Handbook of clinical neurology最新文献_第10页

Animal-based approaches to understanding neuroglia physiology in vitro and in vivo.

Handbook of clinical neurology Pub Date : 2025-01-01 DOI: 10.1016/B978-0-443-19104-6.00012-7

Davide Gobbo, Frank Kirchhoff

{"title":"Animal-based approaches to understanding neuroglia physiology in vitro and in vivo.","authors":"Davide Gobbo, Frank Kirchhoff","doi":"10.1016/B978-0-443-19104-6.00012-7","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-443-19104-6.00012-7","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter describes the pivotal role of animal models for unraveling the physiology of neuroglial cells in the central nervous system (CNS). The two rodent species Mus musculus (mice) and Rattus norvegicus (rats) have been indispensable in scientific research due to their remarkable resemblance to humans anatomically, physiologically, and genetically. Their ease of maintenance, short gestation times, and rapid development make them ideal candidates for studying the physiology of astrocytes, oligodendrocyte-lineage cells, and microglia. Moreover, their genetic similarity to humans facilitates the investigation of molecular mechanisms governing neural physiology. Mice are largely the predominant model of neuroglial research, owing to advanced genetic manipulation techniques, whereas rats remain invaluable for applications requiring larger CNS structures for surgical manipulations. Next to rodents, other animal models, namely, Danio rerio (zebrafish) and Drosophila melanogaster (fruit fly), will be discussed to emphasize their critical role in advancing our understanding of glial physiology. Each animal model provides distinct advantages and disadvantages. By combining the strengths of each of them, researchers can gain comprehensive insights into glial function across species, ultimately promoting the understanding of glial physiology in the human CNS and driving the development of novel therapeutic interventions for CNS disorders.","PeriodicalId":12907,"journal":{"name":"Handbook of clinical neurology","volume":"209 ","pages":"229-263"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143692076","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Evolution of neuroglia: From worm to man.

Handbook of clinical neurology Pub Date : 2025-01-01 DOI: 10.1016/B978-0-443-19104-6.00004-8

Aleksandra PĘkowska, Alexei Verkhratsky, Carmen Falcone

{"title":"Evolution of neuroglia: From worm to man.","authors":"Aleksandra PĘkowska, Alexei Verkhratsky, Carmen Falcone","doi":"10.1016/B978-0-443-19104-6.00004-8","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-443-19104-6.00004-8","url":null,"abstract":"Neuroglia are a highly diversified class of neural cells of ectodermal (astroglia; oligodendroglia, glia of the peripheral nervous system) and mesodermal (microglia) origin. Glial cells emerged at the earliest stages of the evolution of the nervous system, seemingly evolving several times in phylogeny. Initially, glial cells were associated with sensory organs, an arrangement conserved throughout the species from worms to humans. Enhanced complexity of the nervous system increased the need for homeostatic support, which, in turn, led to an increase in complexity, functional heterogeneity, and versatility of neuroglia. In the brain of primates, and especially in the brain of humans, astrocytes become exceedingly complex. Likewise, new types of astroglial cells involved in interlayer communication/integration have evolved in the primates evolutionary closer to humans. Increases in animal size and the density of interneuronal connections stimulated the development of the myelin sheath, which was critical for the evolution of the highly complex brains of humans. The innate brain tissue macrophages, the microglia, emerged in invertebrates such as leeches. Microglia conserved their transcriptomic, morphologic, and functional signatures throughout the animal kingdom.","PeriodicalId":12907,"journal":{"name":"Handbook of clinical neurology","volume":"209 ","pages":"7-26"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143692077","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Imaging neuroglia.

Handbook of clinical neurology Pub Date : 2025-01-01 DOI: 10.1016/B978-0-443-19104-6.00016-4

