{"title":"Topology optimization of AISI 4140 steel with surface texture filled by multi-solid lubricants for enhancing tribological properties","authors":"Qipeng Huang, Chaohua Wu, Xiaoliang Shi, Kaipeng Zhang","doi":"10.1007/s40544-024-0863-x","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s40544-024-0863-x","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Wind power gears will be excessively worn due to lubrication failure during operation. Herein, the tribological properties of rubbing pairs are improved by filling solid lubricants into surface texture. In texture design, three types of topological textures (Circle (C), Hexagon (H) and Circle/Hexagon (CH)) were obtained by cell topology optimization, and then three cases with 20%, 30%, and 40% density were designed for each texture. Next, SnAgCu and TiC were deposited in texture of AISI 4140 steel (AS) to obtain 9 kinds of self-lubricating surfaces. Among them, AS with 30% CH density (AS-CH30) exhibits excellent mechanical and tribological properties. Compared with AS-C and AS-H, the maximum equivalent stress of AS-CH was decreased by 10.86% and 5.37%, respectively. Friction coefficient and wear rate of AS-CH30 were 79.68% and 78% lower than those of AS. The excellent tribological performances of AS-CH30 can be attributed to the synergistic effect of topological surface and solid lubricants. Topological surface can not only reduce fluctuation of equivalent stress, but also promote the stored lubricants to be easily transferred at the contact interface to form a 200 nm lubricating film containing solid lubricants (mainly), oxides and wear debris.\u0000</p>","PeriodicalId":12442,"journal":{"name":"Friction","volume":"43 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.8,"publicationDate":"2024-05-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140845176","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
FrictionPub Date : 2024-05-07DOI: 10.1007/s40544-024-0861-z
Weixu Yang, Jieyang Wang, Xiaoli Wang, Ping Chen
{"title":"Anisotropic tribology and electrification properties of sliding-mode triboelectric nanogenerator with groove textures","authors":"Weixu Yang, Jieyang Wang, Xiaoli Wang, Ping Chen","doi":"10.1007/s40544-024-0861-z","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s40544-024-0861-z","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Sliding-mode triboelectric nanogenerator (S-TENG) is based on the coupling of triboelectrification and electrostatic induction, converting electrical energy from sliding motion. Introducing micro-textures into the sliding surface, and adjusting the angle between the texture and sliding direction (direction angle) may achieve performance anisotropy, which provides novel ideas for optimizing the tribology and electrification performance of S-TENG. To guide the performance optimization based on the anisotropy, in this paper, groove micro-textures were fabricated on the surface of S-TENG, and anisotropic tribology and electrification performance were obtained through changing the direction angle. Based on the surface analysis and after-cleaning tests, the mechanism of the anisotropy was explained. It is shown that the anisotropy of friction coefficient can be attributed to the changes of texture edge induced resistance and groove captured wear debris, while the voltage anisotropy is due to the variations of debris accumulated on the sliding interface and the resulting charge neutralization. Among the selected 0°–90° direction angles, S-TENG at angle of 90° exhibits relatively small stable friction coefficient and high open-circuit voltage, and thus it is recommended for the performance optimization. The open-circuit voltage is not directly associated with the friction coefficient, but closely related to the wear debris accumulated on the sliding interface. This study presents a simple and convenient method to optimize the performance of S-TENG, and help understand the correlation between its tribology and electrical performance.\u0000</p>","PeriodicalId":12442,"journal":{"name":"Friction","volume":"43 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.8,"publicationDate":"2024-05-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140845293","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
FrictionPub Date : 2024-05-01DOI: 10.1007/s40544-023-0839-2
{"title":"Tribological properties of Al-GNP composites at elevated temperature","authors":"","doi":"10.1007/s40544-023-0839-2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s40544-023-0839-2","url":null,"abstract":"<h3>Abstract</h3> <p>Lighter and more powerful next generation vehicles and other rotary machinery demand bearings to operate in harsher conditions for higher efficiency, and the continuous development of advanced low-wear and friction materials is thus becoming even more important to meet these requirements. New aluminium composites reinforced with high performance lubricate phases such as graphene nanoplatelets (GNPs) are very promising and have been vigorously investigated. By maintaining a low coefficient of friction (COF) and offering great strength against wear due to their self-lubricating capability, the solid lubricant like GNPs protect the bearing surface from wear damage and prevent change in metallurgical properties during temperature fluctuations. This paper first studies the high-temperature tribological performance of aluminium matrix composites reinforced with GNP, consolidated via powder metallurgy, then elucidates their tribological mechanism. We report that the best tribological performance is achieved by the composite containing 2.0 wt% GNP, with an extraordinarily low COF of 0.09 and a specific wear rate of 3.5×10<sup>−2</sup> mm<sup>3</sup>·N<sup>−1</sup>·m<sup>−1</sup>, which represent 75% and 40% reduction respectively, against the plain aluminium consolidated under identical conditions. The in-track and out-of-track Raman analysis have confirmed the role of GNPs in creating a tribofilm on the counterpart surface which contributed to the excellent performance.</p> <span> <span> <img alt=\"\" src=\"https://static-content.springer.com/image/MediaObjects/40544_2023_839_Fig1_HTML.jpg\"/> </span> </span>","PeriodicalId":12442,"journal":{"name":"Friction","volume":"182 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.8,"publicationDate":"2024-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139710670","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
FrictionPub Date : 2024-05-01DOI: 10.1007/s40544-023-0840-9
Yuhong Cui, Shenghua Xue, Tiantian Wang, Shujuan Liu, Qian Ye, Feng Zhou, Weimin Liu
{"title":"Core-rim structured MXene@SiO2 composites as oil-based additives for enhanced tribological properties","authors":"Yuhong Cui, Shenghua Xue, Tiantian Wang, Shujuan Liu, Qian Ye, Feng Zhou, Weimin Liu","doi":"10.1007/s40544-023-0840-9","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s40544-023-0840-9","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Herein, we have prepared SiO<sub>2</sub> particles uploaded MXene nanosheets via <i>in-situ</i> hydrolysis of tetraetholothosilicate. Due to the large number of groups at the edges of MXene, SiO<sub>2</sub> grows at the edges first, forming MXene@SiO<sub>2</sub> composites with a unique core-rim structure. The tribological properties of MXene@SiO<sub>2</sub> as lubricating additive in 500 SN are evaluated by SRV-5. The results show that MXene@SiO<sub>2</sub> can reduce the friction coefficient of 500 SN from 0.572 to 0.108, the wear volume is reduced by 73.7%, and the load capacity is increased to 800 N. The superior lubricity of MXene@SiO<sub>2</sub> is attributed to the synergistic effect of MXene and SiO<sub>2</sub>. The rolling friction caused by SiO<sub>2</sub> not only improves the bearing capacity but also increases the interlayer distance of MXene, avoiding accumulation and making it more prone to interlayer slip. MXene@SiO<sub>2</sub> is adsorbed on the friction interface to form a physical adsorption film and isolate the friction pair. In addition, the high temperature and high load induce the tribochemical reaction and form a chemical protection film during in the friction process. Ultimately, the presence of these protective films results in MXene@SiO<sub>2</sub> having good lubricating properties.</p>","PeriodicalId":12442,"journal":{"name":"Friction","volume":"24 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.8,"publicationDate":"2024-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140819300","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
FrictionPub Date : 2024-05-01DOI: 10.1007/s40544-023-0819-6
Chaolang Chen, Ruisong Jiang, Zhiguang Guo
{"title":"Bionic functional membranes for separation of oil-in-water emulsions","authors":"Chaolang Chen, Ruisong Jiang, Zhiguang Guo","doi":"10.1007/s40544-023-0819-6","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s40544-023-0819-6","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The separation of oil-in-water emulsion is an urgent challenge because its massive production and discharge from daily and industrial activities have caused severe hazards to the ecosystem and serious threats to human health. Membrane technology is considered an outstanding solution strategy for the separation of oil-in-water emulsions due to its unique advantages of low cost, high efficiency, easy operation, and environmental friendliness. However, the membrane is easily fouled by the emulsion oil droplets during the separation process, causing a sharp decline in permeation flux, which greatly inhibits the long-term use of the membrane and largely shortens the membrane’s life. Recently, it was found that endowing the membranes with special wettability e.g., superhydrophilic and superoleophobic can greatly enhance the permeability of the continuous water phase and inhibit the adhesion of oil droplets, thus promoting the separation performance and anti-oil-fouling property of membrane for oily emulsions. In this paper, we review and discuss the recent developments in membranes with special wettability for separating oil-in-water emulsions, including the mechanism analysis of emulsion separation membrane, membrane fouling issues, design strategies, and representative studies for enhancing the membrane’s anti-oil-fouling ability and emulsion separation performance.