Foodborne pathogens and disease最新文献

{"title":"Alcohol in Baijiu Contributes to the Increased Probability of Host Infection by <i>Clostridioides difficile</i> Spores.","authors":"Wen Rui, Saiwei Zhong, Xiaoqian Li, Caihong Shen, Xiaonian Cao, Jingpeng Yang","doi":"10.1089/fpd.2023.0187","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1089/fpd.2023.0187","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><i>Clostridioides difficile</i> and its endospores possess the characteristics of a foodborne pathogen and have been detected at several stages in the food chain. In the presence of an imbalance in host intestinal ecology, <i>C. difficile</i> can proliferate and cause intestinal infections. Multiple food source factors can substantially alter the host's gut ecosystem, including the consumption of baijiu. However, it remains to be known whether the gut ecological changes induced by the consumption of baijiu increase the risk of <i>C. difficile</i> invasion and infection. In this study, <i>C. difficile</i> cells were exposed to two commercially available baijiu to evaluate the effect of baijiu on <i>C. difficile</i> cells and to verify through a mouse model. The results showed that baijiu effectively inhibited the growth and biofilm production of <i>C. difficile</i>, downregulated the expression levels of <i>tcdA</i> and <i>tcdB</i> virulence genes but upregulated the expression level of spore-producing genes <i>Spo0A</i>, enhanced the spore production, as well as increased <i>C. difficile</i> cell adhesion to Caco-2 cells. The mouse model showed that the intake of baijiu promoted the invasion and infection of <i>C. difficile</i> spores, causing damage to the cecum tissue, accompanied by an increase in the gut lipid carrier protein-2 (Lcn-2) and TcdA toxin protein levels. Simultaneously, cholic acid was elevated, whereas deoxycholic acid was decreased. This study is the first to find a possible link between baijiu intake and <i>C. difficile</i> spore invasion and infection.</p>","PeriodicalId":12333,"journal":{"name":"Foodborne pathogens and disease","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2024-07-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141758128","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A One-Step RPA-CRISPR Assay Using crRNA Based on Suboptimal Protospacer Adjacent Motif for <i>Vibrio vulnificus</i> Detection.","authors":"Xue Zhang, Yue Wang, Yixin Tang, Lihong Yang, Chenjie Zhao, Guang Yang, Pei Wang, Song Gao","doi":"10.1089/fpd.2023.0119","DOIUrl":"10.1089/fpd.2023.0119","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><i>Vibrio vulnificus</i> is a hazardous foodborne pathogen responsible for approximately 95% of seafood-related deaths. This highlights the urgent requirement for specialized detection tools to be developed and used by food enterprises and food safety authorities. The DETECTR (DNA endonuclease targeted CRISPR trans reporter) system that combines CRISPR/Cas and recombinase polymerase amplification (RPA) has been utilized to develop a molecular detection assay for <i>V. vulnificus</i>. However, because the incompatibility between RPA and Cas12a cleavage has not been addressed, it is a two-step assay that lacks convenience and presents contamination risk. Here, we developed a one-step RPA-CRISPR assay for <i>V. vulnificus</i> using a special crRNA targeting a sequence with a suboptimal protospacer adjacent motif (PAM). The entire assay, conducted at 37°C, takes only 40-60 min, yields results visualized under blue light, and exhibits exceptional specificity and sensitivity (detecting 4 pathogen genome copies per reaction). This study offers a valuable tool for detecting <i>V. vulnificus</i>, aiding in foodborne infection prevention, and exemplifies one-step RPA-CRISPR assays managing Cas-cleavage activity through PAM adjustments.