Fire and Materials最新文献

{"title":"Traffic Flow Data Collection Methods During Wildfire Evacuation","authors":"Ann-Kristin Dugstad,&nbsp;Maxine Berthiaume,&nbsp;Enrico Ronchi,&nbsp;Noureddine Bénichou,&nbsp;Paul Geoerg,&nbsp;Steve Gwynne,&nbsp;Hui Xie,&nbsp;Kamryn Kubose-Peutz,&nbsp;Amanda Kimball,&nbsp;Max Kinateder","doi":"10.1002/fam.70077","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/fam.70077","url":null,"abstract":"<p>With climate change and urbanisation increasing wildfire risk in the wildland–urban interface (WUI), enhancing community evacuation preparedness is crucial. This study evaluates different data collection methods for measuring traffic flows during a community wildfire evacuation drill in Roxborough Park, Colorado, in June 2024. A multi-method strategy was applied, including drone footage, human observers (manual and app-assisted), automated traffic counters, questionnaires, and postcards. Methods were assessed based on cost, ease of use, data quality, privacy, and ethical considerations. Results highlight that drone footage effectively captured large-scale traffic flow but required a large number of resources for preparation and post-processing. Human observers provided detailed insights but might be prone to errors in high-traffic areas. Self-reported data (questionnaires, postcards) offered valuable behavioural insights but might be affected by response bias. Automated traffic counters provided continuous data but could not differentiate between drill-specific and background traffic. This study provides practical guidance on selecting behavioural data collection methods for wildfire evacuation research, ultimately contributing to improved emergency planning and community resilience.</p>","PeriodicalId":12186,"journal":{"name":"Fire and Materials","volume":"50 5","pages":"601-612"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2026-08-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/fam.70077","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148662592","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Experimental and Numerical Investigation on Ignition and Horizontal Flame Spread for Recycled Plastic Pellets","authors":"Courtney Devine,&nbsp;Natalia Flores-Quiroz,&nbsp;Richard Walls,&nbsp;Carlo Kuhn","doi":"10.1002/fam.70069","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/fam.70069","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Fires in recycling facilities are known for producing noxious fumes, having high heat release rates (HRRs), being difficult to extinguish and causing significant devastation to business operations. This research aims to provide experimental data and numerical models from which performance-based designs can be developed for recycling facilities. Through validating simulation models against experimental data, ignition parameters are verified and can be used as inputs for future larger-scale modelling of flame spread and behaviour. In previous research, cone calorimeter tests were conducted in which the thermal properties (HRR curves, heat of combustion [HOC], time to ignition [TTI]) of recycled plastic pellets were determined. In this research ignition and flame spread are studied, which includes flame spread experiments in a horizontal trough. This data is used to calibrate the density, thermal conductivity, and specific heat capacity by comparing the TTI observed from cone calorimeter testing to that observed in simulated models. The HRR curves and HOC, in addition to the calibrated density, thermal conductivity and specific heat capacity, are used for fire dynamic simulator (FDS) models presented in this paper to simulate and observe the horizontal flame spread rate of shallow samples of plastic pellets made of recycled material. This paper then compares experimental and numerical horizontal flame spread rates and burning behaviour observed. The experimental and simulated horizontal flame spread rates are in the same order of magnitude, 0.2 and 0.35 cm/min respectively, highlighting that the ignition, initial flame spread and model parameters have been suitably captured.