Michael B Miller, Lukas J Volz, Jessica M Simonson, Michael S Gazzaniga
{"title":"Split-brain patients: A clinical vs experimental perspective.","authors":"Michael B Miller, Lukas J Volz, Jessica M Simonson, Michael S Gazzaniga","doi":"10.1016/B978-0-443-15646-5.00015-4","DOIUrl":"10.1016/B978-0-443-15646-5.00015-4","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>For more than 80 years, the clinical perspective on the behavioral outcome of split-brain surgery suggested that it \"may be carried out without any untoward effect on the patient,\" despite some initial and transient disconnection effects. The last 60 years of experimental studies, however, have shown quite the opposite. Using lateralized testing procedures, split-brain patients have demonstrated profound disconnection effects that can last a lifetime. This experimental work has transformed our understanding of hemispheric specializations and cerebral asymmetries. It paints a picture of patients with two distinct neural systems processing and operating independently with, nevertheless, a seemingly unified conscious experience. This chapter tracks how these two divergent perspectives have coexisted for so long and offers some explanations for why these patients appear normal from a clinical and social perspective.</p>","PeriodicalId":12907,"journal":{"name":"Handbook of clinical neurology","volume":"208 ","pages":"155-166"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143614669","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Metabolic control of microglia in health and disease.","authors":"Gloria Colombo, Katia Monsorno, Rosa C Paolicelli","doi":"10.1016/B978-0-443-19104-6.00009-7","DOIUrl":"10.1016/B978-0-443-19104-6.00009-7","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Metabolic states within cells are tightly linked to functional outcomes and finely regulated by nutrient availability. A growing body of the literature supports the idea that various metabolites can influence cellular functions, such as cell differentiation, migration, and proliferation in different contexts, with ample evidence coming from the immune system. Additionally, certain functional programs can trigger significant metabolic changes within cells, which are crucial not only to meet high energy demands, but also to produce intermediate metabolites necessary to support specific tasks. Microglia, the resident innate immune cells of the central nervous system, are constantly active, surveying the brain parenchyma and providing support to neighboring cells in the brain. They exhibit high metabolic flexibility, capable of quickly undergoing metabolic reprogramming based on nutrient availability and functional requirements. In this chapter, we will discuss the major metabolic pathways within cells and provide examples of how relevant enzymes and metabolites can impact microglial function in physiologic and pathologic contexts.</p>","PeriodicalId":12907,"journal":{"name":"Handbook of clinical neurology","volume":"209 ","pages":"143-159"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143691700","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Sara B Festini, Grace Kegler, Patricia A Reuter-Lorenz
{"title":"Hemispheric organization of the brain and its prevailing impact on the neuropsychology of aging.","authors":"Sara B Festini, Grace Kegler, Patricia A Reuter-Lorenz","doi":"10.1016/B978-0-443-15646-5.00004-X","DOIUrl":"10.1016/B978-0-443-15646-5.00004-X","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Age differences in brain hemispheric asymmetry have figured prominently in the neuropsychology of aging. Here, a broad overview of these empirical and theoretical approaches is provided that dates back to the 1970s and continues to the present day. Methodological advances often brought new evidence to bear on older ideas and promoted the development of new ones. The deficit-focused hypothesis of accelerated right-hemisphere aging is reviewed first, followed by subsequent accounts pertaining to compensation, reserve, and their potential hemispheric underpinnings. Structural and functional neuroimaging reveal important and consistent age-related patterns, including indications of reduced brain asymmetry in older relative to younger adults. While not mutually exclusive, different neuropsychologic theories of aging offer divergent interpretations of such patterns, including age-related reductions in neural specificity (dedifferentiation) and age-related compensatory bilateral recruitment [e.g., Hemispheric Asymmetry Reduction in Older Adults (HAROLD); Compensation-Related Utilization of Neural Circuits Hypothesis (CRUNCH)]. Further, recent neurobehavioral evidence suggests that the right hemisphere plays a unique role in resisting the neurocognitive effects of aging via brain reserve. Future advances in human cognitive neuroscience, including neurostimulation methods for targeted interventions, along with analytic techniques informed by machine learning promise new insights into the neuropsychology of aging and the role of hemispheric processes in resilience and decline.