</p>","PeriodicalId":12333,"journal":{"name":"Foodborne pathogens and disease","volume":" ","pages":"458-466"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2024-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140318138","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Antibiotic-Resistance Profiles and Genetic Diversity of <i>Shigella</i> Isolates in China: Implications for Control Strategies.","authors":"Feng Tang, Changzhen Li, Ran Li, Lei Xi, Fang Wang, Juling Tian, Wanjun Luo","doi":"10.1089/fpd.2023.0138","DOIUrl":"10.1089/fpd.2023.0138","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The urgent need for comprehensive and systematic analyses of <i>Shigella</i> as the key pathogen led us to meticulously explore the epidemiology and molecular attributes of <i>Shigella</i> isolates. Accordingly, we procured 24 isolates (10 from Xinjiang and 14 from Wuhan, China) and performed serotype identification and antimicrobial susceptibility testing. Resistance gene detection and homology analysis by polymerase chain reaction and pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE), respectively, were performed for genetic diversity analysis. All isolates were identified as <i>Shigella flexneri</i>, with 70% (35.4-91.9%) and 30% (8.1-64.6%) of the Xinjiang isolates and 85.7% (56.2-97.5%) and 14.3% (2/14, 2.5-43.9%) of the Wuhan isolates belonging to serotype 2a and serotype 2b, respectively. All isolates displayed resistance to at least two antibiotics and complete resistance to ampicillin. Multidrug resistance (MDR) was recorded in 70.8% (48.8-86.6%) of isolates, with Xinjiang isolates exhibiting relatively higher resistance to ampicillin-sulbactam, piperacillin, ceftriaxone, and aztreonam. Conversely, Wuhan isolates displayed higher MDR and resistance to tetracycline, ciprofloxacin, levofloxacin, and cefepime relative to Xinjiang isolates. Molecular scrutiny of antibiotic-resistance determinants revealed that <i>bla_TEM</i> was the main mechanism of ampicillin resistance, <i>bla_CTX-M</i> was the main gene for resistance to third- and fourth-generation cephalosporins, and <i>tetB</i> was the predominant gene associated with tetracycline resistance. Four Xinjiang and seven Wuhan isolates shared T1-clone types (>85%), and two Xinjiang and one Wuhan isolates were derived from the T6 clone with a high similarity of 87%. Six PFGE patterns (T1, T2, T5, T6-3, T8, and T10) of <i>S. flexneri</i> were associated with MDR. Thus, there is a critical need for robust surveillance and control strategies in managing <i>Shigella</i> infections, along with the development of targeted interventions and antimicrobial stewardship programs tailored to the distinct characteristics of <i>Shigella</i> isolates in different regions of China.</p>","PeriodicalId":12333,"journal":{"name":"Foodborne pathogens and disease","volume":" ","pages":"378-385"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2024-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140335254","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Collecting a Sexual History During Shigellosis Case Investigations: Nationwide Practices and an Assessment of Data Quality.","authors":"Michelle Torok, Ingrid Hewitson, Abbey Hutton, Elaine Scallan Walter, Rachel Jervis","doi":"10.1089/fpd.2023.0130","DOIUrl":"10.1089/fpd.2023.0130","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Shigellosis is spread through the fecal-oral route, including sexual activity. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention recommends collecting a sexual history from people diagnosed with shigellosis to enhance the understanding of its epidemiology and outbreak detection and the design of disease prevention messaging, although individual jurisdictions decide if and how this is done. Moreover, enteric disease interviewers typically receive in-depth general interviewing training, but often not sexual history question training. The goal of this project was to inform national practices around sexual history questions asked during shigellosis interviews by collecting information from U.S. state health agencies and evaluating sexual history data from people diagnosed with shigellosis in Colorado. From November 2021 to January 2022, information on sexual history questions asked of persons with reported shigellosis and accompanying training resources were collected from U.S. state health departments. Data completeness and quality of shigellosis sexual history questions from Colorado's notifiable disease database from 2018 to 2022 were also evaluated. Of 48 states, 54% reported routinely asking all adults about their sexual history during shigellosis interviews. Of 44 states, 18% indicated having accompanying training materials for interviewers. In Colorado, the proportion of unknown/missing responses to questions about recent sexual contact with male and