</p>","PeriodicalId":12186,"journal":{"name":"Fire and Materials","volume":"50 5","pages":"499-510"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2026-08-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/fam.70069","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148662606","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effect of Ignitor Position and Orientation on Vertical Cone Calorimeter Tests","authors":"Masato Komiya,&nbsp;Kazunori Harada,&nbsp;Tsuneto Tsuchihashi","doi":"10.1002/fam.70073","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/fam.70073","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>The method for conducting heating tests on test specimens in a vertical orientation using a cone calorimeter is recommended in ISO 5660 Annex E. Although this standard defines the ignitor position, no experimental basis has been found. A previous study suggests that the specified position may not necessarily be optimal. Furthermore, the spark orientation is not specified in ISO 5660 Annex E, and no studies investigating the effect of ignitor spark have been found. Therefore, this study conducted cone calorimeter tests by varying the position and orientation of the ignitor spark to investigate their effects on experimental results. Three experimental series, (1) experiments with detailed variations in the ignitor position using flexible polyurethane foam as the test specimen, (2) experiments altering the ignitor orientation at representative ignitor positions using plywood as the test specimen, and (3) experiments using various materials for the test specimen at representative ignitor positions were conducted. In experimental series (3), two types of wooden materials, polyvinyl chloride board, and gypsum board with wallpaper were selected as test specimens. The experimental results were compared such as time to ignition, peak heat release rate, cumulative heat release, and surface temperature at ignition. The results indicated that the ignitor position recommended in ISO 5660 Annex E and a horizontal ignitor orientation (perpendicular to the airflow) are suitable for burning test materials and obtaining stable test results.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":12186,"journal":{"name":"Fire and Materials","volume":"50 5","pages":"558-575"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2026-08-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148662045","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Demonstration of Simple and Efficient Improvement of Fire Behaviour of Upholstered Furniture Through Experiments","authors":"Razieh Amiri,&nbsp;Anna-Carin Larsson,&nbsp;Anne Steen-Hansen,&nbsp;Anuttam Patra","doi":"10.1002/fam.70068","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/fam.70068","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Upholstered furniture represents a major fuel load in homes, and is often the first ignited item in dwelling fires. Thus, it poses a danger to occupants, especially those who need assistance to evacuate. Improved fire properties of upholstered furniture may delay or prevent the fire development. Hence, available time for occupants to escape will increase. Fire safety measures should be accessible, easily applicable, cost efficient, and without harmful effects on health and the environment. Results from small-scale screening tests and large-scale fire experiments of typical upholstery materials on the Norwegian market are presented. The materials were polyurethane foam covered with three different fabrics: 100% cotton, and two different cotton/polyester blends. The covers were tested untreated, with application of two types of fire retardants, and covered with a thick wool blanket. The test results from a complete armchair show that the simple measures were able to delay the fire growth, where the fire-retardants gave the longest delay. This indicates that the fire behaviour of upholstered furniture may be efficiently improved by application of simple measures. This could be particularly useful in residences where a higher level of fire safety is needed, for example in homes for at-risk persons in case of fire.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":12186,"journal":{"name":"Fire and Materials","volume":"50 5","pages":"479-498"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2026-08-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148662670","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Improvement in Thermal Properties, Flammability Performance, and Emission on GFRP Composite by Adding Nano Silica Pumice and Sodium Silicate","authors":"Kuncoro Diharjo,&nbsp;Willy Akhsani Taqwim,&nbsp;Bambang Kusharjanta,&nbsp;Dody Ariawan,&nbsp;Wijang Wisnu Raharjo,&nbsp;Abdul Hapid,&nbsp;Sunarto Kaleg,&nbsp;Cahyo Hadi Wibowo","doi":"10.1002/fam.70072","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/fam.70072","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Adding flame-retardant fillers to Glass Fiber Reinforced Polymer (GFRP) composites used for cabin car panels can improve flammability resistance and enhance passenger safety. Research on GFRP composites with nano Active Filler of Pumice Particle (nAFPP) and Sodium Silicate (SS) fillers has been conducted to evaluate the composites with FTIR, thermal properties (TGA-DSC), flammability performance (ASTM D 635), and emission (smoke particle matter). The GFRP composite with 5 wt.% nAFPP and 5 wt.