Fire and Materials最新文献_第3页

Impact of core thickness and opening height on the combustion characteristics of polyethylene sandwich panels

IF 2 4区材料科学

Fire and Materials Pub Date : 2024-10-24 DOI: 10.1002/fam.3247

Peng Wu, Jiankun Fu, Yipeng Zhang, Ru Zhou, Min Hao, Juncheng Jiang

引用次数: 0

Pyrolysis models for pressure treated wood and wood–plastic composite

IF 2 4区材料科学

Fire and Materials Pub Date : 2024-10-21 DOI: 10.1002/fam.3249

Sangkyu Lee, Jacques A. De Beer, Stanislav I. Stoliarov, Peter B. Sunderland, Michael J. Gollner

{"title":"Pyrolysis models for pressure treated wood and wood–plastic composite","authors":"Sangkyu Lee, Jacques A. De Beer, Stanislav I. Stoliarov, Peter B. Sunderland, Michael J. Gollner","doi":"10.1002/fam.3249","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/fam.3249","url":null,"abstract":"Pressure treated wood (PTW) and wood–plastic composites such as Trex® are popular materials for the construction of decks and other auxiliary structures, which are known to significantly contribute to spread of wildland fires into communities. In this work, representative samples of these materials were studied to determine their pyrolysis and combustion properties to enable simulation of fire growth on the surface of these building products. The pyrolysis property development process followed a well-established hierarchical approach where thermogravimetric analysis, differential scanning calorimetry, and microscale combustion calorimetry were used to parametrize kinetics and thermodynamics of the thermal decomposition and combustion, while controlled atmosphere pyrolysis and cone calorimetry tests performed on coupon-sized samples were used to parameterize thermal transport properties and validate performance of the fully parametrized pyrolysis models. PTW decomposition was captured using four sequential reactions with one additional reaction used to model vaporization of water. Trex® board was found to consist of two distinct layers: a thin outer layer and an internal core. The pyrolysis model for this material was constructed using some known properties of high-density polyethylene (PE) and the properties of PTW determined in this work. The outer layer was defined in the model to consist of PE and an inert additive, while the core was defined as a blend of PE and wood particles, which kinetics and thermodynamics of the thermal decomposition and combustion were successfully captured using the model developed for PTW.","PeriodicalId":12186,"journal":{"name":"Fire and Materials","volume":"49 1","pages":"86-101"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2024-10-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/fam.3249","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143117672","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Thermomechanical properties and microstructure of concrete made with recycled concrete aggregates after exposure to high temperatures

IF 2 4区材料科学

Fire and Materials Pub Date : 2024-10-14 DOI: 10.1002/fam.3245

Bruno Fernandes, Hélène Carré, Cécile Gaborieau, Jean-Christophe Mindeguia, Céline Perlot, Christian La Borderie, Yannick Anguy

{"title":"Thermomechanical properties and microstructure of concrete made with recycled concrete aggregates after exposure to high temperatures","authors":"Bruno Fernandes, Hélène Carré, Cécile Gaborieau, Jean-Christophe Mindeguia, Céline Perlot, Christian La Borderie, Yannick Anguy","doi":"10.1002/fam.3245","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/fam.3245","url":null,"abstract":"Using recycled concrete aggregates (RCA) in concrete has emerged as a promising solution to produce concrete with reduced environmental impact and adequate performance. However, a deeper understanding of the thermal and mechanical behavior of concrete made with RCA is still needed for further application in real structures. The present paper addresses one of the crucial issues for structural concrete: its behavior after exposure to high temperature. Four concrete mixes are studied: a reference concrete made with natural aggregates (NA), two concretes including 40% and 100% of coarse RCA as a direct replacement (DR) for coarse NA, and a concrete made with 100% of coarse RCA relying on a strength-based replacement (SBR). The SBR concrete mix was designed to achieve the same performance (28 days compressive strength and slump) as the reference concrete. All specimens were exposed to temperatures of 200, 400, and 600°C. After cooling, samples were evaluated for residual mass loss, thermal, and mechanical properties. Microstructural quantitative analyses were conducted over several square millimeters to show that interfaces between the old and new cement pastes, peculiar to concrete made with RCA, do not further promote fracture development. The results show that after exposure to high temperatures, the thermal and mechanical performances of concrete made with RCA are reduced in the same manner and extent as in concrete made with NA. When the RCA-based concrete is designed to achieve similar performance as concrete with NA at room temperature (SBR), the residual thermomechanical behavior is similar between both concretes.","PeriodicalId":12186,"journal":{"name":"Fire and Materials","volume":"49 1","pages":"59-75"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2024-10-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143115016","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Effects of fuel distribution on thermal environment and fire hazard