female partners was lower for males (3.3% unknown and 3.3% missing) than females (5.4% and 6.2%) and highest among those 66 years and older (6.7% and 10%). Among those reporting new sexual partners, 93.5% indicated how they met. The evaluation of Colorado data demonstrates that routine collection of complete, high-quality, actionable sexual history data from all adults with reported shigellosis is feasible. Nearly half of the responding states indicated not doing so, and few had training resources. We recommend training enteric disease interviewers to routinely ask all adults with reported shigellosis about their sexual history, including new partner meeting location.</p>","PeriodicalId":12333,"journal":{"name":"Foodborne pathogens and disease","volume":" ","pages":"353-359"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2024-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139541976","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"<i>In Silico</i> Detection of Integrons and Their Relationship with Resistance Phenotype of <i>Salmonella</i> Isolates from a Brazilian Pork Production Chain.","authors":"Rafaela da Silva Rodrigues, Natália Ferreira de Araujo, Cibeli Viana, Ricardo Seiti Yamatogi, Luís Augusto Nero","doi":"10.1089/fpd.2023.0118","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1089/fpd.2023.0118","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The pork production chain is an important reservoir of antimicrobial resistant bacteria. This study identified and characterized integrons in <i>Salmonella</i> isolates from a Brazilian pork production chain and associate them with their antibiotic resistance pattern. A total of 41 whole-genome sequencing data of nontyphoidal <i>Salmonella</i> were analyzed using PlasmidSPAdes and IntegronFinder software. Nine isolates (21.9%) had some integrons identified (complete and/or incomplete). Six complete class 1 integrons were found, with streptomycin resistance genes (<i>aadA1</i>, <i>aadA2</i>) alone or downstream of a trimethoprim resistance gene (<i>dfrA1</i>, <i>dfrA12)</i>, and some also containing resistance genes for sulfonamides (<i>sul1</i>, <i>sul3</i>) and chloramphenicol (<i>cmlA1</i>). Class 2 integron was detected in only one isolate, containing <i>dfrA1</i>-<i>sat2</i>-<i>aadA1</i> gene cassettes. Five isolates harbored CALINs-clusters <i>attC</i> but lacking integrases-with antimicrobial resistance genes typically found in integron structures. In all, integrons were observed among four serotypes: Derby, Bredeney, Panama, and monophasic var. Typhimurium I 4,[5],12:i:-. The association of integrons with antibiotic resistance phenotype showed that these elements were predominantly identified in multidrug resistance isolates, and six of the seven gentamicin-resistant isolates had integrons. So, surveillance of integrons in <i>Salmonella</i> should be performed to identify the potential for the spread of antimicrobial resistance genes among bacteria.</p>","PeriodicalId":12333,"journal":{"name":"Foodborne pathogens and disease","volume":"21 6","pages":"395-402"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2024-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141450219","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Molecular Characteristics and Virulence Profile of Clinical <i>Listeria monocytogenes</i> Isolates in Northern Taiwan, 2009-2019.","authors":"Tsui-Ping Liu, Lee-Chung Lin, Shih-Cheng Chang, Yu-Hsiang Ou, Jang-Jih Lu","doi":"10.1089/fpd.2023.0136","DOIUrl":"10.1089/fpd.2023.0136","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><i>Listeria monocytogenes</i> is a critical foodborne pathogen that causes severe invasive and noninvasive diseases and is associated with high mortality. Information on the prevalence of <i>L. monocytogenes</i> infections in Taiwan is very limited. This study aimed to analyze the molecular epidemiological surveillance and virulence gene distribution of 176 human clinical <i>L. monocytogenes</i> isolates collected between 2009 and 2019 in northern Taiwan. Our results showed that the isolates belonged to 4 serogroups (IIa, IIb, IVb, and IIc), with most isolates in serogroups IIa (81/176, 46%) and IIb (71/176, 40.3%). Multilocus sequence typing analysis revealed 18 sequence types (STs) and 13 clonal complexes (CCs). Eighty-four percent of all isolates belonged to six