% SS exhibits the highest burning residue at 27.5% among the others, whereas the filler-free composite shows the lowest burning residue at 20.99%. The DTG test indicates that composites with fillers decompose longer than those without. All composites with fillers exhibit amorphous nAFPP, indicated by sharp exothermic curves of crystallization. The DSC test shows higher heat flow during crystallization and melting, indicating exothermic and endothermic processes, respectively. Adding SS filler offers greater flammability resistance advantages than nAFPP. The filler-free composite has the lowest flammability resistance with a burning rate of 0.494 mm/s, whereas the specimen with 7 wt.% nAFPP and 3 wt.% SS achieved the best flammability resistance with a burning rate of 0.215 mm/s. The SS proves more effective in enhancing flammability resistance. The use of fillers reduces smoke-particle pollutants in GFRP composites, and SS is a better inhibitor of particle matter in smoke. Industries have an opportunity to improve GFRP composite products, and further investigation is needed to achieve the excellence of GFRP composites.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":12186,"journal":{"name":"Fire and Materials","volume":"50 5","pages":"547-557"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2026-08-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148662682","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Spatiotemporal Trend and Drivers of Vegetation Cover in China","authors":"Binbin Zhang,&nbsp;Zhongyu Zheng,&nbsp;Jiaqing Zhang,&nbsp;Tao Sun,&nbsp;Liangpeng Ye,&nbsp;Xiaoqing Zhao,&nbsp;Long Shi","doi":"10.1002/fam.70071","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/fam.70071","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Fractional vegetation coverage (FVC) is an important indicator for measuring ecosystem function and environmental quality. This study, using MODIS data from 2001 to 2022, investigates the spatiotemporal dynamics, driving factors, and predictive performance of FVC in Anhui Province of China. The results show that over the past 20 years, FVC in Anhui has significantly increased, with more than 80% of the region showing an upward trend, and 47.72% of the area experiencing highly significant increases, while less than 7% showed a decline. The annual mean FVC increased from 0.64 to 0.74, exhibiting a clear spatial gradient of “high in the south, low in the north.” Feature correlation analysis revealed that temperature and evapotranspiration are the main environmental drivers of FVC. Temperature can promote the growth of vegetation and increase its coverage, while evapotranspiration is closely related to regional water stress. In the established predictive modeling, the XGBoost algorithm outperformed random forest and ridge regression, demonstrating the best predictive performance on the validation set (<i>R</i>² = 0.83). While the individual analytical methods employed are well-established, the primary innovation of this study lies in constructing an integrated framework that bridges traditional long-term spatiotemporal statistics with advanced ensemble machine learning. This methodological integration successfully transitions regional vegetation analysis from retrospective observation to high-precision dynamic forecasting. Ultimately, by accurately forecasting vegetation trends under varying thermal and moisture conditions, this research fills a critical gap in Anhui Province, providing robust, data-driven support for climate change adaptation strategies, targeted afforestation planning, and sustainable land-use policymaking.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":12186,"journal":{"name":"Fire and Materials","volume":"50 5","pages":"528-546"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2026-08-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148662681","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effect of Ignitor Position and Orientation on Vertical Cone Calorimeter Tests","authors":"Masato Komiya,&nbsp;Kazunori Harada,&nbsp;Tsuneto Tsuchihashi","doi":"10.1002/fam.70073","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/fam.70073","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>The method for conducting heating tests on test specimens in a vertical orientation using a cone calorimeter is recommended in ISO 5660 Annex E. Although this standard defines the ignitor position, no experimental basis has been found. A previous study suggests that the specified position may not necessarily be optimal. Furthermore, the spark orientation is not specified in ISO 5660 Annex E, and no studies investigating the effect of ignitor spark have been found. Therefore, this study conducted cone calorimeter tests by varying the position and orientation of the ignitor spark to