Fire and Materials最新文献

{"title":"A Study on the Inhibition Performance and Mechanism of a Thermosensitive Hydrogel Composite Inhibitor","authors":"Hongsheng Wang,&nbsp;Songyu Chen,&nbsp;Zhian Huang,&nbsp;Junchuan Zhang,&nbsp;Xiangrui Meng,&nbsp;Longsheng Huang,&nbsp;Jinlu Chang,&nbsp;Shigen Fu,&nbsp;Rongxia Yu,&nbsp;Yinghua Zhang,&nbsp;Jinhui Li,&nbsp;Yingjie Gao","doi":"10.1002/fam.70082","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/fam.70082","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>To address the problems pertaining to conventional physical inhibitors, such as being prone to failure at high temperatures and having insufficient thermal stability, we selected methylcellulose and polyethylene glycol as thermosensitive materials, <span>dl</span>-malic acid as an antioxidant, and modified ZnO as a nanomaterial. A thermosensitive hydrogel composite inhibitor was synthesized via graft copolymerization and solution polymerization. