognitive systems are asymmetrically housed. In particular, this chapter outlines the role of language, working memory, and visuospatial processes in accounting for side effects in memory profiles. This is because all these systems greatly contribute to the functioning of episodic memory and also show a variable extent of lateralization in the human brain.","PeriodicalId":12907,"journal":{"name":"Handbook of clinical neurology","volume":"208 ","pages":"449-460"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143614385","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

The lateralization of reading. 阅读的偏侧化。

Handbook of clinical neurology Pub Date : 2025-01-01 DOI: 10.1016/B978-0-443-15646-5.00012-9

Jason J S Barton, Andrea Albonico, Randi Starrfelt

{"title":"The lateralization of reading.","authors":"Jason J S Barton, Andrea Albonico, Randi Starrfelt","doi":"10.1016/B978-0-443-15646-5.00012-9","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-443-15646-5.00012-9","url":null,"abstract":"Reports in the 1890s described reading disorders from left hemisphere damage. Subsequent work converging from a variety of research approaches have confirmed a strong dependence of reading on the left ventral occipitotemporal cortex, though there is also evidence for some reading capacity of the right hemisphere. The development of this leftward bias parallels reading acquisition in children and adults and is blunted in developmental dyslexia. Several structural and functional hypotheses have been advanced to explain why reading lateralizes to the left. In the second half of this review we explore the extension of these findings to other forms of reading. Most reading studies used the alphabetic scripts of Europe but there are many writing systems. Comparisons with logographic scripts such as Chinese and kanji have revealed subtle differences. Also, while we often think of reading as the extraction of verbal language from written text, it can be broadened to other types of information extraction from symbols. Reading can occur with visual stimuli that are not written text, as with sign language in the deaf and lip-reading, and with non-visual stimuli that are textual, as with Braille. Musical notation and number reading are other text-based visual forms of reading that do not involve words. Overall, most studies show that the left ventral occipitotemporal cortex is involved in processing these diverse types of reading, with variable contributions from the right hemisphere.","PeriodicalId":12907,"journal":{"name":"Handbook of clinical neurology","volume":"208 ","pages":"301-325"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143614672","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Neuroglia in suicide. 自杀中的神经胶质细胞。

Handbook of clinical neurology Pub Date : 2025-01-01 DOI: 10.1016/B978-0-443-19102-2.00018-1

Lin Zhang, Dick F Swaab

{"title":"Neuroglia in suicide.","authors":"Lin Zhang, Dick F Swaab","doi":"10.1016/B978-0-443-19102-2.00018-1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-443-19102-2.00018-1","url":null,"abstract":"Suicide is the worst outcome for many neuropsychiatric disorders having a high social and economic burden. There is a great need to determine the neurobiologic background of the etiopathogenesis and resilience toward suicide and to find novel pharmacologic strategies to treat suicidal behaviors. Neuroglia have been found to actively participate in the regulation of many cerebral functions, but it is debated whether these cells are structurally or functionally involved in the neuropathology of suicide, or merely follow the changes of comorbid psychiatric disorders. The purpose of this chapter is to review the scattered literature on the involvement of neuroglia in suicide and to describe how these cells might be responsive to the current pharmacologic interventions. We describe the different biological features of neuroglia in relation to suicide and the underlying psychiatric disorders, the molecular commonalities of neuroglial alterations in suicide across different psychiatric disorders, and the evidence for morphologic neuroglia changes in relation to the severity and resilience of suicide. Illuminating the mechanisms by which neuroglia are involved in suicide may ultimately lead to the development of suicide-related biomarkers and novel therapies for suicide prevention.","PeriodicalId":12907,"journal":{"name":"Handbook of clinical neurology","volume":"210 ","pages":"371-379"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143729802","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Neuroglia pathology in genetic and epigenetic disorders of the central nervous system. 中枢神经系统遗传和表观遗传疾病中的神经胶质病理。

Handbook of clinical neurology Pub Date : 2025-01-01 DOI: 10.1016/B978-0-443-19102-2.00003-X