</p>","PeriodicalId":12442,"journal":{"name":"Friction","volume":"61 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.8,"publicationDate":"2024-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140845478","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Experiment and modelling of texture and sliding direction dependence on finger friction behavior","authors":"Yuanzhe Li, Xue Zhou, Pengpeng Bai, Zhonghuan Xiang, Yonggang Meng, Liran Ma, Yu Tian","doi":"10.1007/s40544-023-0816-9","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s40544-023-0816-9","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Humans rely on their fingers to sense and interact with external environment. Understanding the tribological behavior between finger skin and object surface is crucial for various fields, including tactile perception, product appearance design, and electronic skin research. Quantitatively describing finger frictional behavior is always challenging, given the complex structure of the finger. In this study, the texture and sliding direction dependence of finger skin friction was quantified based on explicit mathematic models. The proposed double-layer model of finger skin effectively described the nonlinear elastic response of skin and predicted the scaling-law of effective elastic modulus with contact radius. Additionally, the skin friction model on textured surface considering adhesion and deformation factors was established. It revealed that adhesive term dominated finger friction behavior in daily life, and suggested that object texture size mainly influenced friction-induced vibrations rather than the average friction force. Combined with digital image correlation (DIC) technique, the effect of sliding direction on finger friction was analyzed. It was found that the anisotropy in finger friction was governed by the finger’s ratchet pawl structure, which also contributes to enhanced stick-slip vibrations in the distal sliding direction. The proposed friction models can offer valuable insights into the underlying mechanism of skin friction under various operating conditions, and can provide quantitative guidance for effectively encoding friction into haptics.\u0000</p>","PeriodicalId":12442,"journal":{"name":"Friction","volume":"68 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.8,"publicationDate":"2024-04-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140884093","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
FrictionPub Date : 2024-04-02DOI: 10.1007/s40544-023-0847-2
Huifeng Ning, Faqiang Chen, Yunfeng Su, Hongbin Li, Hengzhong Fan, Junjie Song, Yongsheng Zhang, Litian Hu
{"title":"Modeling and prediction of tribological properties of copper/aluminum-graphite self-lubricating composites using machine learning algorithms","authors":"Huifeng Ning, Faqiang Chen, Yunfeng Su, Hongbin Li, Hengzhong Fan, Junjie Song, Yongsheng Zhang, Litian Hu","doi":"10.1007/s40544-023-0847-2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s40544-023-0847-2","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The tribological properties of self-lubricating composites are influenced by many variables and complex mechanisms. Data-driven methods, including machine learning (ML) algorithms, can yield a better comprehensive understanding of complex problems under the influence of multiple parameters, typically for how tribological performances and material properties correlate. Correlation of friction coefficients and wear rates of copper/aluminum-graphite (Cu/Al-graphite) self-lubricating composites with their inherent material properties (composition, lubricant content, particle size, processing process, and interfacial bonding strength) and the variables related to the testing method (normal load, sliding speed, and sliding distance) were analyzed using traditional approaches, followed by modeling and prediction of tribological properties through five different ML algorithms, namely support vector machine (SVM), K-Nearest neighbor (KNN), random forest (RF), eXtreme gradient boosting (XGBoost), and least-squares boosting (LSBoost), based on the tribology experimental data. Results demonstrated that ML models could satisfactorily predict friction coefficient and wear rate from the material properties and testing method variables data. Herein, the LSBoost model based on the integrated learning algorithm presented the best prediction performance for friction coefficients and wear rates, with <i>R</i><sup>2</sup> of 0.9219 and 0.9243, respectively. Feature importance analysis also revealed that the content of graphite and the hardness of the matrix have the greatest influence on the friction coefficients, and the normal load, the content of graphite, and the hardness of the matrix influence the wear rates the most.\u0000</p>","PeriodicalId":12442,"journal":{"name":"Friction","volume":"10 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.8,"publicationDate":"2024-04-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140343464","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
FrictionPub Date : 2024-04-02DOI: 10.1007/s40544-023-0793-z
Shengyu You, Jinyuan Tang, Qiang Wang
