Handbook of clinical neurology最新文献_第9页

Left- and right-side unilateral spatial neglect: Hemispheric differences. 左右侧单侧空间忽视：半球差异。

Handbook of clinical neurology Pub Date : 2025-01-01 DOI: 10.1016/B978-0-443-15646-5.00025-7

Laura Veronelli, Giuseppe Vallar

{"title":"Left- and right-side unilateral spatial neglect: Hemispheric differences.","authors":"Laura Veronelli, Giuseppe Vallar","doi":"10.1016/B978-0-443-15646-5.00025-7","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-443-15646-5.00025-7","url":null,"abstract":"Neglect of one side of space, typically contralateral to a lesion of one cerebral hemisphere, is a multicomponent neurologic syndrome. In humans, left neglect after right brain damage is more frequent, severe, or both, than right neglect after left brain damage. Right neglect is behaviorally like left neglect. In the monkey, such a functional asymmetry is not present. In humans, left hemisphere-based spatial systems are weaker, likely due to the coexistence of language and spatial processes. This may account for the lateral asymmetry of neglect, which is present at birth. Except in a few patients, there is no global functional reversal of language and spatial cognition. Left brain-damaged patients often show both aphasia and right neglect, as many right brain-damaged patients with crossed aphasia show left neglect. Lateralized sensory stimulations temporarily improve both left and right neglect. Damage to the posterior parietal lobe (inferior parietal lobule), the temporo-parietal junction, the superior and middle temporal, and to the premotor and prefrontal cortices is associated with contralateral neglect; also, lesions in white matter fiber tracts and subcortical nuclei bring about neglect, with no definite left-right asymmetries.","PeriodicalId":12907,"journal":{"name":"Handbook of clinical neurology","volume":"208 ","pages":"127-154"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143614663","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Preface. 前言。

Handbook of clinical neurology Pub Date : 2025-01-01 DOI: 10.1016/B978-0-443-15646-5.09995-4

Costanza Papagno, Paul Corballis

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The arts and hemispheric specialization. 艺术和半球专业化。

Handbook of clinical neurology Pub Date : 2025-01-01 DOI: 10.1016/B978-0-443-15646-5.00002-6

D W Zaidel

{"title":"The arts and hemispheric specialization.","authors":"D W Zaidel","doi":"10.1016/B978-0-443-15646-5.00002-6","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-443-15646-5.00002-6","url":null,"abstract":"Art was initially thought of as a single function linked mainly to spatial perception and right hemisphere functional specialization. Art was also considered to be diametrically opposed to language, further solidifying the right hemisphere specialization model. This view remained dominant for many decades. However, increase in published observations of artworks by professional artists following acquired unilateral hemispheric damage showed that quality artistic works can be produced when there is damage in either the left or the right hemisphere. With the advent of neuroimaging such as functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), light was shed on the neural underpinning of the esthetics of artworks revealing activation in multiple regions across both hemispheres. The bulk of recent data suggests complementary hemispheric contributions to art production and esthetic evaluation of numerous art expressions. Similarly, creativity and imagination, upon which art expression depends, both appear to recruit interhemispheric processes. Culturally, the early evolutionary origin of art is associated mainly with Homo sapiens (HS) but, despite evidence for cerebral asymmetry based on fossil skulls, their emergence did not coincide with visual art making. A significant lag of hundreds of thousands of years intervened before humans produced art consistently and abundantly. By now, the arts are practiced ubiquitously throughout the globe, in all human societies.","PeriodicalId":12907,"journal":{"name":"Handbook of clinical neurology","volume":"208 ","pages":"409-419"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143614671","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Orchestrating the neuroglial compartment: Ontogeny and developmental interaction of astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, and microglia. 协调神经胶质室：星形胶质细胞、少突胶质细胞和小胶质细胞的个体发生和发育相互作用。

Handbook of clinical neurology Pub Date : 2025-01-01 DOI: 10.1016/B978-0-443-19104-6.00011-5

Imke M E Schuurmans, Annika Mordelt, Lot D de Witte

引用次数: 0

Neuroglia in epilepsy. 癫痫中的神经胶质细胞

Handbook of clinical neurology Pub Date : 2025-01-01 DOI: 10.1016/B978-0-443-19102-2.00016-8

