Handbook of clinical neurology最新文献_第10页

Medical and surgical treatments in disorders of consciousness. 意识障碍的内科和外科治疗。

Handbook of clinical neurology Pub Date : 2025-01-01 DOI: 10.1016/B978-0-443-13408-1.00004-X

Marwan H Othman, Moshgan Amiri, Daniel Kondziella

{"title":"Medical and surgical treatments in disorders of consciousness.","authors":"Marwan H Othman, Moshgan Amiri, Daniel Kondziella","doi":"10.1016/B978-0-443-13408-1.00004-X","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-443-13408-1.00004-X","url":null,"abstract":"Ever since a 2012 landmark study showed positive effects of amantadine in people with disorders of consciousness (DOC), there has been a shift in research efforts from merely improving diagnostics and prognostication of DOC to also include therapeutic trials, in the quest to improve consciousness recovery after brain injury. Stimulation of residual consciousness in the intensive care unit is critical because failure to do so may lead to unwarranted pessimistic prognosis and premature withdrawal of life-sustaining therapies. Similarly, it is crucial to harvest the potential of chronic DOC patients for late consciousness recovery, which is increasingly reported. To this end, medical and nonpharmacologic, including surgical, treatment strategies are being tested. These include dopaminergic and GABAergic drugs (medical), vagal nerve stimulation (noninvasive or surgical), and deep brain stimulation (surgical). In addition, transcranial magnetic stimulation, transcranial direct current stimulation, and low-intensity ultrasound (nonpharmacologic and nonsurgical) are covered in another chapter in this volume of the Handbook. Although overall, DOC treatment studies are subject to small sample sizes, unblinded protocols, and limited follow-up, this will likely change in the foreseeable future with the advent of adequately powered multicenter studies, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled designs, and standardized outcome measures. This chapter discusses the present state and outlooks of the field of medical and surgical options to boost arousal and awareness in patients with DOC, indicating the future of DOC treatment is bright.","PeriodicalId":12907,"journal":{"name":"Handbook of clinical neurology","volume":"207 ","pages":"183-196"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143476456","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Neuroglia in neurodegeneration: Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and frontotemporal dementia. 神经退行性变中的神经胶质：肌萎缩侧索硬化和额颞叶痴呆。

Handbook of clinical neurology Pub Date : 2025-01-01 DOI: 10.1016/B978-0-443-19102-2.00004-1

Fabiola De Marchi, Edoardo Gioele Spinelli, Caterina Bendotti

引用次数: 0

Neuroglia in Tourette syndrome and obsessive-compulsive disorder. 图雷特综合症和强迫症中的神经胶质细胞。

Handbook of clinical neurology Pub Date : 2025-01-01 DOI: 10.1016/B978-0-443-19102-2.00005-3

Luciana R Frick

{"title":"Neuroglia in Tourette syndrome and obsessive-compulsive disorder.","authors":"Luciana R Frick","doi":"10.1016/B978-0-443-19102-2.00005-3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-443-19102-2.00005-3","url":null,"abstract":"In recent years, neuroglia have drawn the attention of researchers in the fields of neurology and psychiatry. Besides their well-known functions providing support to neurons, myelinating axons, and clearing up debris, a constantly growing of evidence indicates that glial cells are key contributors to the pathophysiology of neuropsychiatric disorders. Alterations in microglia, astrocytes, and oligodendrocytes have been described in Tourette syndrome (TS) and obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). The sudden onset of tics and OCD-like symptoms after infection in children (Pediatric Autoimmune Neuropsychiatric Disorder Associated with Streptococcal Infections) suggests a connection with the immune system; in fact, neuroinflammation has been reported. Many imaging studies revealed abnormal myelination in the brain of TS and OCD patients, highlighting the implication of oligodendroglia in the connectivity alterations. Moreover, animal models have unveiled a cell-autonomous role of microglia and astrocytes in the etiology of pathologic grooming, which links these glial cells to the related disorder trichotillomania. This chapter reviews the state of the art and current gaps in the literature, proposing possible pathomechanisms and future research directions.","PeriodicalId":12907,"journal":{"name":"Handbook of clinical neurology","volume":"210 ","pages":"325-334"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143729803","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Physiology and pathophysiology of the retinal neuroglia. 视网膜神经胶质细胞的生理和病理生理学。

Handbook of clinical neurology Pub Date : 2025-01-01 DOI: 10.1016/B978-0-443-19102-2.00017-X

Antje Grosche, Jens Grosche, Alexei Verkhratsky

引用次数: 0

Imaging neuroglia. 成像神经胶质。

Handbook of clinical neurology Pub Date : 2025-01-01 DOI: 10.1016/B978-0-443-19104-6.00016-4

