Frontiers in Veterinary Science最新文献

{"title":"Pig welfare and ethical considerations during abattoir stunning: CO₂ vs. alternative methods such as argon gas.","authors":"Jenny L Mace, Andrew Knight","doi":"10.3389/fvets.2025.1542798","DOIUrl":"10.3389/fvets.2025.1542798","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":12772,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Veterinary Science","volume":"12 ","pages":"1542798"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2025-03-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11948533/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143729750","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Intra- and inter-observer reliability of girth measurements of the neck, chest, and abdomen in dogs.","authors":"Josefin Söder, Ludvig Ehnberg, Erica Löfberg, Katja Höglund, Anna Bergh","doi":"10.3389/fvets.2025.1546951","DOIUrl":"10.3389/fvets.2025.1546951","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>This study aimed to assess intra- and inter-observer reliability of neck, chest, and abdominal girth measurements in dogs and to compare these measurements made with a measuring tape, equipped with or without a dynamometer.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>The locations of the middle neck, cranial and widest chest, and cranial and caudal abdomen were measured individually by two observers in 16 dogs standing squarely at an examination table. Girth measurements were performed in triplicate with the other observer recording the data. All dogs underwent evaluation using a measuring tape equipped with a spring dynamometer, while a subgroup (<i>n</i> = 8) was also evaluated with a measuring tape without the dynamometer. Intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs), with a 95% confidence interval (CI), were computed to assess the intra- and inter-observer reliability for the measurements made with the measuring tape equipped with a spring dynamometer. Pearson's correlations (<i>r</i>) were used to compare the two methods: girth measurements performed with and without the dynamometer.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Girth measurements at all locations demonstrated high intra-observer (0.967-0.999) and inter-observer (0.985-0.995) reliability. The correlations between measurements made with and without the dynamometer were high (<i>r</i> ≥ 0.996, <i>p</i> < 0.0001). Numerically higher girth values with numerically lower precision were recorded using the tape measure without the dynamometer, but only the girth of the cranial abdomen differed significantly between methods (<i>p</i> = 0.04).</p><p><strong>Conclusion and clinical importance: </strong>Girth measurements were reliable across all locations, particularly in the cranial chest and caudal abdomen, which exhibited high precision both within and between the two observers. A tape measure loaded with a dynamometer is recommended, as measurements recorded with a tape measure only showed a tendency of higher girth values with lower precision. Future research should evaluate neck, chest, and abdominal girth measurements in overweight canine patients, as well as the usefulness of the method as a complement to clinical body condition assessment for tracking changes in body composition.</p>","PeriodicalId":12772,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Veterinary Science","volume":"12 ","pages":"1546951"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2025-03-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11949135/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143729749","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Probiotic characteristics and whole genome sequencing of <i>Pediococcus pentosaceus</i> SNF15 and its protective effect on mice diarrhea induced by <i>Escherichia coli</i> K99.","authors":"Yalan Su, Mingque Feng, Jingdi Tong, Xiangfu Wen, Meiyi Ren, Deyuan Song, Jinshang Song, Xiaohan Li, Qinna Xie, Jia Cheng, Mingchao Liu","doi":"10.3389/fvets.2025.1524658","DOIUrl":"10.3389/fvets.2025.1524658","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><i>Escherichia coli</i> (<i>E. col</i> iK99) is one of the primary pathogens that cause infectious calf diarrhea, resulting in mortality and causing economic losses. Probiotics have been widely researched for their positive impact on inhibiting the growth of pathogenic bacteria and enhancing immunity and gut health as alternatives to antibiotics. This study isolated one probiotic from healthy calf feces: <i>Pediococcus pentosaceus</i> SNF15 (<i>P. pentosaceus</i> SNF15). In vitro assessments included growth character and acid-producing ability, bile salt and artificial gastroenteric fluid tolerance, Caco-2 adhesion, hemolysis screening, and antibiotic susceptibility. Whole-genome sequencing identified immunomodulatory, antimicrobial, and metabolic genes. A murine model evaluated probiotic efficacy against <i>E. coli</i> K99, outcomes included clinical indices (fecal score, weight), histopathology (H&E), inflammatarty factor (qRT-PCR and ELISA), tight