</p>","PeriodicalId":12907,"journal":{"name":"Handbook of clinical neurology","volume":"208 ","pages":"169-180"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143614613","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Handedness.","authors":"Sebastian Ocklenburg, Onur Güntürkün","doi":"10.1016/B978-0-443-15646-5.00016-6","DOIUrl":"10.1016/B978-0-443-15646-5.00016-6","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This chapter offers an overview of the literature on human handedness and its assessment in clinical neurologic practice and research. There are two major forms of handedness: hand preference, which describes a subjective preference to use one hand over the other for skilled motor activities like writing, and hand skill, which describes objectively measured mother skill. This chapter gives an overview of widely used questionnaires and tests to assess hand preference and hand skill, as well as suggestions on how to determine handedness categories such as left-handed, right-handed, and mixed-handed based on the results of these questionnaires and tests. Handedness is just one form of hemispheric asymmetry in the human motor system, and the chapter also provides an overview of its association with other motor asymmetries such as footedness. Moreover, the associations of handedness with functional brain activation as well as with structural markers on the cortical, subcortical, cerebellar, and spinal levels are discussed. Furthermore, the potential relevance of handedness retraining for clinical neurologic research and the association of handedness and cognitive abilities are discussed. The chapter concludes with an outlook on the critical importance of including handedness in clinical neurologic research and practice.</p>","PeriodicalId":12907,"journal":{"name":"Handbook of clinical neurology","volume":"208 ","pages":"379-391"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143614382","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Patrick C Trettenbrein, Emiliano Zaccarella, Angela D Friederici
{"title":"Functional and structural brain asymmetries in sign language processing.","authors":"Patrick C Trettenbrein, Emiliano Zaccarella, Angela D Friederici","doi":"10.1016/B978-0-443-15646-5.00021-X","DOIUrl":"10.1016/B978-0-443-15646-5.00021-X","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The capacity for language constitutes a cornerstone of human cognition and distinguishes our species from other animals. Research in the cognitive sciences has demonstrated that this capacity is not bound to speech but can also be externalized in the form of sign language. Sign languages are the naturally occurring languages of the deaf and rely on movements and configurations of hands, arms, face, and torso in space. This chapter reviews the functional and structural organization of the neural substrates of sign language, as identified by neuroimaging research over the past decades. Most aspects of sign language processing in adult deaf signers markedly mirror the well-known, functional left-lateralization of spoken and written language. However, both hemispheres exhibit a certain equipotentiality for processing linguistic information and the right hemisphere seems to specifically support processing of some constructions unique to the signed modality. Crucially, the so-called \"core language network\" in the left hemisphere constitutes a functional and structural asymmetry in typically developed deaf and hearing populations alike: This network is (i) pivotal for processing complex syntax independent of the modality of language use, (ii) matures in accordance with a genetically determined biologic matrix, and (iii) may have constituted an evolutionary prerequisite for the emergence of the human capacity for language.</p>","PeriodicalId":12907,"journal":{"name":"Handbook of clinical neurology","volume":"208 ","pages":"327-350"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143614376","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Handedness and brain asymmetries in nonhuman primates.","authors":"William D Hopkins, Adrien Meguerditchian","doi":"10.1016/B978-0-443-15646-5.00007-5","DOIUrl":"10.1016/B978-0-443-15646-5.00007-5","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>A majority of humans are right-handed and exhibit left hemisphere specialization for the comprehension and production of language. To what extent population-level behavioral and brain asymmetries are unique to humans remains a topic of interest across a wide range of scientific disciplines. In this chapter, we present current findings on the expression of population-level behavioral and brain asymmetries in nonhuman primates. We further present data on the association between communication functions, and especially gestures and individual variation in neuroanatomic asymmetries in nonhuman primates, with an emphasis on data from chimpanzees and baboons. The collective data are interpreted within the context of different theories on the evolution of language lateralization.</p>","PeriodicalId":12907,"journal":{"name":"Handbook of clinical neurology","volume":"208 ","pages":"197-210"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143614379","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Cognition and modulation of the cholinergic system.","authors":"Peter J Snyder, Paul T Maruff","doi":"10.1016/B978-0-443-19088-9.00012-3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-443-19088-9.00012-3","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The role of the cholinergic system in the mediation of an entire complex hierarchy of interdependent cognitive functions, from the maintenance of arousal, to directed attention, to decision-making and problem-solving, and to new learning and memory, has been exceptionally well-studied over the past four decades. Disruption of cholinergic transmission has been implicated in the emergence of cognitive deficits for a range of neurodegenerative diseases, with disruption of cholinergic tone and neural circuitry in Alzheimer disease being the most common and most exhaustively explored of these diseases. Moreover, the use of pharmacologic probes in human studies to either upregulate or downregulate cholinergic tone in real time, and paired with appropriate and sensitive cognitive tasks, has led to a robust body of evidence. This evidence shows improvements vs impairments, respectively (e.g., enhanced vs degraded decision-making speed and efficiency), which confirm the complex and varied roles of cholinergic activity on cognitive functions in both health and disease states.