Janine Doorduin

{"title":"Imaging neuroglia.","authors":"Janine Doorduin","doi":"10.1016/B978-0-443-19104-6.00016-4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-443-19104-6.00016-4","url":null,"abstract":"Imaging can help us understand the role neuroglia plays in health and during the course of neurologic disorders. In vivo microscopy has had a great impact on our understanding of how neuroglia behaves during health and disease. While initially the technique was hindered by the limited penetration depth in brain tissue, recent advancements lead to increasing possibilities for imaging of deeper brain structures, even at super-resolution. Unfortunately, in vivo microscopy cannot be applied in a clinical setting and thus cannot be used to study neuroglia in patient populations. However, noninvasive imaging techniques like positron emission tomography (PET) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) can. PET has provided valuable information on the involvement of neuroglia in neurologic disorders. To more specifically image microglia and astrocytes, many new PET biomarkers have been defined for which PET tracers are continuously developed, evaluated, and improved. A cell-type specific PET tracer with favorable imaging characteristics can have a huge impact on neuroglia research. While being less sensitive than PET, MRI is a more accessible imaging technique. Initially, only general neuroinflammation processes could be imaged with MRI, but newly developed methods and sequences allow for increasing cell-type specificity. Overall, while each imaging method comes with limitations, improvements are continuously made, all with the aim to truly understand the role that neuroglia play in health and disease.","PeriodicalId":12907,"journal":{"name":"Handbook of clinical neurology","volume":"209 ","pages":"277-291"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143692080","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Circadian aspects in nonpharmacologic and pharmacologic treatment of insomnia. 失眠的非药物和药物治疗的昼夜节律方面。

Handbook of clinical neurology Pub Date : 2025-01-01 DOI: 10.1016/B978-0-323-90918-1.00010-1

Laura Palagini, Pierre-Alexis Geoffroy, Raffaele Manni, Angelo Gemignani

{"title":"Circadian aspects in nonpharmacologic and pharmacologic treatment of insomnia.","authors":"Laura Palagini, Pierre-Alexis Geoffroy, Raffaele Manni, Angelo Gemignani","doi":"10.1016/B978-0-323-90918-1.00010-1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-323-90918-1.00010-1","url":null,"abstract":"Insomnia disorder is a frequent sleep disorder leading to significant health and economic consequences. It has been proposed that individuals with insomnia may experience compromised deactivation systems of arousal, leading to a chronic state of hyperactivation of arousal known as hyperarousal, along with instability in the flip-flop system. Such disruptions may have a primarily impact on the sleep homeostatic drive process. Insomnia may indeed be associated with a disruption in the body's internal clock, known as chronodisruption. Despite the differentiation established in diagnostic nosology between insomnia disorder and circadian rhythm disorders, there is a significant body of evidence suggesting a complex interplay and frequent co-occurrence between these two conditions. In particular, circadian factors can predispose individuals to insomnia disorders, as well as precipitate and perpetuate their symptoms. Accordingly numerous pieces of evidence suggest that both pharmacologic and nonpharmacologic options for treating insomnia can have a resynchronization effect on circadian rhythms. The first-line treatment for chronic insomnia, according to current guidelines, is cognitive behavioral therapy for insomnia while pharmacologic interventions comprise of benzodiazepine receptor agonists also known as Z-drugs and short- to medium-acting benzodiazepines, melatonergic agonists such as ramelteon and melatonin 2mg prolonged release, and dual orexin receptor antagonists such as daridorexant, suvorexant, and lemborexant. At the same time, certain therapies recommended for circadian rhythm disorders can be utilized as adjunctive treatments for insomnia. Therefore, this chapter will discuss the circadian aspects of insomnia disorder and of its therapeutic approach. Furthermore, the effects of chronobiologic interventions, recommended for the treatment of circadian rhythm sleep-wake disorders, will be examined in individuals afflicted with chronic insomnia.","PeriodicalId":12907,"journal":{"name":"Handbook of clinical neurology","volume":"206 ","pages":"161-179"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143045819","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Functional and structural brain asymmetries in language processing. 语言处理中大脑功能和结构的不对称。

Handbook of clinical neurology Pub Date : 2025-01-01 DOI: 10.1016/B978-0-443-15646-5.00020-8

Patrick C Trettenbrein, Angela D Friederici

{"title":"Functional and structural brain asymmetries in language processing.","authors":"Patrick C Trettenbrein, Angela D Friederici","doi":"10.1016/B978-0-443-15646-5.00020-8","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-443-15646-5.00020-8","url":null,"abstract":"The lateralization of language to the left hemisphere of the human brain constitutes one of the classic examples of asymmetry in biology. At the same time, it is also commonly understood that damage to the left hemisphere does not lead to a complete loss of all linguistic abilities. These seemingly contradictory findings indicate that neither our cognitive capacity for language nor its neural substrates are monolithic. This chapter reviews the functional and structural lateralization of the neural substrates of different aspects of language as revealed in the past decades by neuroimaging research. Most aspects of language processing indeed tend to be functionally lateralized to the left hemisphere in the adult human brain. Nevertheless, both hemispheres exhibit a certain equipotentiality with regard to some aspects of language processing, especially with regard to processing meaning and sound. In contrast, the so-called \"core language network\" in the left hemisphere constitutes a functional and structural asymmetry: This network (i) is crucial for a core aspect of language processing, namely syntax, which refers to the generation of hierarchically structured representations of utterances linking meaning and sound, (ii) matures in accordance with a genetically determined biologic matrix, and (iii) its emergence may have constituted a prerequisite for the evolution of the human language capacity.","PeriodicalId":12907,"journal":{"name":"Handbook of clinical neurology","volume":"208 ","pages":"269-287"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143614344","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Asymmetries in the human brain. 人类大脑的不对称性。

