Handbook of clinical neurology最新文献_第7页

Hemispheric organization of the brain and its prevailing impact on the neuropsychology of aging.

Handbook of clinical neurology Pub Date : 2025-01-01 DOI: 10.1016/B978-0-443-15646-5.00004-X

Sara B Festini, Grace Kegler, Patricia A Reuter-Lorenz

{"title":"Hemispheric organization of the brain and its prevailing impact on the neuropsychology of aging.","authors":"Sara B Festini, Grace Kegler, Patricia A Reuter-Lorenz","doi":"10.1016/B978-0-443-15646-5.00004-X","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-443-15646-5.00004-X","url":null,"abstract":"Age differences in brain hemispheric asymmetry have figured prominently in the neuropsychology of aging. Here, a broad overview of these empirical and theoretical approaches is provided that dates back to the 1970s and continues to the present day. Methodological advances often brought new evidence to bear on older ideas and promoted the development of new ones. The deficit-focused hypothesis of accelerated right-hemisphere aging is reviewed first, followed by subsequent accounts pertaining to compensation, reserve, and their potential hemispheric underpinnings. Structural and functional neuroimaging reveal important and consistent age-related patterns, including indications of reduced brain asymmetry in older relative to younger adults. While not mutually exclusive, different neuropsychologic theories of aging offer divergent interpretations of such patterns, including age-related reductions in neural specificity (dedifferentiation) and age-related compensatory bilateral recruitment [e.g., Hemispheric Asymmetry Reduction in Older Adults (HAROLD); Compensation-Related Utilization of Neural Circuits Hypothesis (CRUNCH)]. Further, recent neurobehavioral evidence suggests that the right hemisphere plays a unique role in resisting the neurocognitive effects of aging via brain reserve. Future advances in human cognitive neuroscience, including neurostimulation methods for targeted interventions, along with analytic techniques informed by machine learning promise new insights into the neuropsychology of aging and the role of hemispheric processes in resilience and decline.","PeriodicalId":12907,"journal":{"name":"Handbook of clinical neurology","volume":"208 ","pages":"169-180"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143614613","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Split-brain patients: A clinical vs experimental perspective.

Handbook of clinical neurology Pub Date : 2025-01-01 DOI: 10.1016/B978-0-443-15646-5.00015-4

Michael B Miller, Lukas J Volz, Jessica M Simonson, Michael S Gazzaniga

引用次数: 0

Neuroglia in neurodegeneration: Alzheimer, Parkinson, and Huntington disease.

Handbook of clinical neurology Pub Date : 2025-01-01 DOI: 10.1016/B978-0-443-19102-2.00012-0

Dmitry Lim, Carlos Matute, Fabio Cavaliere, Alexei Verkhratsky

{"title":"Neuroglia in neurodegeneration: Alzheimer, Parkinson, and Huntington disease.","authors":"Dmitry Lim, Carlos Matute, Fabio Cavaliere, Alexei Verkhratsky","doi":"10.1016/B978-0-443-19102-2.00012-0","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-443-19102-2.00012-0","url":null,"abstract":"The conspicuous rise of chronic neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer (AD), Parkinson (PD), and Huntington (HD) diseases, is currently without disease-modifying therapies and accompanied by an excessive rate of unsuccessful clinical trials. This reflects a profound lack of understanding of the pathogenesis of these diseases, indicating that the current paradigms guiding disease modeling and drug development are in need of reconsideration. The role of neuroglia, namely astrocytes, microglial cells, and oligodendrocytes, in the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases emerged during the last decades. This chapter provides the state-of-the-art update on the changes of astrocytes, microglial cells, and oligodendrocytes in AD, PD, and HD. A growing body of evidence suggests that homeostatic and defensive functions of glial cells are compromised at different disease stages, leading to increased susceptibility of neurons to noxious stimuli, eventually resulting in their malfunction and degeneration. Investments are needed in the generation of novel preclinical models suitable for studying glial pathology, in \"humanizing\" research, and in-depth investigation of glial cell alterations to slow down and, possibly, halt and prevent the rise of neurodegenerative disease. Targeting glial cells opens new therapeutic avenues to treat AD, PD, and HD.","PeriodicalId":12907,"journal":{"name":"Handbook of clinical neurology","volume":"210 ","pages":"9-44"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143729782","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Definitions, diagnostic criteria, and clinical assessment scales in disorders of consciousness.

