FrictionPub Date : 2025-06-30DOI: 10.26599/frict.2025.9441142
An Liu, Ning Chen, Chao Ma, Yingliang Cheng, Song Gao, Geng Zhang
{"title":"Customizing tribological interface structure in TC6 alloy by plasma electrolytic oxidation and Ti3C2 nanocoating","authors":"An Liu, Ning Chen, Chao Ma, Yingliang Cheng, Song Gao, Geng Zhang","doi":"10.26599/frict.2025.9441142","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.26599/frict.2025.9441142","url":null,"abstract":"<p>To customizing a self-lubricating tribological interface on titanium alloy surfaces and address the issues of high surface roughness and friction coefficient associated with the porous Plasma electrolytic oxidation (PEO) coating, this study drew inspiration from the protective structure of the armadillo. A bioinspired \"bone–skin\" composite structure was designed by first depositing a high-strength coating (bone) on the titanium alloy surface via PEO, followed by the deposition of a Ti<sub>3</sub>C<sub>2</sub> MXene Nanocoating (skin) using a drop-casting method. The porous structure of the PEO coating enhances the confinement effect on Ti<sub>3</sub>C<sub>2</sub> nanoparticles, thereby improving its load-bearing capacity and significantly reducing interfacial friction and wear. Demonstrating a 67.8% increase in microhardness and an order-of-magnitude reduction in wear rate compared to the substrate. Tribological analysis reveals that the synergistic interaction between the low-shear Ti<sub>3</sub>C<sub>2</sub> MXene nanoparticles and the TiO<sub>2</sub>-rich wear debris leads to the formation of a protective tribofilm at the contact surface, effectively achieving both friction reduction and wear resistance. Friction and wear tests under different conditions further confirmed the stability of PEO-Ti<sub>3</sub>C<sub>2</sub> MXene interface structure. This study presents a novel interfacial design strategy using PEO and Ti<sub>3</sub>C<sub>2</sub> MXene that exhibits excellent tribological properties, offering new insights for its application in tribology.</p>","PeriodicalId":12442,"journal":{"name":"Friction","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.8,"publicationDate":"2025-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144516241","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Constructing a \"brick and mortar\" structure to synchronously strengthen the mechanical and tribological properties of fabric laminated composites by isocyanate functionalized carbon fiber powders","authors":"Jifeng Yan, Jie Fei, Chang Li, Tengyang Zhang, Zhaoxi Gou, Lehua Qi","doi":"10.26599/frict.2025.9441141","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.26599/frict.2025.9441141","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Fabric laminated composites with excellent mechanical strength and brake stability are now developed as promising wet friction materials. However, facing the serious challenge of persistent operation under harsh conditions, abrasive resistance and interlaminar bonding properties of laminated composites require further improvement urgently. Herein, the methylene diphenyl diisocyanate (MDI) was chemically grafted onto the carbon fiber powder (CFP) surface via oil bath for surface functionalization. Subsequently, fabric laminated composites modified with functionalized CFP (CFP-MDI) were fabricated by sedimentation to construct a \"brick and mortar\" structure. As a result, the comprehensive performance of laminated composites presented an effective promotion with the introduction of CFP-MDI as mortar. In particular, benefiting from the conspicuous synergistic effect between CFP and MDI, the interlaminar shear strength of modified laminated composites was increased by 17.93%, and the wear rate decreased by 38.18% from 7.91×10<sup>-14</sup> m<sup>3</sup>(N<strong>·</strong>m)<sup>-1</sup> to 4.89×10<sup>-14</sup> m<sup>3</sup>(N<strong>·</strong>m)<sup>-1</sup>, demonstrating excellent ability to efficiently suppress crack and local damage propagation. This work provides a new strategy to achieve the integrated construction of toughening interlamination and wear-resistant coating, which is conducive to the large-scale application of fabric laminated composites in the friction transmission braking field.</p>","PeriodicalId":12442,"journal":{"name":"Friction","volume":"41 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.8,"publicationDate":"2025-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144516240","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Synergistic lubrication reinforce and storage debris behaviors and mechanisms of biomimetic leaf-microgrooves friction pairs","authors":"Yiman Duan, Jianxiong Wu, Chao Zhang, Liping Wang, Xiaojiang Lu, Junhui Zhang, Bing Xu","doi":"10.26599/frict.2025.9441136","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.26599/frict.2025.9441136","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Friction pairs are the crucial part of hydraulic motors, which significantly affects its operational efficiency and reliability. However, the