Manolia R Ghouli, Devin K Binder

{"title":"Neuroglia in epilepsy.","authors":"Manolia R Ghouli, Devin K Binder","doi":"10.1016/B978-0-443-19102-2.00016-8","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-443-19102-2.00016-8","url":null,"abstract":"Epilepsy is a group of neurologic diseases characterized by spontaneous, repetitive disruption to neuronal activity. Neurons have been at the core of epilepsy research efforts, and pharmacotherapies historically have been generated by targeting neuronal mechanisms. As a result, most currently available antiseizure drugs (ASDs) work to either decrease excitatory glutamatergic neurotransmission or to increase inhibitory GABAergic neurotransmission. However, ASDs may have undesirable side effects on cognition and also fail to control seizures in approximately 30% of epilepsy patients. In recent years, glia have surfaced as essential modulators of neuronal function in health and disease. The redirection of focus onto neuroglia provides new perspectives and opportunities to generate novel therapeutic targets that may treat refractory epilepsy and diminish the unwanted side effect profile of current treatments. In this chapter, we discuss the contribution of astroglia, oligodendroglia, and microglia to the genesis, development, and progression of epilepsy, and we highlight key enzymes, receptors, transporters, and channels that may be pursued as nonneuronal targets for novel ASDs.","PeriodicalId":12907,"journal":{"name":"Handbook of clinical neurology","volume":"210 ","pages":"69-86"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143729834","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

A historical review of consciousness and its disorders. 意识及其紊乱的历史回顾。

Handbook of clinical neurology Pub Date : 2025-01-01 DOI: 10.1016/B978-0-443-13408-1.00009-9

G Bryan Young, Loretta Norton

{"title":"A historical review of consciousness and its disorders.","authors":"G Bryan Young, Loretta Norton","doi":"10.1016/B978-0-443-13408-1.00009-9","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-443-13408-1.00009-9","url":null,"abstract":"Concepts of consciousness and its disorders begin with the realization that both reside in the brain. Then came the realization that consciousness had various components, with two principal aspects, wakefulness and awareness. Awareness has multiple interconnected components, ranging from perception to abstract thought. These require selection of certain stimuli and processing as well as judgment and motivation, colored by emotion, before a consciously directed action is produced. The brain processes information and can influence behavior at levels below conscious awareness. Deeper insights into underlying neuronal functions and the complex interactions of various brain regions that support conscious experience have been made possible by scientific and technologic advancements. Our understanding of regional and global brain functions has been influenced by studies of various diseases and disorders, ranging from \"brain death\" to delirium. We now recognize that we cannot solely rely on behavioral responses to determine the conscious level, as some \"unresponsive-wakeful,\" previously termed \"vegetative,\" patients retain cognitive capacity, revealed by fMRI and electrophysiologic advances. There is still much to learn, especially as to how full awareness and the awareness of awareness arise from the brain and how to best assess and manage patients with various disorders of consciousness.","PeriodicalId":12907,"journal":{"name":"Handbook of clinical neurology","volume":"207 ","pages":"15-28"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143476375","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Sleep-wake modulation and pathogenesis of Alzheimer disease: Suggestions for postponement and treatment. 阿尔茨海默病的睡眠-觉醒调节与发病机制：延缓和治疗建议。

Handbook of clinical neurology Pub Date : 2025-01-01 DOI: 10.1016/B978-0-323-90918-1.00001-0

Ya-Jing Liu, Dick F Swaab, Jiang-Ning Zhou

{"title":"Sleep-wake modulation and pathogenesis of Alzheimer disease: Suggestions for postponement and treatment.","authors":"Ya-Jing Liu, Dick F Swaab, Jiang-Ning Zhou","doi":"10.1016/B978-0-323-90918-1.00001-0","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-323-90918-1.00001-0","url":null,"abstract":"Sleep-wake disorders are recognized as one of the earliest symptoms of Alzheimer disease (AD). Accumulating evidence has highlighted a significant association between sleep-wake disorders and AD pathogenesis, suggesting that sleep-wake modulation could be a promising approach for postponing AD onset. The suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) and the pineal hormone melatonin are major central modulating components of the circadian rhythm system. Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) melatonin levels are dramatically decreased in AD. Interestingly, the number of neurofibrillary tangles in the hippocampus, which is one of the two major neuropathologic AD biomarkers, increases in parallel with the decrease in CSF melatonin levels. Furthermore, a decrease in salivary melatonin levels in middle-aged persons is a significant risk factor for the onset of the early stages of AD. Moreover, the disappearance of rhythmic fluctuations in melatonin may be one of the best biomarkers for AD diagnosis. Light therapy combined with melatonin supplementation is the recommended first-line treatment for sleep-wake disorders in AD patients and may be beneficial for ameliorating cognitive impairment. Sleep-wake cycle modulation based on AD risk gene presence is a promising early intervention for AD onset postponement.","PeriodicalId":12907,"journal":{"name":"Handbook of clinical neurology","volume":"206 ","pages":"211-229"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143046571","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Animal-based approaches to understanding neuroglia physiology in vitro and in vivo. 基于动物的方法来理解神经胶质细胞生理在体外和体内。