Handbook of clinical neurology Pub Date : 2025-01-01 DOI: 10.1016/B978-0-443-13408-1.00011-7

Bei Zhang, Nathan Darji, Joseph T Giacino

{"title":"Definitions, diagnostic criteria, and clinical assessment scales in disorders of consciousness.","authors":"Bei Zhang, Nathan Darji, Joseph T Giacino","doi":"10.1016/B978-0-443-13408-1.00011-7","DOIUrl":"10.1016/B978-0-443-13408-1.00011-7","url":null,"abstract":"Disorders of consciousness (DoC) are neurologic conditions characterized by severe alteration in level of consciousness. Categories of DoC may include coma, unresponsive wakefulness syndrome/vegetative state, minimally conscious state (MCS; can be further categorized into MCS+ and MCS- based on the presence or absence of language-related behaviors), emergence from MCS, confusional state or delirium, and cognitive motor dissociation (CMD). CMD is a recently defined condition in which the patient fails to demonstrate observable behavioral responses on bedside assessment but demonstrates covert cognitive processing on functional imaging or EEG studies. Accurate differential diagnosis in DoC is aided by adherence to basic principles of assessment, including use of standardized assessment scales. Clinicians should serially administer standardized assessment tools to ensure valid interpretation of results and optimize diagnostic accuracy. Among standardized scales, the Coma Recovery Scale-Revised is most widely used and has the strongest psychometric validity in assessing DoC. The Neurocritical Care Society's Curing Coma Campaign has proposed a slate of DoC common data elements that is expected to improve the consistency and precision of DoC research.","PeriodicalId":12907,"journal":{"name":"Handbook of clinical neurology","volume":"207 ","pages":"1-13"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143476448","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Metabolic control of microglia in health and disease. 小胶质细胞在健康和疾病中的代谢控制

Handbook of clinical neurology Pub Date : 2025-01-01 DOI: 10.1016/B978-0-443-19104-6.00009-7

Gloria Colombo, Katia Monsorno, Rosa C Paolicelli

{"title":"Metabolic control of microglia in health and disease.","authors":"Gloria Colombo, Katia Monsorno, Rosa C Paolicelli","doi":"10.1016/B978-0-443-19104-6.00009-7","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-443-19104-6.00009-7","url":null,"abstract":"Metabolic states within cells are tightly linked to functional outcomes and finely regulated by nutrient availability. A growing body of the literature supports the idea that various metabolites can influence cellular functions, such as cell differentiation, migration, and proliferation in different contexts, with ample evidence coming from the immune system. Additionally, certain functional programs can trigger significant metabolic changes within cells, which are crucial not only to meet high energy demands, but also to produce intermediate metabolites necessary to support specific tasks. Microglia, the resident innate immune cells of the central nervous system, are constantly active, surveying the brain parenchyma and providing support to neighboring cells in the brain. They exhibit high metabolic flexibility, capable of quickly undergoing metabolic reprogramming based on nutrient availability and functional requirements. In this chapter, we will discuss the major metabolic pathways within cells and provide examples of how relevant enzymes and metabolites can impact microglial function in physiologic and pathologic contexts.","PeriodicalId":12907,"journal":{"name":"Handbook of clinical neurology","volume":"209 ","pages":"143-159"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143691700","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Irregular sleep-wake rhythm disorder: From the pathophysiologic perspective to the treatment. 睡眠-觉醒节律失调：从病理生理学角度看治疗。

Handbook of clinical neurology Pub Date : 2025-01-01 DOI: 10.1016/B978-0-323-90918-1.00006-X

Aleksandar Videnovic, Alice Cai

{"title":"Irregular sleep-wake rhythm disorder: From the pathophysiologic perspective to the treatment.","authors":"Aleksandar Videnovic, Alice Cai","doi":"10.1016/B978-0-323-90918-1.00006-X","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-323-90918-1.00006-X","url":null,"abstract":"Irregular sleep-wake rhythm disorder (ISWRD) is an intrinsic circadian rhythm disorder caused by loss of the brain's circadian regulation, through changes of the input and/or output to the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN), or of the SCN itself. Although there are limited prevalence data for this rare disease, ISWRD is associated with neurodegenerative disorders, including the Alzheimer disease (AD) and the Parkinson disease (PD), which will become increasingly prevalent in an aging population. It additionally presents in childhood developmental disorders, psychiatric disorders, and traumatic brain injury (TBI). Patients present with unpredictable, short sleep periods over a 24-h period, with significant day-to-day and weekly variability. Symptoms manifest as insomnia and excessive daytime sleepiness. Sleep logs and actigraphy monitoring capture rest-activity patterns required for diagnosis. Treatment aims to enhance external circadian cues through timed light therapy, behavioral activity regimens, and melatonin, but efficacy remains quite limited. Pathophysiology of ISWRD in association with various diseases and their specific management are discussed. There is a need for further investigation of disease pathophysiology, development of widely applicable tools for diagnosis, and development of treatments.","PeriodicalId":12907,"journal":{"name":"Handbook of clinical neurology","volume":"206 ","pages":"71-87"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143046439","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Shift work sleep disorder.

Handbook of clinical neurology Pub Date : 2025-01-01 DOI: 10.1016/B978-0-323-90918-1.00015-0

Claudia R C Moreno

引用次数: 0

Neuroglia in suicide.