junction proteins and mucin (immunohistochemistry detection). Finally, 16S rRNA sequencing was performed to compare the composition and relative abundance of the gut microbiota among the different groups. <i>P. pentosaceus</i> SNF15 demonstrated excellent growth performance and acid production capacity, bile salt and artificial gastroenteric fluid resistance, Caco-2 cells adhesion and safety (γ-hemolysis, antibiotic sensitivity) Genomic analysis revealed to immune, anti-inflammatory, antagonistic pathogens, and carbohydrate utilization, including secondary bile acid, nicotinate and nicotinamide. The animal tests showed that the <i>P. pentosaceus</i> SNF15 treatment protects against <i>E. coli</i> K99 infection, as evidenced by clinical symptoms, including weight loss, fecal score, liver atrophy, and spleen enlargement occurred histological damage. Compared with the CN group, the supplementation of <i>P. pentosaceus</i> SNF15 strains ameliorated the damage of jejunum and the content of tight junction proteins occludin, claudin, ZO-1, and MUC2 and decreased the levels of IL-6, IL-1β, and TNF-α in jejunum. The 16S rDNA sequence results showed that infection with Escherichia coli K99 led to an imbalance in gut microbiota; the proportion of <i>Firmicutes</i> and <i>Bacteroidetes</i> decreased, and <i>Proteobacteria</i> increased. <i>P. pentosaceus</i> SNF15 helps improve intestinal microbial composition and prevents this trend. <i>P. pentosaceus</i> SNF15 supplementation can prevent and treat the clinical symptoms, intestinal epithelial mucosal integrity, intestinal permeability, and immune-related cytokines and regulate the intestinal microbiota in E. coli K99-infected mice. This research revealed that <i>P. pentosaceus</i> SNF15 possesses desirable probiotic characteristics and could be used as a potential probiotic to remit neonatal calf diarrhea, caused by <i>E. coli</i> K99 infection.</p>","PeriodicalId":12772,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Veterinary Science","volume":"12 ","pages":"1524658"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2025-03-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11948748/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143729751","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Ultrastructural evidence for the activation of autophagy and analysis of the protective role of autophagy in goat spermatozoa under liquid storage.","authors":"Tengfei Liu, Jincong Niu, Yuqi Huang, Hong Chen, Yongjie Wu, Yongping Xu","doi":"10.3389/fvets.2025.1543459","DOIUrl":"10.3389/fvets.2025.1543459","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Liquid storage of semen is a widely used technology for promoting genetic improvement in goat breeding. The short shelf life of spermatozoa greatly limits the application of liquid storage, which urgently needs to explore the underlying regulatory factors. Autophagy as a cellular catabolic process plays critical roles in eliminating damaged material, that thus protects the function and fertilizing ability of spermatozoa. Nevertheless, the regulatory mechanisms of autophagy in goat spermatozoa under liquid storage remain unclear. In this study, the typical morphologic abnormalities and ultrastructural changes in goat spermatozoa, such as plasma membrane swollen and shrunken, acrosome exfoliation, and axoneme exposure, were observed after liquid storage at 4°C. Moreover, assessment of the formation of autophagy in liquid-stored goat spermatozoa was performed by a morphological \"gold standard\" of electron microscopy. Notably, a large number of vesicles with double-membrane structure indicating autophagosome were found to surround the aberrant spermatozoa, suggesting the activation of autophagy. Several proteins, such as LC3, ATG5, and p62, exhibited differential expression after liquid storage, which further validated the occurrence of autophagy in liquid-stored goat spermatozoa. Furthermore, chloroquine treatment was used to inhibit the autophagy of spermatozoa, which caused a significantly decrease in the quality of liquid-stored spermatozoa, including motility, viability, plasma membrane integrity, and acrosome integrity. Significant increase in ROS and MDA levels of spermatozoa and significant decrease in Ca²⁺ influx and protein tyrosine phosphorylation of spermatozoa were also detected after chloroquine-induced autophagy inhibition. The ultrastructural observation of double-membrane autophagosome provides strong evidences for the activation of autophagy in goat spermatozoa under liquid storage. The inhibition of autophagy mediated by chloroquine indicated that autophagy plays vital roles in the survival of spermatozoa. These results facilitate understanding the activation of autophagy in spermatozoa and provide valuable references for uncovering the underlying regulatory mechanisms of liquid storage of goat spermatozoa.