Fire and Materials最新文献_第3页

Exploratory Simulations on the Effectiveness of Sand Protection Strategies Against Firebrand Accumulation in Wildfires 森林火灾中防沙策略对火种堆积效果的探索性模拟

IF 2.4 4区材料科学

Fire and Materials Pub Date : 2025-02-23 DOI: 10.1002/fam.3286

Simona Dossi, Wojciech Węgrzyński, Guillermo Rein

{"title":"Exploratory Simulations on the Effectiveness of Sand Protection Strategies Against Firebrand Accumulation in Wildfires","authors":"Simona Dossi, Wojciech Węgrzyński, Guillermo Rein","doi":"10.1002/fam.3286","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/fam.3286","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Firebrands are the leading cause of infrastructure damage during wildfires. However, dedicated protections specifically designed to mitigate firebrand accumulation, remain limited. In contrast, infrastructure protection strategies against sand accumulation have been developed, implemented and studied in detail. Because both sand and firebrands are airborne particles, this paper explores the potential applicability of sand protection strategies to mitigate firebrand exposure. A literature review of existing protection strategies from both sand and firebrands is presented, followed by exploratory numerical simulations using Fire Dynamics Simulator (FDS). The simulations study the effectiveness of shielding a simplified cubic structure from particles simulating firebrand exposure under varying ambient wind speeds (4, 6, and 8 m/s). Two sand protection strategies are simulated, a trench and wall protection; results indicate the selected protections have the potential to reduce firebrand exposure to a target obstacle. The findings provide novel insights into the feasibility of translating sand protection strategies to firebrand mitigation and establish a foundation for innovative infrastructure solutions against wildfires.</p>","PeriodicalId":12186,"journal":{"name":"Fire and Materials","volume":"49 5","pages":"805-823"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2025-02-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/fam.3286","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144751551","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Analysis of the Thermal Decomposition and Flammability of Polyurethane Materials Used in Building Insulation and in the Automotive Industry 建筑保温材料和汽车用聚氨酯材料的热分解和燃烧性能分析

IF 2 4区材料科学

Fire and Materials Pub Date : 2025-02-21 DOI: 10.1002/fam.3285

Kamila Mizera, Kamila Sałasińska, Monika Borucka, Jan Przybysz, Agnieszka Gajek

{"title":"Analysis of the Thermal Decomposition and Flammability of Polyurethane Materials Used in Building Insulation and in the Automotive Industry","authors":"Kamila Mizera, Kamila Sałasińska, Monika Borucka, Jan Przybysz, Agnieszka Gajek","doi":"10.1002/fam.3285","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/fam.3285","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>The development of technology and newer requirements for materials leads to an increase in their production and storage. In the past, serious fires have occurred in public buildings, residential buildings, industrial halls, and warehouses where plastics were used or produced, resulting in disastrous consequences for the environment and human health. For this reason, it is important to examine the risks to people and the environment that arise during a fire in places where these materials are located and stored. Polyurethane foams (PUF) used in building insulation and the automotive industry have been analyzed to determine their flammability and smoke emission during combustion. The thermal stability of PUFs was assessed using simultaneous thermal analysis (STA). Released gases were identified using STA combined with FT-IR (STA/FT-IR). Fire resistance and smoke emission during combustion were evaluated using cone calorimetry and a smoke chamber. Differences in thermal decomposition and combustion characteristics, including smoke release, were observed. The combustion of semi-rigid foam was accompanied by the lowest total smoke release and the lowest total heat release. However, the combustion of flexible foam was characterized by the highest amount of smoke and a high rate of heat release, despite only a 5% weight loss at the highest temperature. In the case of rigid foam, a large residue in the form of a carbonized layer was observed.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":12186,"journal":{"name":"Fire and Materials","volume":"49 4","pages":"359-370"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2025-02-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143909467","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Numerical Investigations of a Large Fire Exposure Crib Test—Presenting Different Pyrolysis Modelling Methodologies and Numerical Results 大型火暴露槽试验的数值研究——呈现不同的热解模拟方法和数值结果