investigate their effects on experimental results. Three experimental series, (1) experiments with detailed variations in the ignitor position using flexible polyurethane foam as the test specimen, (2) experiments altering the ignitor orientation at representative ignitor positions using plywood as the test specimen, and (3) experiments using various materials for the test specimen at representative ignitor positions were conducted. In experimental series (3), two types of wooden materials, polyvinyl chloride board, and gypsum board with wallpaper were selected as test specimens. The experimental results were compared such as time to ignition, peak heat release rate, cumulative heat release, and surface temperature at ignition. The results indicated that the ignitor position recommended in ISO 5660 Annex E and a horizontal ignitor orientation (perpendicular to the airflow) are suitable for burning test materials and obtaining stable test results.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":12186,"journal":{"name":"Fire and Materials","volume":"50 5","pages":"558-575"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2026-08-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148662048","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Moisture-Dependent Flammability of Mediterranean Vegetation: A Cone Calorimeter Study With Implication for Fire-Resistant Landscaping","authors":"F. Z. Krim,&nbsp;N. Zekri,&nbsp;H. Boutchiche,&nbsp;O. Mosbah,&nbsp;C. Luciani,&nbsp;P. A. Santoni","doi":"10.1002/fam.70076","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/fam.70076","url":null,"abstract":"&lt;div&gt;\u0000 \u0000 &lt;p&gt;This study quantifies moisture-driven ignition and combustion dynamics in six Mediterranean fuels (Oran, Algeria; Corte, France) using a cone calorimeter (ASTM E1354). A microwave-assisted drying method (&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;math&gt;\u0000 &lt;semantics&gt;\u0000 &lt;mrow&gt;\u0000 &lt;mn&gt;800&lt;/mn&gt;\u0000 &lt;mspace&gt;&lt;/mspace&gt;\u0000 &lt;mi&gt;W&lt;/mi&gt;\u0000 &lt;/mrow&gt;\u0000 &lt;annotation&gt;$$ 800 mathrm{W} $$&lt;/annotation&gt;\u0000 &lt;/semantics&gt;&lt;/math&gt;, &lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;math&gt;\u0000 &lt;semantics&gt;\u0000 &lt;mrow&gt;\u0000 &lt;mn&gt;0.9&lt;/mn&gt;\u0000 &lt;mo&gt;−&lt;/mo&gt;\u0000 &lt;mn&gt;0.95&lt;/mn&gt;\u0000 &lt;mspace&gt;&lt;/mspace&gt;\u0000 &lt;mi&gt;GHz&lt;/mi&gt;\u0000 &lt;/mrow&gt;\u0000 &lt;annotation&gt;$$ 0.9-0.95 mathrm{GHz} $$&lt;/annotation&gt;\u0000 &lt;/semantics&gt;&lt;/math&gt;) enabled precise moisture control (&lt; 180 s) while preserving live-fuel integrity. Results revealed an exponential increase in ignition delays with moisture content (&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;math&gt;\u0000 &lt;semantics&gt;\u0000 &lt;mrow&gt;\u0000 &lt;msup&gt;\u0000 &lt;mi&gt;R&lt;/mi&gt;\u0000 &lt;mn&gt;2&lt;/mn&gt;\u0000 &lt;/msup&gt;\u0000 &lt;mo&gt;&gt;&lt;/mo&gt;\u0000 &lt;mn&gt;0.95&lt;/mn&gt;\u0000 &lt;/mrow&gt;\u0000 &lt;annotation&gt;$$ {R}^2&gt;0.95 $$&lt;/annotation&gt;\u0000 &lt;/semantics&gt;&lt;/math&gt;) for all species except &lt;i&gt;Eucalyptus globulus&lt;/i&gt;, linked to fuel bed compactness (&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;math&gt;\u0000 &lt;semantics&gt;\u0000 &lt;mrow&gt;\u0000 &lt;mi&gt;φ&lt;/mi&gt;\u0000 &lt;mo&gt;=&lt;/mo&gt;\u0000 &lt;mn&gt;13&lt;/mn&gt;\u0000 &lt;mo&gt;%&lt;/mo&gt;\u0000 &lt;mo&gt;−&lt;/mo&gt;\u0000 &lt;mn&gt;16&lt;/mn&gt;\u0000 &lt;mo&gt;%&lt;/mo&gt;\u0000 &lt;/mrow&gt;\u0000 &lt;annotation&gt;$$ varphi =13%-16% $$&lt;/annotation&gt;\u0000 &lt;/semantics&gt;&lt;/math&gt;) and a characteristic moisture (&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;math&gt;\u0000 &lt;semantics&gt;\u0000 &lt;mrow&gt;\u0000 &lt;msub&gt;\u0000 &lt;mi&gt;MC&lt;/mi&gt;\u0000 &lt;mi&gt;c&lt;/mi&gt;\u0000 &lt;/msub&gt;\u0000 &lt;mo&gt;=&lt;/mo&gt;\u0000 &lt;mn&gt;16&lt;/mn&gt;\u0000 &lt;mo&gt;%&lt;/mo&gt;\u0000 &lt;mo&gt;−&lt;/mo&gt;\u0000 &lt;mn&gt;27&lt;/mn&gt;\u0000 &lt;mo&gt;%&lt;/mo&gt;\u0000 &lt;/mrow&gt;\u0000 &lt;annotation&gt;$$ {mathrm{MC}}_{mathrm{c}}=16%-27% $$&lt;/annotation&gt;\u0000 &lt;/semantics&gt;&lt;/math&gt;). While low irradiance (&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;math&gt;\u0000 &lt;semantics&gt;\u0000 &lt;mrow&gt;\u0000 &lt;mn&gt;17.5&lt;/mn&gt;\u0000 &lt;mspace&gt;&lt;/mspace&gt;\u0000 &lt;mi&gt;kW&lt;/mi&gt;\u0000 &lt;mo&gt;/&lt;/mo&gt;\u0000 &lt;msup&gt;\u0000 &lt;mi&gt;m&lt;/mi&gt;\u0000 &lt;mn&gt;2&lt;/mn&gt;\u0000 &lt;/msup&gt;\u0000 &lt;/mrow&gt;\u0000 &lt;annotation&gt;$$ 17.5 mathrm{kW}/{mathrm{m}}^2 $$&lt;/annotation&gt;\u0000 &lt;/semantics&gt;&lt;/math&gt;) rendered the effective heat of combustion (EHC) moisture-independent (preignition drying), high