</p>","PeriodicalId":12772,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Veterinary Science","volume":"12 ","pages":"1543459"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2025-03-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11948349/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143729755","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evaluation of virtual non-contrast detector-based spectral CT images in comparison to true unenhanced images in 20 rabbits.","authors":"Manon Mikić, Philipp Lietz, Julie-Ann Dierig, Sebastian Meller, Michael Pees, Kristina Merhof","doi":"10.3389/fvets.2025.1521986","DOIUrl":"10.3389/fvets.2025.1521986","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Spectral detector Computed Tomography (SDCT) enables generation of virtual non-contrast (VNC) images derived from a post-contrast scan, as previously investigated in healthy dogs. This technique is especially promising for awake scanned rabbits where motion between the pre- and the post-contrast scans makes comparison challenging. This study aimed to determine the reliability of VNC images for assessing abdominal organs in 20 rabbits by evaluating their qualitative and quantitative parameters compared to true unenhanced (TUE) images. Our hypothesis were that the VNC series would be comparable to TUE series and that the quality of the VNC images would be equal to or even superior to the native images.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Attenuation values of VNC and TUE series were assessed using a two one-sided t-test (TOST) and the signal-to-noise ratio was calculated for each ROI in the different series. Additionally, a qualitative assessment of the VNC images relative to TUE images was performed in consensus by a board-certified radiologist and a second year diagnostic imaging resident by evaluating the iodine subtraction, image quality and noise of VNC images based on a 5-point Likert scale.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>A total of 219 regions of interest (ROIs) where drawn in abdominal organs. 72.1% of the ROIs displayed differences of less than 15 Hounsfield Units (HU) between TUE and VNC images. The differences in attenuation values of TUE and VNC were statistically significant (<i>p</i> < 0.05) for <math><mo>≤</mo></math> 5 HU in the spleen, for <math><mo>≤</mo></math> 10 HU and <math><mo>≤</mo></math> 15 HU additionally in the liver, musculature and renal cortices. These findings support the equivalence between VNC and TUE images. An average score of 4.4 was achieved for iodine subtraction across all patients, which encompasses all organ values, with no individual patient scoring below 4.0.</p><p><strong>Discussion: </strong>VNC images present a promising alternative to TUE images for abdominal organs without pathology in rabbits with the benefit of eliminating motion between the compared series and reducing examination time and radiation exposure by replacing pre-contrast scans. Further research is necessary to demonstrate the applicability of the technique to morphologically diseased organs.</p>","PeriodicalId":12772,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Veterinary Science","volume":"12 ","pages":"1521986"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2025-03-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11947665/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143729746","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Case Report: Long-term complications of subcutaneous ureteral bypass migration in an adult female Papillon.","authors":"Boram Lee, Jeonghyun Seo, Soon-Wuk Jeong","doi":"10.3389/fvets.2025.1543299","DOIUrl":"10.3389/fvets.2025.1543299","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>A 6-year-old spayed female 4.4-kg Papillon with only the left kidney presented with vomiting. Imaging unveiled ureterolithiasis and hydronephrosis, while serum chemistry displayed elevated creatinine, blood urea nitrogen, and C-reactive protein. Urinalysis revealed bacteria and bacterial phagocytes. After subcutaneous ureteral bypass (SUB) placement, kidney panels were normalized. The nephrostomy and cystostomy catheters had migrated into the renal parenchyma and bladder wall on postoperative day (POD) 212 and 369, respectively. As the migration advanced, they entered the ureter and bladder on POD 369 and 796, respectively. The SUB, excluding the nephrostomy catheter, was removed on POD 930 due to migration, obstruction, and extrusion of the SUB shunting port. On POD 937, creatinine and BUN levels remained normal. By POD 1063, the ureteroliths had disappeared. This case highlights the need for vigilant monitoring of catheter migration as a potential complication following SUB placement. Early identification and timely intervention are essential for reducing morbidity and improving patient outcomes.</p>","PeriodicalId":12772,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Veterinary Science","volume":"12 ","pages":"1543299"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2025-03-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11938841/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143718675","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Streptococcal infection and its antimicrobial resistance profile associated with bovine mastitis in Ethiopia: a systematic review and meta-analysis.","authors":"Melkie Dagnaw Fenta, Melaku Getahun Feleke, Atsede Solomon Mebratu, Bemrew Admassu Mengistu, Yitayew Demessie","doi":"10.3389/fvets.2025.1503904","DOIUrl":"10.3389/fvets.2025.1503904","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>In Ethiopia, bovine mastitis is a major problem affecting production, welfare, and public health. <i>Streptococcus</i> is a key pathogen that causes mastitis and is often treated with antimicrobials, which can lead to antimicrobial resistance. Nevertheless, the administration of antimicrobials can unintentionally facilitate the emergence of antimicrobial resistance. Thus, this study aimed to systematically review and estimate the pooled prevalence of streptococcal infection in bovine mastitis in Ethiopia, along with associated antimicrobial resistance profiles, to provide a comprehensive understanding of the current situation and guide effective treatment this bacteria.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This systematic review was carried out according to the PRISMA guidelines. To estimate the pooled proportion and resistance, a random effects model was utilized with R software. The databases used included SCOPUS, PubMed, HINARI, Web of Science, Google, and Google Scholar.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Twenty-five articles were included in this meta-analysis. The overall pooled proportion of mastitis associated with <i>Streptococcus</i> spp. was 20% (95% CI: 17-23%). Significant heterogeneity was observed in the studies included (<i>I²</i>  = 87%; <i>p</i> < 0.01). Among the regions, the highest proportion was reported for South Nation, Nationality of Peoples Region (SNNPR) at 26%, followed by Amhara (24%), Oromia and Addis Abeba (19%), and Tigray (15%). The highest proportion of <i>Streptococcus</i> isolates was found in patients with clinical mastitis (24%). Among the major <i>Streptococcus</i> spp., <i>Str. agalactiae</i> had the highest pooled prevalence at 13%. The greatest prevalence of resistant <i>Streptococcus</i> was observed against penicillin (52%), followed by streptomycin, tetracycline, and ampicillin (42, 38, and 35%, respectively). According to the information provided by this meta-analysis, evidence-based risk management measures should be established to prevent and control streptococcal infection in dairy cattle. Monitoring and reporting of streptococcal mastitis and antimicrobial resistance are needed in Ethiopia's different regions. To minimize resistance, stricter guidelines should be implemented for antimicrobial use in dairy cattle, with a particular focus on reducing penicillin use.</p>","PeriodicalId":12772,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Veterinary Science","volume":"12 ","pages":"1503904"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2025-03-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11938844/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143718768","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Mapping activity of grazing cattle using commercial virtual fencing technology.","authors":"Kareemah Chopra, Tom Craig Cameron, Roger C Beecroft, Luke Bristow, Edward A Codling","doi":"10.3389/fvets.2025.1536977","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fvets.2025.1536977","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Identifying where and how grazing animals are active is crucial for informed decision-making in livestock and conservation management. Virtual fencing systems, which use animal-mounted location tracking sensors to automatically monitor and manage the movement and space-use of livestock, are increasingly being used to control grazing as part of Precision Livestock Farming (PLF) approaches. The sensors used in virtual fencing systems are often able to capture additional information beyond animal location, including activity levels and environmental information such as temperature, but this additional data is not always made available to the end user in an interpretable form. In this study we demonstrate how a commercial virtual fencing system (Nofence®) can be used to map the spatiotemporal distribution of livestock activity levels in the context of grazing. We first demonstrate how Nofence® activity index measurements correlate strongly with direct in-situ observations of grazing intensity by individual cattle. Using methods adapted from movement ecology for analysis of home range, we subsequently demonstrate how space-use and cumulative and average activity levels of grazing cattle can be spatially mapped and analyzed over time using two different approaches: a simple but computationally efficient cell-count method and a novel adapted version of a more complex Brownian Bridge Movement Model. We further highlight how the same sensors can also be used to map spatiotemporal variations in temperature. This study highlights how data generated from virtual fencing systems could provide valuable additional insights for livestock managers, potentially leading to improved production efficiencies or conservation outcomes.