Harvey B Sarnat, Vijayaraghava T S Rao

{"title":"Neuroglia pathology in genetic and epigenetic disorders of the central nervous system.","authors":"Harvey B Sarnat, Vijayaraghava T S Rao","doi":"10.1016/B978-0-443-19102-2.00003-X","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-443-19102-2.00003-X","url":null,"abstract":"Glial cells are increasingly recognized for their important interactions with both developing and mature neurons, in particular for maintenance of dendritic ramifications and spines, synapses, and neurotransmitter uptake. MicroRNA abnormalities are demonstrated in individual astrocytes with alterations in neurological diseases. Alexander disease is a prototype astrocytic disease because of genetically altered glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) filaments. Other genetic diseases are now recognized as involving glial cells in their pathogenesis: Rett, Fragile-X, Aicardi-Goutières, and Down syndromes, as well as epigenetic effects in the mechanism of fetal alcohol spectrum disorder. Many involve glial production of cytokines and neuroinflammation. Microglia also may contribute. The heat-shock protein α-B-crystallin is expressed in the Rosenthal fibers of Alexander disease, in which the molecular structure of GFAP is altered, in astrocytes secreting neurotoxic cytokines, and focally at or near epileptic foci. Satellite glial cells adherent to neuronal soma are frequent and diagnostically nonspecific but may contribute to neuronal degeneration, especially of hypermetabolic epileptogenic neurons. Glial cells have distorted size and morphology in mTOR malformations. Failure of glial apoptosis in the fetal lamina terminalis is the likely pathogenesis of callosal agenesis and of other cerebral dysgeneses.","PeriodicalId":12907,"journal":{"name":"Handbook of clinical neurology","volume":"210 ","pages":"87-99"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143729804","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Neuroglial responses to bacterial, viral, and fungal neuroinfections. 神经胶质细胞对细菌、病毒和真菌神经感染的反应。

Handbook of clinical neurology Pub Date : 2025-01-01 DOI: 10.1016/B978-0-443-19102-2.00027-2

Ifeoluwa Awogbindin, Eva ŠimonČiČová, Virginie Vidal, Chantaille Ash, Marie-Eve Tremblay

{"title":"Neuroglial responses to bacterial, viral, and fungal neuroinfections.","authors":"Ifeoluwa Awogbindin, Eva ŠimonČiČová, Virginie Vidal, Chantaille Ash, Marie-Eve Tremblay","doi":"10.1016/B978-0-443-19102-2.00027-2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-443-19102-2.00027-2","url":null,"abstract":"Evidence regarding the host's response to peripheral pathogens in humans abound, whereas studies on the pathogenesis of central nervous system-penetrating infections are relatively scarce. However, given the spate of epidemic and pandemic neuroinfections in the 21st century, the field has experienced a renewed interest lately. This chapter discusses a timely and exciting topic on the roles of glial cells, mainly microglia and astrocytes, in neuroinvasive infections. This chapter considered fungal, viral, and bacterial neuroinfections, X-raying their neuroinvasiveness, neurotropism, and neurovirulence before focusing on specific examples notable for each category, including Escherichia coli, Cryptococcus neoformans, and SARS-CoV-2. These infections are renowned worldwide for a high case-fatality rate, leaving many survivors with life-long morbidity and others with a bleak future neurologic prognosis. Importantly, the chapter discusses possible ways microglia and astrocytes are culpable in these infections and provides approaches by which they can be manipulated for therapeutic purposes, identifying viable research gaps in the process. Additionally, it offers a synopsis of ongoing works considering microglial selective targeting to attenuate the pathology, morbidity, and mortality associated with these neuroinfections. Considering that microglia and astrocytes are first responders in the central nervous system, targeting these glial cells could be the game changer in managing existing and emerging neuroinvasive infections.","PeriodicalId":12907,"journal":{"name":"Handbook of clinical neurology","volume":"210 ","pages":"213-238"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143729805","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0