Handbook of clinical neurology Pub Date : 2025-01-01 DOI: 10.1016/B978-0-443-15646-5.00030-0

Lilit Dulyan, Cesare Bortolami, Stephanie J Forkel

引用次数: 0

Cerebral asymmetry: Historical introduction. 大脑不对称：历史介绍。

Handbook of clinical neurology Pub Date : 2025-01-01 DOI: 10.1016/B978-0-443-15646-5.00006-3

Giovanni Berlucchi

{"title":"Cerebral asymmetry: Historical introduction.","authors":"Giovanni Berlucchi","doi":"10.1016/B978-0-443-15646-5.00006-3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-443-15646-5.00006-3","url":null,"abstract":"Cortical localization and hemispheric asymmetry of function are key concepts for analyzing the relationship between the brain, mind, and behavior in clinical neurology, neuropsychology, cognitive neuroscience, and modern philosophy. This chapter presents the history of asymmetries in the human central nervous system within the context of right-left asymmetries of bodily structure, as can be detected in individuals of virtually all living species. It has been known since antiquity that behavioral deficits on one side of the body could be caused by brain lesions on the opposite side. Yet, the idea that the two cerebral hemispheres could subserve different functions emerged only in the 19th century following the work of Franz Gall, Marc Dax, and especially Paul Broca. The concept of functional duality flourished during the golden age of cortical localization. Doubts occurred following the antilocalizationist tendencies in neurology and psychology, a movement mainly led by Karl Lashley. Later, a disciple of Lashley, Roger Sperry, and his coworkers unequivocally demonstrated the functional specialization of the cerebral hemispheres, thanks to their work on split brain. Finally, Norman Geschwind and the many scholars who were inspired by him have clarified, complemented, or changed the way of thinking of clinical neurologists about the great neuropsychologic sectors of aphasia, agnosia, and apraxia, as well as consciousness.","PeriodicalId":12907,"journal":{"name":"Handbook of clinical neurology","volume":"208 ","pages":"1-11"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143614609","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Latent dimensions of brain asymmetry. 大脑不对称的潜在维度。

Handbook of clinical neurology Pub Date : 2025-01-01 DOI: 10.1016/B978-0-443-15646-5.00027-0

Chenghui Zhang, Yi Pu, Xiang-Zhen Kong

{"title":"Latent dimensions of brain asymmetry.","authors":"Chenghui Zhang, Yi Pu, Xiang-Zhen Kong","doi":"10.1016/B978-0-443-15646-5.00027-0","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-443-15646-5.00027-0","url":null,"abstract":"Functional lateralization represents a fundamental aspect of brain organization, where certain cognitive functions are specialized in one hemisphere over the other. Deviations from typical patterns of lateralization often manifest in various brain disorders, such as autism spectrum disorder, schizophrenia, and dyslexia. However, despite its importance, uncovering the intrinsic properties of brain lateralization and its underlying structural basis remains challenging. On the one hand, functional lateralization has long been oversimplified, often reduced to a unidimensional perspective. For instance, individuals are sometimes labeled as left-brained or right-brained based on specific behavioral measures like handedness and language lateralization. Such a perspective disregards the nuanced subtypes of lateralization, each potentially attributed to distinct factors and associated with unique functional correlates. On the other hand, traditional studies of brain structural asymmetry have typically focused on localized analyses of homologous regions in the two hemispheres. This perspective fails to capture the inherent interplay between brain regions, resulting in an overly complex depiction of structural asymmetry. Such conceptual and methodological discrepancies between studies of functional lateralization and structural asymmetry pose significant obstacles to establishing meaningful links between them. To address this gap, a shift toward uncovering the dimensional structure of brain asymmetry has been proposed. This chapter introduces the concept of latent dimensions of brain asymmetry and provides an up-to-date overview of studies regarding dimensions of functional lateralization and structural asymmetry in the human brain. By transcending the traditional analysis and employing multivariate pattern techniques, these studies offer valuable insights into our understanding of the intricate organizational principles governing the human brain's lateralized functions.","PeriodicalId":12907,"journal":{"name":"Handbook of clinical neurology","volume":"208 ","pages":"37-45"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143614616","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0