</p>","PeriodicalId":12772,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Veterinary Science","volume":"12 ","pages":"1536977"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2025-03-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11960750/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143763826","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"One Health alert: zoonotic scabies from dromedary camels-A case report and call for vigilance.","authors":"Hebel Christiana, Schuster Rolf Karl, Kinne Joerg, Wernery Ulrich","doi":"10.3389/fvets.2025.1500916","DOIUrl":"10.3389/fvets.2025.1500916","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This case report describes the rapid transmission of sarcoptic mange, a highly contagious skin disease caused by the mite <i>Sarcoptes scabiei</i>, from one dromedary camel to a group of other dromedary camels and a group of human beings despite wearing personal protective equipment. This is the first report on an outbreak of human pseudoscabies in the United Arab Emirates, and it highlights the importance of a One Health approach managing zoonotic diseases. Early detection, treatment of infected animals, as well as adherence to hygiene and quarantine protocols are crucial to prevent zoonotic spillovers.</p>","PeriodicalId":12772,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Veterinary Science","volume":"12 ","pages":"1500916"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2025-03-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11938839/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143718743","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Mechanistic investigation of Shuanghuanglian against infectious bronchitis in chickens: a network pharmacology and molecular dynamics study.","authors":"Fuming You, Hanzhao Zhang, Linghao Meng, Chuanhong Li, Yuxia Yang, Yongqiang Wang, Rigetu Zhao, Luomeng Chao","doi":"10.3389/fvets.2025.1557850","DOIUrl":"10.3389/fvets.2025.1557850","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Infectious bronchitis (IB) poses a major challenge to global poultry production, causing substantial economic burdens and underscoring the necessity for novel therapeutic interventions given the limitations of current vaccines and conventional antiviral agents. The purpose of this study is to comprehensively explore the active components in Shuanghuanglian and their interaction with the key pathological targets of IBV (Infectious bronchitis virus) infection. By using advanced computational methods, this study aims not only to identify the therapeutic potential of active ingredients, but also to reveal their mechanism of action against IBV.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Through integrative systems pharmacology approaches, we systematically investigated Shuanghuanglian and its phytochemical constituents against IB, employing multi-omics analysis, ensemble machine learning, and all-atom molecular dynamics (MD) simulations. Network pharmacology revealed 65 target genes associated with Shuanghuanglian's primary bioactive components (quercetin, kaempferol, wogonin, and luteolin), exhibiting high network centrality.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Using the TCMSP database, we found 65 target genes associated with key active components, such as quercetin and kaempferol, which exhibited strong connectivity in our network analysis. The GeneCards database also identified 40 common target genes shared by Shuanghuanglian and IB. Importantly, BCL2 and IL6 were recognized as key targets in the protein-protein interaction (PPI) network analysis, highlighting their roles in apoptosis and inflammation. Furthermore, analyses using Gene Ontology (GO) and the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathways revealed significant roles in regulating the cell cycle and inflammatory responses. Machine learning techniques identified BCL2 and IL6 as critical genes for therapeutic intervention, supported by molecular docking results that showed strong binding energies. Furthermore, molecular dynamics simulations confirm the stability of the complexes, underscoring the importance of these interactions for treatment efficacy.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>We used a variety of analytical methods, and finally identified the potential active ingredients of Shuanghuanglian as kaempferol, quercetin, wogonin, and luteolin. The active ingredients target BCL2 and IL6 and play a therapeutic role in avian infectious bronchitis by inhibiting apoptosis and reducing inflammatory response.</p>","PeriodicalId":12772,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Veterinary Science","volume":"12 ","pages":"1557850"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2025-03-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11936991/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143718742","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}