IF 2 4区材料科学

Fire and Materials Pub Date : 2025-02-20 DOI: 10.1002/fam.3287

Ranjith Nandish, Christian Knaust, Jochen Zehfuß

{"title":"Numerical Investigations of a Large Fire Exposure Crib Test—Presenting Different Pyrolysis Modelling Methodologies and Numerical Results","authors":"Ranjith Nandish, Christian Knaust, Jochen Zehfuß","doi":"10.1002/fam.3287","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/fam.3287","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The need for numerical-based approaches to investigate the fire behaviour in buildings with combustible components is growing due to the increasing use of timber by the construction industry to meet the ‘Climate Action Plan 2050’. This requires consideration of the complex kinetic processes that take place during the burning of the wood in the numerical models. This is accomplished by using computational fluid dynamics (CFD) to numerically model the material pyrolysis and combustion processes. This article presents three different approaches for simulating the behaviour of a wood crib fire using the fire dynamics simulator (FDS). These approaches are based on either prescribing the burning rate of the wood directly from the physical experiments or using the kinetic parameters to govern the underlying processes, such as pyrolysis. Wooden crib fire experiments carried out by the RISE Research Institute in Sweden inside the combustion chamber that were used to validate all the methods. The numerical results from the method, that utilised the experimentally determined burning rate, were in good agreement with the experimental results, with a maximum deviation of 6% in the case of HRR. On the other hand, the model that needs kinetic parameters as its input has shown maximum discrepancies of 12% and 33% compared to experimental results. These methods are sensitive to the input parameters and the extent of dependency needs further investigation.</p>","PeriodicalId":12186,"journal":{"name":"Fire and Materials","volume":"49 4","pages":"371-387"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2025-02-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/fam.3287","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143909561","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Characterizing the Heat Transfer Performance of Contaminated Flame-Resistant Fabrics 污染阻燃织物的传热性能表征

IF 2 4区材料科学

Fire and Materials Pub Date : 2025-02-19 DOI: 10.1002/fam.3288

Shariful Islam Tushar, Sumit Mandal, Ishmam Zahin Chowdhury, Adriana Petrova, Lynn M. Boorady, Robert J. Agnew, Michael Kubicki, Haejun Park, Preston Larson

{"title":"Characterizing the Heat Transfer Performance of Contaminated Flame-Resistant Fabrics","authors":"Shariful Islam Tushar, Sumit Mandal, Ishmam Zahin Chowdhury, Adriana Petrova, Lynn M. Boorady, Robert J. Agnew, Michael Kubicki, Haejun Park, Preston Larson","doi":"10.1002/fam.3288","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/fam.3288","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>For the safety of workers in the oil and gas field, flame-resistant clothing is recommended to reduce the risks of skin burns and fatalities resulting from heat and fire hazards. However, flame-resistant fabrics (FRFs) contaminated with flammable substances can compromise their flammability and heat transfer properties. Therefore, this study aims to evaluate the heat transfer performance (HTP) of the contaminated FRFs to improve workers' safety from burn injuries by understanding how contamination affects fabric thermal protection. The HTP in terms of second-degree burn time was evaluated and characterized by exposing the fabrics to 84 kW/m<sup>2</sup> mixed convective and radiant heat flux. The peak temperature and average heat release rate of the FRFs were also evaluated. Two levels of contamination, consisting of drilling mud and crude oil, were added to three FRFs: Meta-aramid/cotton, meta-aramid/para-aramid, and para-aramid/polybenzimidazole. The HTP of drilling mud-contaminated fabrics increased, while the HTP of crude oil-contaminated fabrics varied by fabric type and contamination level. This may be attributed to drilling mud's higher specific heat capacity and lower flammability than crude oil. Among the fabrics tested, meta-aramid/cotton fabric showed the best HTP with higher second-degree burn times of 9.63 s with drilling mud and 9.07 s with crude oil. The relationship among contamination level, fabric properties, and HTP was developed using a multiple linear regression statistical model. The fabric's properties, such as fabric weight and air permeability, significantly contributed to the HTP of the contaminated fabrics.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":12186,"journal":{"name":"Fire and Materials","volume":"49 4","pages":"388-399"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2025-02-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143909550","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Propagation of Smouldering in Wood Dust Deposits Ignited by Embedded Hot Bodies 嵌入式热体点燃木屑沉积物中阴燃的传播