Handbook of clinical neurology Pub Date : 2025-01-01 DOI: 10.1016/B978-0-443-19102-2.00018-1

Lin Zhang, Dick F Swaab

{"title":"Neuroglia in suicide.","authors":"Lin Zhang, Dick F Swaab","doi":"10.1016/B978-0-443-19102-2.00018-1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-443-19102-2.00018-1","url":null,"abstract":"Suicide is the worst outcome for many neuropsychiatric disorders having a high social and economic burden. There is a great need to determine the neurobiologic background of the etiopathogenesis and resilience toward suicide and to find novel pharmacologic strategies to treat suicidal behaviors. Neuroglia have been found to actively participate in the regulation of many cerebral functions, but it is debated whether these cells are structurally or functionally involved in the neuropathology of suicide, or merely follow the changes of comorbid psychiatric disorders. The purpose of this chapter is to review the scattered literature on the involvement of neuroglia in suicide and to describe how these cells might be responsive to the current pharmacologic interventions. We describe the different biological features of neuroglia in relation to suicide and the underlying psychiatric disorders, the molecular commonalities of neuroglial alterations in suicide across different psychiatric disorders, and the evidence for morphologic neuroglia changes in relation to the severity and resilience of suicide. Illuminating the mechanisms by which neuroglia are involved in suicide may ultimately lead to the development of suicide-related biomarkers and novel therapies for suicide prevention.","PeriodicalId":12907,"journal":{"name":"Handbook of clinical neurology","volume":"210 ","pages":"371-379"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143729802","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Neuroglia pathology in genetic and epigenetic disorders of the central nervous system.

Handbook of clinical neurology Pub Date : 2025-01-01 DOI: 10.1016/B978-0-443-19102-2.00003-X

Harvey B Sarnat, Vijayaraghava T S Rao

{"title":"Neuroglia pathology in genetic and epigenetic disorders of the central nervous system.","authors":"Harvey B Sarnat, Vijayaraghava T S Rao","doi":"10.1016/B978-0-443-19102-2.00003-X","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-443-19102-2.00003-X","url":null,"abstract":"Glial cells are increasingly recognized for their important interactions with both developing and mature neurons, in particular for maintenance of dendritic ramifications and spines, synapses, and neurotransmitter uptake. MicroRNA abnormalities are demonstrated in individual astrocytes with alterations in neurological diseases. Alexander disease is a prototype astrocytic disease because of genetically altered glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) filaments. Other genetic diseases are now recognized as involving glial cells in their pathogenesis: Rett, Fragile-X, Aicardi-Goutières, and Down syndromes, as well as epigenetic effects in the mechanism of fetal alcohol spectrum disorder. Many involve glial production of cytokines and neuroinflammation. Microglia also may contribute. The heat-shock protein α-B-crystallin is expressed in the Rosenthal fibers of Alexander disease, in which the molecular structure of GFAP is altered, in astrocytes secreting neurotoxic cytokines, and focally at or near epileptic foci. Satellite glial cells adherent to neuronal soma are frequent and diagnostically nonspecific but may contribute to neuronal degeneration, especially of hypermetabolic epileptogenic neurons. Glial cells have distorted size and morphology in mTOR malformations. Failure of glial apoptosis in the fetal lamina terminalis is the likely pathogenesis of callosal agenesis and of other cerebral dysgeneses.","PeriodicalId":12907,"journal":{"name":"Handbook of clinical neurology","volume":"210 ","pages":"87-99"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143729804","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Neuroglial responses to bacterial, viral, and fungal neuroinfections.

Handbook of clinical neurology Pub Date : 2025-01-01 DOI: 10.1016/B978-0-443-19102-2.00027-2

Ifeoluwa Awogbindin, Eva ŠimonČiČová, Virginie Vidal, Chantaille Ash, Marie-Eve Tremblay

{"title":"Neuroglial responses to bacterial, viral, and fungal neuroinfections.","authors":"Ifeoluwa Awogbindin, Eva ŠimonČiČová, Virginie Vidal, Chantaille Ash, Marie-Eve Tremblay","doi":"10.1016/B978-0-443-19102-2.00027-2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-443-19102-2.00027-2","url":null,"abstract":"Evidence regarding the host's response to peripheral pathogens in humans abound, whereas studies on the pathogenesis of central nervous system-penetrating infections are relatively scarce. However, given the spate of epidemic and pandemic neuroinfections in the 21st century, the field has experienced a renewed interest lately. This chapter discusses a timely and exciting topic on the roles of glial cells, mainly microglia and astrocytes, in neuroinvasive infections. This chapter considered fungal, viral, and bacterial neuroinfections, X-raying their neuroinvasiveness, neurotropism, and neurovirulence before focusing on specific examples notable for each category, including Escherichia coli, Cryptococcus neoformans, and SARS-CoV-2. These infections are renowned worldwide for a high case-fatality rate, leaving many survivors with life-long morbidity and others with a bleak future neurologic prognosis. Importantly, the chapter discusses possible ways microglia and astrocytes are culpable in these infections and provides approaches by which they can be manipulated for therapeutic purposes, identifying viable research gaps in the process. Additionally, it offers a synopsis of ongoing works considering microglial selective targeting to attenuate the pathology, morbidity, and mortality associated with these neuroinfections. Considering that microglia and astrocytes are first responders in the central nervous system, targeting these glial cells could be the game changer in managing existing and emerging neuroinvasive infections.","PeriodicalId":12907,"journal":{"name":"Handbook of clinical neurology","volume":"210 ","pages":"213-238"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143729805","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0