Janine Doorduin

{"title":"Imaging neuroglia.","authors":"Janine Doorduin","doi":"10.1016/B978-0-443-19104-6.00016-4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-443-19104-6.00016-4","url":null,"abstract":"Imaging can help us understand the role neuroglia plays in health and during the course of neurologic disorders. In vivo microscopy has had a great impact on our understanding of how neuroglia behaves during health and disease. While initially the technique was hindered by the limited penetration depth in brain tissue, recent advancements lead to increasing possibilities for imaging of deeper brain structures, even at super-resolution. Unfortunately, in vivo microscopy cannot be applied in a clinical setting and thus cannot be used to study neuroglia in patient populations. However, noninvasive imaging techniques like positron emission tomography (PET) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) can. PET has provided valuable information on the involvement of neuroglia in neurologic disorders. To more specifically image microglia and astrocytes, many new PET biomarkers have been defined for which PET tracers are continuously developed, evaluated, and improved. A cell-type specific PET tracer with favorable imaging characteristics can have a huge impact on neuroglia research. While being less sensitive than PET, MRI is a more accessible imaging technique. Initially, only general neuroinflammation processes could be imaged with MRI, but newly developed methods and sequences allow for increasing cell-type specificity. Overall, while each imaging method comes with limitations, improvements are continuously made, all with the aim to truly understand the role that neuroglia play in health and disease.","PeriodicalId":12907,"journal":{"name":"Handbook of clinical neurology","volume":"209 ","pages":"277-291"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143692080","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Physiology and pathophysiology of the retinal neuroglia. 视网膜神经胶质细胞的生理和病理生理学。

Handbook of clinical neurology Pub Date : 2025-01-01 DOI: 10.1016/B978-0-443-19102-2.00017-X

Antje Grosche, Jens Grosche, Alexei Verkhratsky

引用次数: 0

Neuroglia in neurodegeneration: Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and frontotemporal dementia.

Handbook of clinical neurology Pub Date : 2025-01-01 DOI: 10.1016/B978-0-443-19102-2.00004-1

Fabiola De Marchi, Edoardo Gioele Spinelli, Caterina Bendotti

引用次数: 0

Neuroglia in Tourette syndrome and obsessive-compulsive disorder.

Handbook of clinical neurology Pub Date : 2025-01-01 DOI: 10.1016/B978-0-443-19102-2.00005-3

Luciana R Frick

{"title":"Neuroglia in Tourette syndrome and obsessive-compulsive disorder.","authors":"Luciana R Frick","doi":"10.1016/B978-0-443-19102-2.00005-3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-443-19102-2.00005-3","url":null,"abstract":"In recent years, neuroglia have drawn the attention of researchers in the fields of neurology and psychiatry. Besides their well-known functions providing support to neurons, myelinating axons, and clearing up debris, a constantly growing of evidence indicates that glial cells are key contributors to the pathophysiology of neuropsychiatric disorders. Alterations in microglia, astrocytes, and oligodendrocytes have been described in Tourette syndrome (TS) and obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). The sudden onset of tics and OCD-like symptoms after infection in children (Pediatric Autoimmune Neuropsychiatric Disorder Associated with Streptococcal Infections) suggests a connection with the immune system; in fact, neuroinflammation has been reported. Many imaging studies revealed abnormal myelination in the brain of TS and OCD patients, highlighting the implication of oligodendroglia in the connectivity alterations. Moreover, animal models have unveiled a cell-autonomous role of microglia and astrocytes in the etiology of pathologic grooming, which links these glial cells to the related disorder trichotillomania. This chapter reviews the state of the art and current gaps in the literature, proposing possible pathomechanisms and future research directions.","PeriodicalId":12907,"journal":{"name":"Handbook of clinical neurology","volume":"210 ","pages":"325-334"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143729803","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Obstructive sleep apnea syndrome, orexin, and sleep-wake cycle: The link with the neurodegeneration.

Handbook of clinical neurology Pub Date : 2025-01-01 DOI: 10.1016/B978-0-323-90918-1.00014-9

Mariana Fernandes, Claudio Liguori

{"title":"Obstructive sleep apnea syndrome, orexin, and sleep-wake cycle: The link with the neurodegeneration.","authors":"Mariana Fernandes, Claudio Liguori","doi":"10.1016/B978-0-323-90918-1.00014-9","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-323-90918-1.00014-9","url":null,"abstract":"Obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS) significantly affects the sleep-wake circadian rhythm through intermittent hypoxia and chronic sleep fragmentation. OSAS patients often experience excessive daytime sleepiness, frequent awakenings, and sleep fragmentation, leading to a disrupted circadian rhythm and altered sleep-wake cycle. These disruptions may exacerbate OSAS symptoms and contribute to neurodegenerative processes, particularly through the modulation of clock gene expression such as CLOCK, BMAL1, and PER. Emerging evidence connects OSAS to cognitive impairment and suggests that these changes may contribute to the development of neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimer disease, suggesting that OSAS could be a reversible risk factor for these conditions. Biomarkers, including melatonin and orexin, play crucial roles in understanding these mechanisms. In OSAS patients, melatonin, a marker of circadian rhythmicity, often shows altered secretion patterns that are not fully corrected by continuous positive airway pressure therapy. Orexin, which regulates the sleep-wake cycle, exhibits increased cerebrospinal fluid levels in OSAS patients, possibly due to compensatory mechanisms against sleep impairment and daytime sleepiness. These biomarkers highlight the intricate relationship between circadian rhythm disruptions and neurodegenerative risks in OSAS, emphasizing the need for further research and potential therapeutic strategies to mitigate these effects and improve patient outcomes.","PeriodicalId":12907,"journal":{"name":"Handbook of clinical neurology","volume":"206 ","pages":"141-160"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143046464","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Traumatic brain injury and disorders of consciousness.