IF 2 4区材料科学

Fire and Materials Pub Date : 2024-10-01 DOI: 10.1002/fam.3242

Aatif Ali Khan, Zhuojun Nan, Xiaoning Zhang, Asif Usmani

{"title":"Effects of fuel distribution on thermal environment and fire hazard","authors":"Aatif Ali Khan, Zhuojun Nan, Xiaoning Zhang, Asif Usmani","doi":"10.1002/fam.3242","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/fam.3242","url":null,"abstract":"Fire accidents in buildings are occurring and claiming thousands of lives each year. Due to various architectural designs, fire hazards would be unique to each building layout. This paper discusses how fire hazard varies with the arrangement of the fuel inside buildings. To comprehensively present the effect of fuel distribution on fire behaviour, results from large-scale experiments, bench-scale experiments, empirical correlations, and numerical studies are provided. In large-scale fire tests, two different cases of wood cribs were tested to demonstrate the effects of porosity on heat generation and fire spread behaviour. Due to the limitations of experimental conditions, the variation in heat release rate attributable to differences in fuel porosity and surface area has been also qualitatively investigated using a cone calorimeter test. To bring the gap between experimental observations and real-word scenarios, a numerical study is also performed. This study further explores the effects of fuel distribution (considering porosity and surface area of fuel throughout the compartment) and ventilation on fire spread beyond the fire compartment. The computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations show how the distribution of fuel in different ways can lead fire to spread beyond its origin, as observed in many fire accidents. The paper suggests that designers should consider such critical fire scenarios in performance-based design.","PeriodicalId":12186,"journal":{"name":"Fire and Materials","volume":"49 1","pages":"14-25"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2024-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/fam.3242","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143110700","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Study on air entrainment coefficient for different heat release rates and transverse displacements in a tunnel with unpowered ventilation cap

IF 2 4区材料科学

Fire and Materials Pub Date : 2024-10-01 DOI: 10.1002/fam.3241

Huan Luo, Weikang Liang, Xueqian Zhao, Junwei Chi, Ru Zhou, Min Hao, Juncheng Jiang

{"title":"Study on air entrainment coefficient for different heat release rates and transverse displacements in a tunnel with unpowered ventilation cap","authors":"Huan Luo, Weikang Liang, Xueqian Zhao, Junwei Chi, Ru Zhou, Min Hao, Juncheng Jiang","doi":"10.1002/fam.3241","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/fam.3241","url":null,"abstract":"An automobile accident may cause combustion and release large quantities of toxic smoke in tunnels. This article investigates how the heat release rate and fire displacements affect the air entrainment coefficient during smoke one-dimensional motion stage along the tunnel by using a shaft with unpowered ventilation cap for natural ventilation. The results show that the air entrainment coefficient increases with the heat release rate when plug-holing occurs in the shaft. The correlation between the air entrainment coefficient and heat release rate is analyzed by dimensionless analysis and verified using experimental data. Different transverse fire source locations do not significantly affect the temperature distribution during the one-dimensional horizontal spread of smoke. The air entrainment coefficient exhibits no significant difference for different transverse fire source locations, but is lower for a fire closing to the sidewall than for other locations. The ratio of the air entrainment coefficient for a fire source near the sidewall to that for a fire source at the center of the tunnel is 0.76–0.96. This research contributes to a deeper understanding of smoke dynamics in tunnels, which can ultimately aid in the development of strategies to help trapped people escape.","PeriodicalId":12186,"journal":{"name":"Fire and Materials","volume":"49 1","pages":"3-13"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2024-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143110699","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Extract from the peels of jackfruit (Artocarpus heterophyllus): Flame retardancy and toxic gaseous emission suppression effects on cotton textiles

IF 2 4区材料科学

Fire and Materials Pub Date : 2024-10-01 DOI: 10.1002/fam.3243

Ngoc Tung Nguyen, Tuan Hung Trinh, Minh Tao Hoang, Quang Minh Bui, Thanh Thao Nguyen, Quang Trung Nguyen