STs: CC87-ST87 (40/176, 22.7%), CC19-ST378 (36/176, 19.9%), CC155-ST155 (28/176, 15.5%), CC1-ST710 (16/176, 8.8%), CC5-ST5 (16/176, 8.8%), and CC101-ST101 (11/176, 6.1%). Furthermore, our analysis showed the distributions of four <i>Listeria</i> pathogenicity islands (LIPI) among all isolates. LIPI-1 and LIPI-2 existed in all isolates, whereas LIPI-3 and LIPI-4 only existed in specific STs and CCs. LIPI-3 existed in the STs, CC1-ST710, CC3-ST3, CC288-ST295, and CC191-ST1458, whereas LIPI-4 could be found in the STs, CC87-ST87 and CC87-ST1459. Strains containing LIPI-3 and LIPI-4 are potentially hypervirulent; thus, 68/176 isolates (39.1%) collected in this study were potentially hypervirulent. Since <i>L. monocytogenes</i> infections are considered highly correlated with diet, molecular epidemiological surveillance of <i>Listeria</i> in food is important; continued surveillance will provide critical information to prevent foodborne diseases.</p>","PeriodicalId":12333,"journal":{"name":"Foodborne pathogens and disease","volume":" ","pages":"386-394"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2024-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139722260","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Clinical and Laboratory Effects of Foodborne Illness in Children.","authors":"Yusuf Deniz, Sadrettin Ekmen, Erkan Dogan, Seyda Ozden Calıs","doi":"10.1089/fpd.2023.0142","DOIUrl":"10.1089/fpd.2023.0142","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The World Health Organization estimates that 31 foodborne pathogen account for 600 million cases of illness annually. This study, conducted in a pediatric emergency department in Turkey, addresses the limited research on pediatric foodborne diseases (FD) in the country, exposing a significant knowledge gap. Analyzing 17,091 pediatric cases, 106 FD cases were identified, predominantly affecting boys (94.3%) with an average age of 7.65 ± 6.51 years. Remarkably, no patients required pediatric intensive care admission, and no mortalities were recorded. Hyponatremia emerged as a prevalent electrolyte disorder in pediatric FD, while hyperkalemia was notably observed in children under 5. The study emphasizes the severity of FD in children under 5, reflected in longer hospital stays, underscoring the urgent need for targeted interventions and improved detection methods in pediatric FD.</p>","PeriodicalId":12333,"journal":{"name":"Foodborne pathogens and disease","volume":" ","pages":"366-369"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2024-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139930671","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"<i>Correction to:</i> Probiotic and Safety Evaluation of Twelve Lactic Acid Bacteria as Future Probiotics by Hu, et al. Foodborne Pathog Dis. 2023;20(11):521-530; doi: 10.1089/fpd.2023.0039.","authors":"","doi":"10.1089/fpd.2023.0039.correx","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1089/fpd.2023.0039.correx","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":12333,"journal":{"name":"Foodborne pathogens and disease","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2024-05-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140863485","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Microdiversity of <i>Salmonella</i> Kentucky During Long-Term Colonization of a Dairy Herd.","authors":"Serajus Salaheen, Seon Woo Kim, Jeffrey S Karns, Jo Ann S Van Kessel, Bradd J Haley","doi":"10.1089/fpd.2023.0090","DOIUrl":"10.1089/fpd.2023.0090","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><i>Salmonella enterica</i> subsp. <i>enterica</i> serovar Kentucky was repeatedly isolated from a commercial dairy herd that was enrolled in a longitudinal study where feces of asymptomatic dairy cattle were sampled intensively over an 8-year period. The genomes of 5 <i>Salmonella</i> Kentucky isolates recovered from the farm 2 years before the onset of the long-term colonization event and 13 isolates collected during the period of endemicity were sequenced. A phylogenetic analysis inferred that the <i>Salmonella</i> Kentucky strains from the farm were distinct from poultry strains collected from the same region, and three subclades (K, A1, and A2) were identified among the farm isolates, each appearing at different times during the study. Based on the phylogenetic analysis, three