friction pairs are highly susceptible to wear and failure as hydraulic motors usually operate under drastically alternating loads. Inspired by the efficient fluid transport characteristics of leaf veins in nature, this study proposed an innovative biomimetic leaf-microgrooves to achieve lubrication reinforce and storage debris performances, thereby improving the anti-friction and wear-resistant properties of the friction pairs. By integrating friction and wear experiments with theoretical study, the effects of leaf-microgroove structural parameters - namely, its widths, depths, and angles - on the tribological behaviors and wear failure mechanisms of the friction pairs are investigated. Results show that the leaf-microgrooves design can achieve the synergistic balance between the lubricant load-bearing capacity and the debris storage capacity. Compared with those non-grooved friction pairs, the optimized leaf-microgrooves ones could reduce the friction coefficient and the wear loss by up to 38% and 64%, respectively. This bio-inspired leaf-microgrooves structure offers a novel method to enhance the anti-friction and wear-resistant properties of friction pairs.</p>","PeriodicalId":12442,"journal":{"name":"Friction","volume":"26 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.8,"publicationDate":"2025-06-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144488773","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
FrictionPub Date : 2025-06-24DOI: 10.26599/frict.2025.9441041
Yuqin Wen, Wei Zhou, Jinyuan Tang
{"title":"Modeling and experimental research on rough tooth surface contact fatigue calculation considering hardness gradient and residual stress","authors":"Yuqin Wen, Wei Zhou, Jinyuan Tang","doi":"10.26599/frict.2025.9441041","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.26599/frict.2025.9441041","url":null,"abstract":" <p>Surface integrity parameters such as surface topography, hardness gradient, and residual stress have significant impacts on contact fatigue of tooth surface. To meet the needs of efficient and stable contact fatigue calculations, efficient mixed lubrication calculations were achieved in this study by dividing the lubrication region and reconstructing the asperities. By considering the influence of the residual stress and hardness gradient on the tooth surface, a calculation model for gear contact fatigue was established and verified based on fatigue tests of gear contact. The results are as follows: (1) Due to the influence of rough surfaces, there were two high-stress peaks in the near-surface layer (6 μm) and sub-surface layer (245 μm) of the tooth surface, which corresponded to micro-pitting and pitting areas, respectively. (2) Ignoring the influence of various integrity parameters led to errors of several orders of magnitude in predicting the contact fatigue life of the tooth surface. (3) The fatigue failure area predicted by the model proposed in this paper was consistent with the experimental results, and the average error in the fatigue life was approximately 14.3%. The method proposed in this paper can effectively predict the contact fatigue life and dangerous areas of the tooth surface, with advantages of high computational efficiency and good stability, laying a foundation for research on tooth surface anti-fatigue design.</p> ","PeriodicalId":12442,"journal":{"name":"Friction","volume":"30 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.8,"publicationDate":"2025-06-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144371084","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
FrictionPub Date : 2025-06-24DOI: 10.26599/frict.2025.9441051
Yujun Wang, Georg Jacobs, Shuo Zhang, Benjamin Klinghart, Florian König
{"title":"Development of a machine learning-based surrogate model for friction prediction in textured journal bearings","authors":"Yujun Wang, Georg Jacobs, Shuo Zhang, Benjamin Klinghart, Florian König","doi":"10.26599/frict.2025.9441051","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.26599/frict.2025.9441051","url":null,"abstract":" <p>Surface textures in journal bearings offer significant potential for reducing friction and enhancing energy efficiency. However, the complexity of texture configurations necessitates an accurate and efficient performance prediction model to properly design textured journal bearings. To address this issue, this study develops a machine learning (ML)-based surrogate model to predict friction in textured journal bearings. First, computational fluid dynamics (CFD) models employing a dynamic mesh algorithm are developed to generate accurate data sets. Furthermore, three ML methods are trained and compared to select the most suitable prediction method: artificial neural network (ANN), support vector regression (SVR), and Gaussian process regression (GPR). Among these ML methods, ANN shows the best prediction performance. Given the high computational cost of CFD simulations, the prediction accuracy of the ANN-based surrogate model is further enhanced without the need for additional data sets. This enhancement is achieved through an architecture design based on cross-validation and further optimization utilizing the genetic algorithm. Eventually, the average prediction accuracy is improved to 98.81% from 95.89%, with the maximum error reduced to 3.25% from 13.17%. These findings demonstrate the potential of ML in the performance prediction in textured journal bearings and provide a promising approach for broader applications in developing highly efficient and accurate ML-based surrogate models, particularly in cases with limited available training data sets.