{"title":"A new 3D plastoelastohydrodynamic lubrication model for rough surfaces","authors":"Shengyu You, Jinyuan Tang, Qiang Wang","doi":"10.1007/s40544-023-0793-z","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s40544-023-0793-z","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Plastoelastohydrodynamic lubrication of rough surfaces (R-PEHL) is a cutting-edge area of research in interface fluid-structure coupling analysis. The existing R-PEHL model calculates the elastic-plastic deformation of rough surface by the Love equation in a semi-infinite space smooth surface, which deviates from the actual surface. Therefore, it is an innovative work to study the exact solution of elastic-plastic deformation of rough surface and its influence on the solution results of R-PEHL model. In this paper, a new contact calculation model of plastoelastohydrodynamic lubrication (PEHL) with three-dimensional (3D) rough surface is proposed by integrating numerical method of EHL and finite element method. The new model eliminates an original error introduced by the assumption of semi-infinite space in contact calculation, providing wide applicability and high accuracy. Under the given rough surfaces and working conditions, the study reveals that: (1) the oil film pressure calculated by the new model is lower than that of the smooth surface in semi-infinite space by 200–800 MPa; (2) the Mises stress of the new model is 2.5%–26.6% higher than that of the smooth surface in semi-infinite space; (3) compared with the semi-infinite space assumption, the rough surface plastic deformation of the new model is increased by 71%–173%, and the local plastic deformation singularity may appear under the semi-infinite space assumption; (4) the plastic deformation caused by the first contact cycle on the rough surface of the new model accounts for 66.7%–92.9% of the total plastic deformation, and the plastic deformation of the semi-infinite space accounts for 50%–83.3%. This study resolves the contradiction between the smooth surface assumption and the rough surface in the existing R-PEHL model, establishing a solid logic foundation for the accurate solution of R-PEHL model.</p>","PeriodicalId":12442,"journal":{"name":"Friction","volume":"254 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.8,"publicationDate":"2024-04-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140343511","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
FrictionPub Date : 2024-02-02DOI: 10.1007/s40544-023-0849-0
Anastasiya A. Yakovenko, Irina G. Goryacheva
{"title":"Analysis of the discrete contact characteristics based on the Greenwood-Williamson model and the localization principle","authors":"Anastasiya A. Yakovenko, Irina G. Goryacheva","doi":"10.1007/s40544-023-0849-0","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s40544-023-0849-0","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The contact of a rigid body with nominally flat rough surface and an elastic half-space is considered. To solve the contact problem, the Greenwood-Williamson statistical model and the localization principle are used. The developed contact model allows us to investigate the surface approach and the real contact area with taking into account the asperities interaction. It is shown that the mutual influence of asperities changes not only contact characteristics at the macroscale, but also the contact pressure distribution at the microscale. As follows from the results, the inclusion in the contact model of the effect of the mutual influence of asperities is especially significant for studying the real contact area, as well as the contact characteristics at high applied loads. The results calculated according to the proposed approach are in a good agreement with the experimentally observed effects, i.e., the real contact area saturation and the additional compliance exhaustion.</p>","PeriodicalId":12442,"journal":{"name":"Friction","volume":"25 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.8,"publicationDate":"2024-02-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139710663","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
FrictionPub Date : 2024-02-02DOI: 10.1007/s40544-023-0807-x
Yulei Yang, Hongfei Shang, Huiping Pei, Jimin Xu, Yi Liang, Minghui Pan
{"title":"Role of temperature in tribolayers in fretting wear of γ-TiAl alloy","authors":"Yulei Yang, Hongfei Shang, Huiping Pei, Jimin Xu, Yi Liang, Minghui Pan","doi":"10.1007/s40544-023-0807-x","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s40544-023-0807-x","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The formation of tribolayers may play significant influences on fretting wear. At elevated temperature, the adhesion among wear debris and the increased diffusion rate facilitate the formation of tribolayers. However, the intensification of oxidation at elevated temperature and the low diffusion rate in oxides may play an adverse role. The present study aims to investigate the role of temperature in tribolayers in fretting wear using a γ-TiAl alloy. Scanning electron microscope, energy dispersive spectrometer, Raman spectrometer, transmission electron microscope and nanoindentation were utilized to investigate the wear debris, tribolayers, and wear scars. The fretting tests showed that, compared with that at room temperature (RT) and 350 °C, significant reduction in wear rate and decrease in the fluctuation of friction coefficient occurred at 550 and 750 °C. It was further revealed that when temperature raised from room temperature (RT) to 750 °C, the oxidation of the wear debris increased slightly and the diffusion coefficients increased prominently, which facilities the formation of well tribo-sintered tribolayers. The well tribo-sintered tribolayers presented homogenous structure, nanocrystalline grains with excellent mechanical properties, and resulted in the improvement in the fretting wear resistance of the γ-TiAl alloy at 550 and 750 °C.</p>","PeriodicalId":12442,"journal":{"name":"Friction","volume":"21 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.8,"publicationDate":"2024-02-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139710682","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}