</p>","PeriodicalId":12907,"journal":{"name":"Handbook of clinical neurology","volume":"211 ","pages":"55-61"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144009645","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Dmitry Lim, Carlos Matute, Fabio Cavaliere, Alexei Verkhratsky
{"title":"Neuroglia in neurodegeneration: Alzheimer, Parkinson, and Huntington disease.","authors":"Dmitry Lim, Carlos Matute, Fabio Cavaliere, Alexei Verkhratsky","doi":"10.1016/B978-0-443-19102-2.00012-0","DOIUrl":"10.1016/B978-0-443-19102-2.00012-0","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The conspicuous rise of chronic neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer (AD), Parkinson (PD), and Huntington (HD) diseases, is currently without disease-modifying therapies and accompanied by an excessive rate of unsuccessful clinical trials. This reflects a profound lack of understanding of the pathogenesis of these diseases, indicating that the current paradigms guiding disease modeling and drug development are in need of reconsideration. The role of neuroglia, namely astrocytes, microglial cells, and oligodendrocytes, in the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases emerged during the last decades. This chapter provides the state-of-the-art update on the changes of astrocytes, microglial cells, and oligodendrocytes in AD, PD, and HD. A growing body of evidence suggests that homeostatic and defensive functions of glial cells are compromised at different disease stages, leading to increased susceptibility of neurons to noxious stimuli, eventually resulting in their malfunction and degeneration. Investments are needed in the generation of novel preclinical models suitable for studying glial pathology, in \"humanizing\" research, and in-depth investigation of glial cell alterations to slow down and, possibly, halt and prevent the rise of neurodegenerative disease. Targeting glial cells opens new therapeutic avenues to treat AD, PD, and HD.</p>","PeriodicalId":12907,"journal":{"name":"Handbook of clinical neurology","volume":"210 ","pages":"9-44"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143729782","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Dizziness in vestibular schwannomas.","authors":"Peter Kullar, Måns Magnusson, Fredrik Tjernström","doi":"10.1016/B978-0-12-824534-7.00049-4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-824534-7.00049-4","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Dizziness associated with vestibular schwannomas can be considered a diagnostic feature, a posttreatment challenge, or an issue in patients undergoing a wait-and-scan approach. Regardless of the scenario, dizziness has the potential to significantly impact patient quality of life and therefore requires careful assessment and management. This chapter examines these different scenarios and explores strategies to address or prevent dizziness in each context.</p>","PeriodicalId":12907,"journal":{"name":"Handbook of clinical neurology","volume":"212 ","pages":"407-415"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145238292","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Vestibular schwannoma: Global perspectives.","authors":"Raghunandhan Kumar, Beverly Cheserem, Mohan Kameswaran","doi":"10.1016/B978-0-12-824534-7.00036-6","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-824534-7.00036-6","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The management protocols for vestibular schwannomas (VS) may differ across the world depending on local health-care policies and resources available. Early diagnosis, appropriate intervention, and follow-up may all vary depending on a multitude of factors especially the availability of medical infrastructure, professionals, funding, and ethnic/socioeconomic factors in the developing world. Limited awareness of the way VS present, lack of primary care physicians, poorly developed referral pathways, limited resources to pay for treatment, poor provision of clinicians, and appropriate facilities for treatment are commonplace, often resulting in a delay in recognition of pathology and timely onward referral for treatment. There is, however, a general trend toward improvement in the availability and quality of care and, in a limited number of regions, state-of-the-art facilities are already available for those who can afford to access them. This chapter describes the current status of VS care in India and Africa and explores the challenges faced in the management of VS in the developing world.</p>","PeriodicalId":12907,"journal":{"name":"Handbook of clinical neurology","volume":"212 ","pages":"359-365"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145238589","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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