</p> ","PeriodicalId":12442,"journal":{"name":"Friction","volume":"17 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.8,"publicationDate":"2025-06-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144371085","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"An improved equivalent viscosity model for the bubbly oil under high shear rate","authors":"Shaohua Li, Shuyun Jiang, Xiaohui Lin, Chibin Zhang","doi":"10.26599/frict.2025.9441042","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.26599/frict.2025.9441042","url":null,"abstract":" <p>Shear-thinning effect of pure oil and distribution of bubble size are essential factors affecting the viscosity of bubbly oil. This study aims to establish an improved equivalent viscosity model for bubbly oil by considering the shear-thinning effect and the bubble distribution effect. Based on the equivalence principle of frictional resistance, the viscosity of pure oil considering the shear thinning effect is derived; based on the energy conservation principle, the viscosity increment due to bubble deformation is derived. A series of experiments, including generation of bubbly oil, bubble observation, and measurement of bubble oil viscosity, are conducted to validate the model established. The simulated and experimental results indicate that the improved equivalent viscosity model of bubbly oil is more accurate than the traditional model. Notably, the effect of oil shear thinning on the equivalent viscosity is much more obvious than the effect on the distribution of bubble size.</p> ","PeriodicalId":12442,"journal":{"name":"Friction","volume":"19 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.8,"publicationDate":"2025-06-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144370934","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Macroscale superlubricity enabled by the synergy effect of oil and S–C co infiltration coating on 20CrMnTi steel surface","authors":"Guotao Zhang, Lexin Song, Zhen Ma, Zhaochang Wang, Baohong Tong, Yanguo Yin","doi":"10.26599/frict.2025.9441137","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.26599/frict.2025.9441137","url":null,"abstract":"<p>To explore the macroscopic superlubricity in industrial field, S-C co infiltration treatment refers to the sulfurization on the carburized gear steel to achieve a synergy lubrication effect. It was found that the carburized layer at the bottom provides high-strength support. And the surface sulfurized layer with pores immersed oil shows good solid-liquid synergistic lubrication to realize stable superlubricity under the load of 0~800 N. Although it lost the stable superlubricity after increasing the load to 1200 N, the tribological coefficient and wear depth were reduced by 72.9% and 19.4% respectively compared with the original surface. This research proposes a novel oil-solid synergistic superlubricity system, which exhibits significant potential for practical applications.</p>","PeriodicalId":12442,"journal":{"name":"Friction","volume":"16 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.8,"publicationDate":"2025-06-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144341181","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Double-layer transfer film enabled by graphene oxide-assembled hydrophobic ionic liquids for low friction under high humidity","authors":"Haijie Chen, Zihao Zhang, Zhiwen Zheng, Jingjing Zhang, Dan Qiao, Chao Zhang","doi":"10.26599/frict.2025.9441135","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.26599/frict.2025.9441135","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Achieving outstanding friction reduction and wear resistance on engineering steel by utilizing graphene oxide (GO) based films has attracted growing interest, when given its easy shear, modification and availability. However, maintaining excellent friction performance under high relative humidity (RH) over a long duration is a major challenge for GO film. Therefore, we report that a double-layers transfer film enabled by the unique lubrication mechanism which based on GO interface assembly composite hydrophobic ionic liquids (ILs) triggers excellent tribological property under high humidity. Moreover, the film (SS-GO-ILs) showed excellent tribological properties in the air (average friction coefficient of 0.24, wear volume of 2.54×10<sup>-7</sup> mm<sup>3</sup>) and 85%RH (average friction coefficient of 0.28, wear volume of 2.33×10<sup>-7</sup> mm<sup>3</sup>), and the wear volume is reduced to one-thousandth of the SS-GO film. At 85%RH, MD simulation results demonstrated that the interaction between GO and ILs was weakened under the action of water molecules. The unique lubrication mechanism was enabled by the double-layers transfer film formed on the steel balls, along with tribo-chemical reaction and hydrolysis that create an adaptable easy-shear interface.