IF 2 4区材料科学

Fire and Materials Pub Date : 2025-02-13 DOI: 10.1002/fam.3283

Chang Li, Jinglin Zhang, Haoran Zhao, Chunmiao Yuan, Zhenguo Du, Zheren Dong, Paul Amyotte, Zenghui Zhao, Ronghua Li, Weitong Liang, Zhiqun Xie

{"title":"Propagation of Smouldering in Wood Dust Deposits Ignited by Embedded Hot Bodies","authors":"Chang Li, Jinglin Zhang, Haoran Zhao, Chunmiao Yuan, Zhenguo Du, Zheren Dong, Paul Amyotte, Zenghui Zhao, Ronghua Li, Weitong Liang, Zhiqun Xie","doi":"10.1002/fam.3283","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/fam.3283","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Combustible dust poses a hazard to industry in two ways, i.e., reactive as a cloud or reactive as a pile. This paper deals with the smouldering behaviour of wood dust deposits initiated by hot bodies. Effects of embedded depth and airflow condition are investigated. Two sizes of wood dust are selected as test samples, namely wood powder and wood chip. The results indicate that under the same hot bodies embedded depth, wood chip combustion propagates faster than wood powder in general due to its unique flocculent structure. Due to the increased insulation effect of the wood dust layer, the temperature at the same measuring point is higher than that of the wood chip layer. In addition, under airflow conditions, the smouldering propagation of wood deposits is significantly higher than that without airflow (2.42 and 4.34 m/s) for both wood powder and wood chip samples. However, the deposited wood powder has a lower minimum ignition temperature than wood chip. Accumulated wood dust in considered to have a greater fire risk in powder form.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":12186,"journal":{"name":"Fire and Materials","volume":"49 3","pages":"347-356"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2025-02-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143622290","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

A New Full-Scale Method for Ranking Flammability of Ornamental Vegetation 一种新的观赏植物可燃性全尺寸评定方法

IF 2.4 4区材料科学

Fire and Materials Pub Date : 2025-02-11 DOI: 10.1002/fam.3284

Juan Antonio Muñoz, Eulàlia Planas, Miguel Almeida, Luís Mário Ribeiro, Pascale Vacca, Elsa Pastor

{"title":"A New Full-Scale Method for Ranking Flammability of Ornamental Vegetation","authors":"Juan Antonio Muñoz, Eulàlia Planas, Miguel Almeida, Luís Mário Ribeiro, Pascale Vacca, Elsa Pastor","doi":"10.1002/fam.3284","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/fam.3284","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Ornamental vegetation constitutes the main type of natural fuel within the wildland-urban interface. Its flammability is often the criteria that fire risk managers use to promote certain species against others, with direct repercussions in fire safety. Traditionally, flammability is assessed using four parameters (ignitability, combustibility, sustainability, and consumability), through small-scale laboratory tests. Although widely used, these techniques fail to reflect the actual burning behaviour of species when they ignite. In our study, we developed an experimental method to classify ornamental vegetation's flammability based on full-scale burning behaviour. We categorise flammability into three levels: low (resists ignition), medium (acts as ladder fuel), and high (spreads fire). To evaluate this, we model normalised weight loss rate curves as Gaussian functions (<i>flammability bells</i>) and use metrics from these functions (maximum weight loss per second, associated time and standard deviation) as combustibility indicators. Experimental results reveal that these metrics can effectively differentiate between low, medium and high flammability. The method was developed by burning ornamental trees from four typical Mediterranean species (Leyland cypress, Arizona cypress, Northern white-cedar, and Cherry laurel) with varying spatial configurations, physiological statuses and moisture content. Our method is straightforward, robust, and affordable for implementation in appropriately equipped fire laboratories, offering meaningful insights into vegetation flammability and fire behaviour in the wildland-urban interface. These experimental results can help reduce fire risk from ornamental vegetation in human settlements.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":12186,"journal":{"name":"Fire and Materials","volume":"49 5","pages":"686-697"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2025-02-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144751456","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Effect of Fuel Structure and Species on Grassy Fuel Ignition: Insights From Bench Scale Experiments and Thermogravimetric Analysis 燃料结构和种类对草地燃料点火的影响：来自台架实验和热重分析的见解