Handbook of clinical neurology Pub Date : 2025-01-01 DOI: 10.1016/B978-0-443-13408-1.00014-2

Phoebe H Johnson-Black, Julia M Carlson, Paul M Vespa

{"title":"Traumatic brain injury and disorders of consciousness.","authors":"Phoebe H Johnson-Black, Julia M Carlson, Paul M Vespa","doi":"10.1016/B978-0-443-13408-1.00014-2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-443-13408-1.00014-2","url":null,"abstract":"Trauma is one of the most common causes of disorders of consciousness (DOC) worldwide. Traumatic brain injury (TBI) leads to heterogeneous, multifocal injury via focal brain damage and diffuse axonal injury, causing an acquired network disorder. Recovery occurs through reemergence of dynamic cortical and subcortical networks. Accurate diagnostic evaluation is essential toward promoting recovery and may be more challenging in traumatic than non-traumatic brain injuries. Standardized neurobehavioral assessment is the cornerstone for assessments in the acute, prolonged, and chronic phases of traumatic DOC, while structural and functional neuroimaging, tractography, nuclear medicine studies, and electrophysiologic techniques assist with differentiation of DOC states and prognostication. Prognosis for recovery is better for patients with TBI than those with non-traumatic brain injuries, and the timeline for recovery is longer. The majority of patients experience improvement in their DOC within the first year post-injury, but recovery can continue for five and even ten years after TBI. Pharmacologic therapy and device-related neuromodulation represent important areas for future research.","PeriodicalId":12907,"journal":{"name":"Handbook of clinical neurology","volume":"207 ","pages":"75-96"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143476477","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Functional and structural brain asymmetries in language processing.

Handbook of clinical neurology Pub Date : 2025-01-01 DOI: 10.1016/B978-0-443-15646-5.00020-8

Patrick C Trettenbrein, Angela D Friederici

{"title":"Functional and structural brain asymmetries in language processing.","authors":"Patrick C Trettenbrein, Angela D Friederici","doi":"10.1016/B978-0-443-15646-5.00020-8","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-443-15646-5.00020-8","url":null,"abstract":"The lateralization of language to the left hemisphere of the human brain constitutes one of the classic examples of asymmetry in biology. At the same time, it is also commonly understood that damage to the left hemisphere does not lead to a complete loss of all linguistic abilities. These seemingly contradictory findings indicate that neither our cognitive capacity for language nor its neural substrates are monolithic. This chapter reviews the functional and structural lateralization of the neural substrates of different aspects of language as revealed in the past decades by neuroimaging research. Most aspects of language processing indeed tend to be functionally lateralized to the left hemisphere in the adult human brain. Nevertheless, both hemispheres exhibit a certain equipotentiality with regard to some aspects of language processing, especially with regard to processing meaning and sound. In contrast, the so-called \"core language network\" in the left hemisphere constitutes a functional and structural asymmetry: This network (i) is crucial for a core aspect of language processing, namely syntax, which refers to the generation of hierarchically structured representations of utterances linking meaning and sound, (ii) matures in accordance with a genetically determined biologic matrix, and (iii) its emergence may have constituted a prerequisite for the evolution of the human language capacity.","PeriodicalId":12907,"journal":{"name":"Handbook of clinical neurology","volume":"208 ","pages":"269-287"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143614344","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Asymmetries in the human brain.

Handbook of clinical neurology Pub Date : 2025-01-01 DOI: 10.1016/B978-0-443-15646-5.00030-0

Lilit Dulyan, Cesare Bortolami, Stephanie J Forkel

引用次数: 0