{"title":"Extract from the peels of jackfruit (Artocarpus heterophyllus): Flame retardancy and toxic gaseous emission suppression effects on cotton textiles","authors":"Ngoc Tung Nguyen, Tuan Hung Trinh, Minh Tao Hoang, Quang Minh Bui, Thanh Thao Nguyen, Quang Trung Nguyen","doi":"10.1002/fam.3243","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/fam.3243","url":null,"abstract":"This paper reports on the application of extract from the peels of jackfruit (Artocarpus heterophyllus Lam.) to increase flame retardancy and reduce toxic gaseous emissions from the combustion of cotton textiles. In particular, the results from Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of treated and untreated samples proved the incorporation of jackfruit peels extract onto the textile substrate, while the results from thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and standard flammability tests of treated and untreated samples, and their corresponding limiting oxygen index (LOI), proving the flame retardancy effect of jackfruit peels extract on the textile substrate. The textile substrate treated with jackfruit peels extract exhibited excellent flame retardancy, evident by LOI value increasing to 26.8% and samples self-extinguishing within 4.5 s after being removed from the reference flame. In addition, the increase in flame retardancy of treated textile samples also demonstrated good washing durability, even after 30 cycles of standard washing. More importantly, gas chromatography coupled mass spectroscopy (GC/MS) analysis of gaseous emissions from the combustion of samples treated by jackfruit peels extract and by commercial Pyrovatex CP suggested that the use of jackfruit peels extract could help greatly reduce the release of toxic volatile substances, which would pose significant risk to the health of human and the ability of people to safely evacuate from fire accidents. In conclusion, these results have demonstrated the potential of a novel green approach for the fabrication of flame-retardant textiles.","PeriodicalId":12186,"journal":{"name":"Fire and Materials","volume":"49 1","pages":"26-39"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2024-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143110691","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Analyzing thermal-moisture comfort and thermal protective performance of phase change materials dripped protective clothing 分析滴有相变材料的防护服的热湿舒适性和热防护性能

IF 2 4区材料科学

Fire and Materials Pub Date : 2024-09-23 DOI: 10.1002/fam.3239

Zihan Gu, Yun Su, Yuwei Fan, Miao Tian, Jun Li

引用次数: 0

Effect of silane coupling agent on mechanical properties, flame retardancy, and ceramifiable behavior of ceramifiable flame-retardant silicone rubber composite 硅烷偶联剂对可陶瓷阻燃硅橡胶复合材料机械性能、阻燃性和可陶瓷性的影响

IF 2 4区材料科学

Fire and Materials Pub Date : 2024-09-17 DOI: 10.1002/fam.3240

Jun-Sheng Wang, Ke Shang, Hui-Jing Jiang, Peng-Ju Wang, Hai-Bo Zhu, Gui-De Lin, Xing Jin, Dan Liu, Bi Zhao, Jin-Jun Yang, Teng Fu

{"title":"Effect of silane coupling agent on mechanical properties, flame retardancy, and ceramifiable behavior of ceramifiable flame-retardant silicone rubber composite","authors":"Jun-Sheng Wang, Ke Shang, Hui-Jing Jiang, Peng-Ju Wang, Hai-Bo Zhu, Gui-De Lin, Xing Jin, Dan Liu, Bi Zhao, Jin-Jun Yang, Teng Fu","doi":"10.1002/fam.3240","DOIUrl":"10.1002/fam.3240","url":null,"abstract":"In order to improve the dispersibility of inorganic fillers and enhance its ceramifiable flame-retardant efficiency, the ceramifiable flame-retardant silicone rubber composites were prepared using glass powder, zinc borate, ammonium polyphosphate, mica powder, platinum catalyst as ceramifiable flame-retardant agent, and various silane coupling agents as interfacial modifier. The micromorphology, mechanical properties, flame retardancy, thermal stability, and combustion behavior of ceramifiable flame-retardant silicone rubber composites, as well as the flexural strength of the corresponding ceramics generated after pyrolysis of the composites were examined. The results reveal that the inclusion of silane coupling agents improves the dispersibility of ceramifiable flame-retardant agents substantially. The mechanical properties, flame retardancy, thermal stability, and combustion behavior of ceramifiable flame-retardant silicone rubber composites are all improved. When compared to a composite without a silane coupling agent, the tensile strength of the composite can be improved by up to 1.9 times. Only 0.5phr silane coupling agent is required to raise the vertical combustion rating from V-1 to V-0, and the composite with 3 phr KH570 has a LOI value of 38.6. Meanwhile, the heat release rate of the composite is reduced to a certain extent, and the time to ignition and residue are dramatically enhanced after the addition of silane coupling agent in the cone calorimetry test. Moreover, flexural strength of the corresponding ceramics generated after pyrolysis of the composites rapidly increases with increasing silane coupling agent content, which can reach to 24.7 MPa with addition of 3 phr KH570.","PeriodicalId":12186,"journal":{"name":"Fire and Materials","volume":"48 8","pages":"858-867"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2024-09-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142252194","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Enhancing fire safety and thermal performance: Wood composites with bio-based phase change materials and fire retardants for building applications 提高防火安全和热性能：使用生物相变材料和阻燃剂的木质复合材料在建筑中的应用