Handbook of clinical neurology Pub Date : 2025-01-01 DOI: 10.1016/B978-0-443-19104-6.00012-7

Davide Gobbo, Frank Kirchhoff

{"title":"Animal-based approaches to understanding neuroglia physiology in vitro and in vivo.","authors":"Davide Gobbo, Frank Kirchhoff","doi":"10.1016/B978-0-443-19104-6.00012-7","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-443-19104-6.00012-7","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter describes the pivotal role of animal models for unraveling the physiology of neuroglial cells in the central nervous system (CNS). The two rodent species Mus musculus (mice) and Rattus norvegicus (rats) have been indispensable in scientific research due to their remarkable resemblance to humans anatomically, physiologically, and genetically. Their ease of maintenance, short gestation times, and rapid development make them ideal candidates for studying the physiology of astrocytes, oligodendrocyte-lineage cells, and microglia. Moreover, their genetic similarity to humans facilitates the investigation of molecular mechanisms governing neural physiology. Mice are largely the predominant model of neuroglial research, owing to advanced genetic manipulation techniques, whereas rats remain invaluable for applications requiring larger CNS structures for surgical manipulations. Next to rodents, other animal models, namely, Danio rerio (zebrafish) and Drosophila melanogaster (fruit fly), will be discussed to emphasize their critical role in advancing our understanding of glial physiology. Each animal model provides distinct advantages and disadvantages. By combining the strengths of each of them, researchers can gain comprehensive insights into glial function across species, ultimately promoting the understanding of glial physiology in the human CNS and driving the development of novel therapeutic interventions for CNS disorders.","PeriodicalId":12907,"journal":{"name":"Handbook of clinical neurology","volume":"209 ","pages":"229-263"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143692076","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Evolution of neuroglia: From worm to man. 神经胶质细胞的进化：从蠕虫到人类。

Handbook of clinical neurology Pub Date : 2025-01-01 DOI: 10.1016/B978-0-443-19104-6.00004-8

Aleksandra PĘkowska, Alexei Verkhratsky, Carmen Falcone

{"title":"Evolution of neuroglia: From worm to man.","authors":"Aleksandra PĘkowska, Alexei Verkhratsky, Carmen Falcone","doi":"10.1016/B978-0-443-19104-6.00004-8","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-443-19104-6.00004-8","url":null,"abstract":"Neuroglia are a highly diversified class of neural cells of ectodermal (astroglia; oligodendroglia, glia of the peripheral nervous system) and mesodermal (microglia) origin. Glial cells emerged at the earliest stages of the evolution of the nervous system, seemingly evolving several times in phylogeny. Initially, glial cells were associated with sensory organs, an arrangement conserved throughout the species from worms to humans. Enhanced complexity of the nervous system increased the need for homeostatic support, which, in turn, led to an increase in complexity, functional heterogeneity, and versatility of neuroglia. In the brain of primates, and especially in the brain of humans, astrocytes become exceedingly complex. Likewise, new types of astroglial cells involved in interlayer communication/integration have evolved in the primates evolutionary closer to humans. Increases in animal size and the density of interneuronal connections stimulated the development of the myelin sheath, which was critical for the evolution of the highly complex brains of humans. The innate brain tissue macrophages, the microglia, emerged in invertebrates such as leeches. Microglia conserved their transcriptomic, morphologic, and functional signatures throughout the animal kingdom.","PeriodicalId":12907,"journal":{"name":"Handbook of clinical neurology","volume":"209 ","pages":"7-26"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143692077","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Cardiac arrest and disorders of consciousness. 心脏骤停和意识障碍。

Handbook of clinical neurology Pub Date : 2025-01-01 DOI: 10.1016/B978-0-443-13408-1.00015-4

Nefize Turan, Romergryko G Geocadin

引用次数: 0