IF 2.4 4区材料科学

Fire and Materials Pub Date : 2025-02-10 DOI: 10.1002/fam.3281

Shusmita Saha, Jeanette Cobian-Iñiguez

{"title":"Effect of Fuel Structure and Species on Grassy Fuel Ignition: Insights From Bench Scale Experiments and Thermogravimetric Analysis","authors":"Shusmita Saha, Jeanette Cobian-Iñiguez","doi":"10.1002/fam.3281","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/fam.3281","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Grassy vegetation represents a significant fuel source in multiple fire-prone regions around the globe. These fuels are a major component of surface fuel beds and are therefore typically the first layer of the wildland fuel strata that ignites. Thus, understanding the drivers of successful grassy fuel ignition is key to developing a comprehensive description of the process leading to fire spread. In the wildland-urban interface, hot metal particles produced by powerline failures or mechanical equipment operations are a leading ignition source for these types of fuels. The goal of this study is to develop improved understanding of the role of fuel species and physical characteristics on the ignition behavior of grass fuels when exposed to hot metal particles. Three common California invasive grass species were studied in their natural configuration as well as in configurations in which fuel particles have been shredded or made into a powder. Overall, it was observed that the ignition temperature was lower in fuels in their powder form than fuels in a shredded or natural form. Furthermore, the findings here align with prior works, indicating that the presence of chemical compounds such as lignin and proteins may hinder ignition. Consequently, wheatgrass fuels, which have higher lignin and protein content, consistently required higher temperatures to ignite (460°C) compared to Avena (370°C), Bromus (348°C), and excelsior fuels (350°C), which contain these compounds in lower concentrations.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":12186,"journal":{"name":"Fire and Materials","volume":"49 5","pages":"623-641"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2025-02-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144751476","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Residential Wildfire Structural Damage Detection Using Deep Learning to Analyze Uncrewed Aerial System (UAS) Imagery, Aerial Imagery, and Satellite Imagery 使用深度学习分析无人机系统（UAS）图像、航空图像和卫星图像的住宅野火结构损伤检测

IF 2.4 4区材料科学

Fire and Materials Pub Date : 2025-02-09 DOI: 10.1002/fam.3282

Dae Kun Kang, Michael J. Olsen, Erica Fischer, Jaehoon Jung

{"title":"Residential Wildfire Structural Damage Detection Using Deep Learning to Analyze Uncrewed Aerial System (UAS) Imagery, Aerial Imagery, and Satellite Imagery","authors":"Dae Kun Kang, Michael J. Olsen, Erica Fischer, Jaehoon Jung","doi":"10.1002/fam.3282","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/fam.3282","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>In recent years, wildfires in residential regions have increasingly inflicted significant economic and social losses. Preemptive measures can reduce the damage to public infrastructure and lessen these impacts. Rapid evaluation of residential structures after wildfire is crucial for investigating the overall scope of the damage and establishing an effective disaster mitigation strategy. However, conducting these assessments involves detailed on-site examinations, which require considerable time and workforce. Furthermore, these qualitative assessments can be subjective and prone to error. To overcome these shortcomings, this study suggests a practical methodology for performing damage assessments of housing after a wildfire using deep learning technology. The applications of deep learning to three different image sources for residential areas are analyzed and compared as follows: uncrewed aerial systems imagery, aerial imagery, and satellite imagery. Notably, combinations of these image sources were considered from the training stage, and the impact of changes in training data when applied to each image source was comprehensively investigated. Key results reveal achievable accuracies depending on the various remote sensing data sources used in the training and application phases. This study is expected to provide deep learning researchers working on wildfires with a fundamental resource for the comprehensive use of remote sensing data and to provide valuable insights into the decision-making process for wildfire responders.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":12186,"journal":{"name":"Fire and Materials","volume":"49 5","pages":"744-761"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2025-02-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144751482","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Analysis of Burning Rate Variation of Tungsten Delay Composition Close to Zero Oxygen Balance 接近零氧平衡时钨延迟成分燃烧速率变化分析