</p>","PeriodicalId":12442,"journal":{"name":"Friction","volume":"25 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.8,"publicationDate":"2025-06-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144341180","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"A novel tribometer for investigating wear behavior of axial-symmetric vectoring exhaust nozzle regulation mechanism under extreme conditions","authors":"Songkai Liu, Zhixuan He, Kaiyi Huang, Ke He, Zhen Li, Zhinan Zhang","doi":"10.26599/frict.2025.9441139","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.26599/frict.2025.9441139","url":null,"abstract":"<p style=\"text-indent: 24.0pt; line-height: 200%;\"><span lang=\"EN-US\">Axial-Symmetric Vectoring Exhaust Nozzles (AVENs) enhance aero-platform maneuverability by dynamically modulating exhaust flow. However, the durability of their regulation mechanisms remains a challenge due to high temperature, heavy load, and complex multi-body kinematics. It is crucial to conduct experiments to investigate AVEN-specific tribological behavior under extreme conditions. This study develops a novel tribometer to simulate coupling kinematic of roller-cam, pin-hinge and ball-socket joints, high-temperature operation (up to 800°C), and heavy-load conditions (up to 30 kN). The setup features a dual-configuration fixture, a hybrid motion-loading module, and a multi-layer heating and cooling system. The motion-loading module, comprising two electric cylinders, a hydraulic cylinder, and a rotary motor, enables precise replication of fixed and flexible kinematics under multi-force coupling. A dual-input, dual-output feedback system ensures accurate force and displacement control. Preliminary experiments validated the tribometer’s effectiveness and revealed dominant wear mechanisms, providing insights for AVEN durability improvements and tribological studies of complex aerospace mechanisms.</span></p>","PeriodicalId":12442,"journal":{"name":"Friction","volume":"644 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.8,"publicationDate":"2025-06-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144341183","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
FrictionPub Date : 2025-06-23DOI: 10.26599/frict.2025.9441138
Z. H. Liu, J. H. Qi, S. Li, X. P. Dong, W. M. Rainforth, Y. T. Pei, Y. Chen, X. L. Zhong, M. W. Bai, J. T. M. De Hosson, H. T. Cao
{"title":"Temperature-insensitive ultralow lubrication of sputtered WSN coatings: Insights into constant, ramping and cycling temperatures from room to 400 ℃","authors":"Z. H. Liu, J. H. Qi, S. Li, X. P. Dong, W. M. Rainforth, Y. T. Pei, Y. Chen, X. L. Zhong, M. W. Bai, J. T. M. De Hosson, H. T. Cao","doi":"10.26599/frict.2025.9441138","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.26599/frict.2025.9441138","url":null,"abstract":"<p>This study introduces a breakthrough in self-lubricating WSN coatings, engineered for demanding applications across industries requiring adaptive durability and high performance. Deposited via non-equilibrium reactive magnetron sputtering in N₂-containing atmospheres, the WSN coatings demonstrate exceptional tribological behavior across a range of extreme conditions, including constantly discrete high temperatures, ramping temperature either in heating or cooling and wide temperature cycling from room temperature to 400 °C. The WSN coatings exhibit an extremely low coefficient of friction (CoF=0.02) up to 400 °C, with high thermal stability and superior triboperformance. Moreover, the coatings possess favorable tribo-reversibility under 400 °C ↔ room temperature cycles. Transmission electron microscopy analysis verified the self-lubricating, tribologically reversible, and ultralow lubrication mechanisms of the WSN coatings. Although under high-temperature tribosliding, the WS₂ layer still dynamically forms a self-organized, layered interface structure that continuously adapts to sliding conditions, ultimately enabling sustained superlubricity and tribological reversibility. Oxidation during high-temperature tribosliding actually has only a minor degrading effect on friction provided that the coatings retain sufficient sulfur to predominantly form WS₂ lubricant agents. This study provided novel insights into the development of advanced tribocoatings exhibiting adaptive ultra-lubrication in wide variable temperature conditions.</p>","PeriodicalId":12442,"journal":{"name":"Friction","volume":"45 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.8,"publicationDate":"2025-06-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144341182","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}