IF 2 4区材料科学

Fire and Materials Pub Date : 2024-09-06 DOI: 10.1002/fam.3238

Jakub Grzybek, Meysam Nazari, Mohamed Jebrane, Nasko Terziev, Alexander Petutschnigg, Thomas Schnabel

{"title":"Enhancing fire safety and thermal performance: Wood composites with bio-based phase change materials and fire retardants for building applications","authors":"Jakub Grzybek, Meysam Nazari, Mohamed Jebrane, Nasko Terziev, Alexander Petutschnigg, Thomas Schnabel","doi":"10.1002/fam.3238","DOIUrl":"10.1002/fam.3238","url":null,"abstract":"This work explores the elaboration of wood particle-based composites incorporating bio-based phase change materials, with epoxidized linseed oil or clay as a binder. Fire performance evaluation of the novel composites includes an assessment to determine the impact of the addition of boric acid as a fire retardant, as well as the incorporation of recycled paper fibres containing boric acid, and the application of trimethoxymethylsilane coating. The study employs thermogravimetric analysis and cone calorimetry under uniform external irradiance, with a T-history method to analyse thermal behaviour. Results indicated that fire retardants do not compromise the energy functionality of bio-based phase change material composites, exhibiting a latent heat of approximately 50 J/g. The density ranges from 750 to 875 kg/m3. The use of clay as a binder improves fire performance, leading to a 60% decrease in total heat release and 52% of the composite mass remaining after analysis. Although enhancing fire performance presents challenges, incorporating wood particles in clay demonstrates a promising potential approach for safe use in building applications, contributing to energy efficiency in indoor heating and cooling. The findings contribute valuable insights into these materials for creating safer and more efficient building solutions, particularly in terms of thermal regulation and fire safety.","PeriodicalId":12186,"journal":{"name":"Fire and Materials","volume":"48 8","pages":"838-846"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2024-09-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/fam.3238","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142221118","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

A fire safety engineering approach to improving community resilience to the impacts of wildfire 采用消防安全工程方法提高社区抵御野火影响的能力

IF 1.9 4区材料科学

Fire and Materials Pub Date : 2024-09-03 DOI: 10.1002/fam.3236

Greg Penney, Greg Baker, Andres Valencia, Daniel Gorham

{"title":"A fire safety engineering approach to improving community resilience to the impacts of wildfire","authors":"Greg Penney, Greg Baker, Andres Valencia, Daniel Gorham","doi":"10.1002/fam.3236","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/fam.3236","url":null,"abstract":"Each year severe wildfires continue to cause significant destruction resulting in the loss of life, property, critical infrastructure, and the environment. In an effort to increase community preparedness and resilience to wildfire, international jurisdictions have adopted both guiding principles and prescriptive codes that apply to both urban planning and fire engineering design of buildings within the wildland–urban interface. These measures are intended to protect occupants, enhance the survivability of structures from different fire exposure mechanisms, and increase the chances of successful firefighting operations. However, research has identified (i) inconsistent approaches to regulation and governance; (ii) limited research on which urban design and building standards are based; and (iii) misaligned or contradictory urban design and building standards. This not only stifles the use of development proposing suitable performance‐based design that could achieve the required outcomes but can increase administrative burdens and development costs without increasing safety. The aim of this current study is to contribute to addressing identified shortfalls by identifying and distilling the last 23 years of research in the field related to (i) the development of evidence‐based performance requirements, and (ii) the application of effective governance arrangements in order to enhance urban design and wildfire engineering practices. These aims are achieved through a systematic literature review. Ultimately, however, of the 608 initial articles captured in the identification phase of the SLR, not a single article provided insight into the most effective regulatory or governance mechanism, and only three provided criteria suitable for adoption as a performance requirement. While the aims of this study were only partially achieved, it does provide a foundation for the field by way of identifying and distilling the current state of practice.","PeriodicalId":12186,"journal":{"name":"Fire and Materials","volume":"11 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2024-09-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142221119","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0