IF 2 4区材料科学

Fire and Materials Pub Date : 2025-02-05 DOI: 10.1002/fam.3279

Yuan-Gen Lu, Bo Hao, Geng Chen, Cai-Xian Xu, Li Zhang

{"title":"Analysis of Burning Rate Variation of Tungsten Delay Composition Close to Zero Oxygen Balance","authors":"Yuan-Gen Lu, Bo Hao, Geng Chen, Cai-Xian Xu, Li Zhang","doi":"10.1002/fam.3279","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/fam.3279","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Tungsten delay compositions are widely utilized in ammunition, small detonators, and other devices. In this study, we first explored the changes in the burning rate of micron-sized tungsten delay compositions (W/BaCrO<sub>4</sub>/KClO<sub>4</sub>) when achieving zero oxygen balance under different material tube walls. Subsequently, SiO<sub>2</sub>, CuO, BN, and shellac were added to the tungsten delay composition to investigate the burning rate variations of different samples in aluminum tubes. The experimental results reveal that the combustion rate of the tungsten delay composition decreases with an increase in the thermal conductivity of the tube wall. The content of BN exhibits a linear relationship with the combustion rate of the tungsten delay composition, the combustion rate of the tungsten delay composition decreases with the increase of the mass percentage of BN. A small amount of SiO<sub>2</sub>, CuO, and shellac accelerates the combustion rate of the tungsten delay composition, but the combustion rate decreases as the content of these additives increases. The conclusion of this study can provide a wider range of delay times for delay devices with significant spatial limitations.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":12186,"journal":{"name":"Fire and Materials","volume":"49 3","pages":"320-328"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2025-02-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143622569","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Effect of Ammonium Polyphosphate/Silicate Content on the Postfire Mechanics of Epoxy Glass-Fiber Composites Using Facile Chocolate Bar-Inspired Structures 聚磷酸铵/硅酸盐含量对巧克力棒结构环氧玻璃纤维复合材料火后力学的影响

IF 2 4区材料科学

Fire and Materials Pub Date : 2025-02-03 DOI: 10.1002/fam.3280

Sruthi Sunder, Maria Jauregui Rozo, Sneha Inasu, Dietmar Meinel, Bernhard Schartel, Holger Ruckdäschel

{"title":"Effect of Ammonium Polyphosphate/Silicate Content on the Postfire Mechanics of Epoxy Glass-Fiber Composites Using Facile Chocolate Bar-Inspired Structures","authors":"Sruthi Sunder, Maria Jauregui Rozo, Sneha Inasu, Dietmar Meinel, Bernhard Schartel, Holger Ruckdäschel","doi":"10.1002/fam.3280","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/fam.3280","url":null,"abstract":"<p>This study investigates the postfire mechanical properties of epoxy glass-fiber reinforced composites (EP GFRCs) using increasing concentrations of ammonium polyphosphate (APP) and inorganic silicate (InSi) to modify the char and fire residue. A facile chocolate bar-inspired structure was introduced for fire exposure and subsequent flexural testing of the GFRCs. The resin matrix used here was a diglycidyl ether of bisphenol-A (DGEBA) resin, cured with dicyandiamide (DICY), and accelerated by Urone. The microstructures of the degraded composites after three-point bending tests, were evaluated using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and x-ray computed tomography (XCT) imaging. A previous study showed that increasing the APP and InSi content significantly enhanced flame retardancy, via improved char formation under fire conditions. However, flexural properties and fire resistance were adversely affected after fire exposure, highlighting a trade-off effect. Fiber breakage and delamination of the composites increased upon failure with increasing APP + InSi content in the composite due to unconsolidated char. The experimental values for the postfire flexural mechanics were in good agreement with the two-layer model proposed in literature. This paper presents a preliminary basis for postfire mechanical testing of epoxy composites for use in fire-safe structures, using a combination of standardized testing norms.</p>","PeriodicalId":12186,"journal":{"name":"Fire and Materials","volume":"49 3","pages":"329-346"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2025-02-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/fam.3280","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143622441","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0