separate lineages of highly similar <i>Salmonella</i> Kentucky were present in succession on the farm. Genomic heterogeneity between the clades helped identify regions, most notably transcriptional regulators, of the <i>Salmonella</i> Kentucky genome that may be involved in competition among highly similar strains. Notably, a region annotated as a hemolysin expression modulating protein (Hha) was identified in a putative plasmid region of strains that colonized a large portion of cows in the herd, suggesting that it may play a role in asymptomatic persistence within the bovine intestine. A cell culture assay of isolates from the three clades with bovine epithelial cells demonstrated a trend of decreased invasiveness of <i>Salmonella</i> Kentucky isolates over time, suggesting that clade-specific interactions with the animals on the farm may have played a role in the dynamics of strain succession. Results of this analysis further demonstrate an underappreciated level of genomic diversity within strains of the same <i>Salmonella</i> serovar, particularly those isolated during a long-term period of asymptomatic colonization within a single dairy herd.</p>","PeriodicalId":12333,"journal":{"name":"Foodborne pathogens and disease","volume":" ","pages":"306-315"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2024-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139570086","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Impact of the SARS-CoV-2 Pandemic on Prevalence and Incidence of Bacterial Gastroenteritis in Spain, 2019-2022.","authors":"Alfredo Maldonado-Barrueco, Julio García-Rodríguez, Guillermo Ruiz-Carrascoso","doi":"10.1089/fpd.2023.0124","DOIUrl":"10.1089/fpd.2023.0124","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The aim of this study was to describe the impact of non-pharmaceutical interventions (NPIs) against SARS-CoV-2 on bacterial gastroenteritis illnesses (BGIs), including <i>Campylobacter</i> spp., <i>Aeromonas</i> spp., <i>Salmonella</i> spp., <i>Shigella</i> spp./enteroinvasive <i>Escherichia coli</i> (EIEC), and <i>Yersinia enterocolitica</i>, in outpatients, inpatients, and emergency departments (ED). Data of patients from a health care area in Madrid (Spain) with diarrhea and positive-real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) were collected. The periods analyzed were prepandemic (P0, April 1, 2019 to March 31, 2020), first (P1, April 1, 2020 to March 31, 2021), and second (P2, April 1, 2021 to March 31, 2022) pandemic years. We compared the prevalence, median age, patient profile, and absolute incidence (AI) per 100,000 population during the study periods using <i>Fisher's</i> test (<i>p</i> < 0.05). One thousand eighty-one (13.9%, [95% confidence interval, CI: 13.1-14.6]) of the 7793 patients tested during P0, 777 (13.3%, [95% CI: 12.4-14.2]) of the 5850 tested during P1, and 945 (12.4%, [95% CI: 11.7-13.2]) of the 7606 patients tested were positive for some BGIs. The global prevalence showed a decreasing trend that was statistically significant in P2. During P1, there was an increase in BGIs in the ED with a decrease of median age (<i>p</i> > 0.05). However, during P2, the prevalence for outpatients increased (<i>p</i> < 0.05). The individual prevalence analysis over the three periods remained homogeneous for most of the BGIs (<i>p</i> > 0.05). The AI of most BGIs showed a decreasing trend at P1 and P2 with respect to P0 (<i>p</i> > 0.05). However, <i>Shigella</i> spp./EIEC was the only BGI with a decrease in prevalence, and AI showed statistically significant variation in P1 and P2 (<i>p</i> < 0.05). The prevalence and AI for BGIs mostly showed a slight decrease during the first 2 pandemic years compared with the prepandemic may be explained by the greater impact of foodborne transmission on BGIs. The significant decrease in <i>Shigella</i> spp./EIEC illnesses could explain the mainly person-to-person transmission and the reduction of bacterial load in fomites for NPIs. This retrospective study was approved by the Ethics Committee with the code: HULP PI-5700.</p>","PeriodicalId":12333,"journal":{"name":"Foodborne pathogens and disease","volume":" ","pages":"279-287"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2024-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139563547","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}