irradiance (&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;math&gt;\u0000 &lt;semantics&gt;\u0000 ","PeriodicalId":12186,"journal":{"name":"Fire and Materials","volume":"50 5","pages":"587-600"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2026-08-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148662164","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Advanced Decision-Making Technique for Fire Suppression System Selection: A Case Study in the Plastic Manufacturing Industry","authors":"Ertugrul Ayyildiz,&nbsp;Betul Yildirim,&nbsp;Nezir Aydin","doi":"10.1002/fam.70070","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/fam.70070","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Industrial facilities are environments with a high fire risk, where fires can rapidly escalate and cause significant damage if appropriate fire protection systems are not implemented. This study focuses on the critical task of selecting the most suitable fire suppression system for industrial facilities. To achieve this, we identify three main criteria—effectiveness, safety, and operational considerations—along with thirteen subcriteria to guide the selection process. The Spherical Fuzzy Analytic Hierarchic Process (SF-AHP) method is employed to determine the weights of these criteria through expert evaluations, followed by the Spherical Fuzzy Evaluation based on Distance from Average Solution (SF-EDAS) method to rank various fire suppression alternatives. A case study is conducted in a facility dedicated to producing plastic animal cages as a practical application of this methodology. This is a high-risk environment due to the explosive nature of the materials used. The results highlight Reaction Time as the most critical factor, followed by Impact on Operations, Flexibility, and Personnel Protection. In this case study, the clean agent system ranked highest, demonstrating its effectiveness in meeting the facility's specific needs. The proposed approach provides valuable insights for industrial plant managers aiming to enhance fire safety and protect personnel and assets in high-risk environments.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":12186,"journal":{"name":"Fire and Materials","volume":"50 5","pages":"511-527"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2026-08-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148662531","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Solvent-Free Strategy for Preparation of Carbon Dots From PA66 Waste and Its Application in Flame Retardant Modification of PET Fabrics","authors":"Meiru Qu,&nbsp;Rui Wang,&nbsp;Chaohui Ma,&nbsp;Chuanjiang Tang,&nbsp;Puzhen He,&nbsp;Botong Liu,&nbsp;Hanjiang Huang,&nbsp;Linhan Bing,&nbsp;Yu Fan,&nbsp;Jianfei Wei","doi":"10.1002/fam.70074","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/fam.70074","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Polyamide 66 (PA66) is the most widely produced and used engineering plastic, and it also holds a significant position in the field of chemical fibers, resulting in a large amount of PA66 waste. Recycling PA66 waste not only helps alleviate environmental pollution caused by PA66 waste but also reduces the consumption of fossil resources, which has important practical significance. In this paper, PA66 waste and phytic acid were used as precursors to prepare PA66-based carbon dots (66CDs), a novel zero-dimensional carbon nanomaterial, through a solvent-free one-step pyrolysis method. The optimal excitation and emission wavelength of the prepared 66CDs is 410 nm and 500 nm, and the fluorescence quantum yield is 25.42%. The average particle size of 66CDs is 3.30 nm, and the lattice spacing is 0.21 nm, with surface functional groups such as –OH and –NH₂. Subsequently, the as-prepared 66CDs were used for flame retardant finishing of polyester fabrics through double-dip-double-nip method. When the concentration of 66CDs is 10 g/L, the weight gain of the polyester fabric is 1.69% and the limit oxygen index value reaches 29%. The ignition time of finished polyester fabric reaches 219 s with an improvement of 10.60% compared to pure polyester fabric, and the damage length decreased 39.20% compared to pure PET, thus enhancing fire safety of polyester fabric. The study on the flame retardant mechanism indicates that 66CDs play a role in quenching free radicals and promote the formation of a dense char layer in the polyester fabric, thereby achieving the flame retardant effect.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":12186,"journal":{"name":"Fire and Materials","volume":"50 5","pages":"576-586"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2026-08-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148662548","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}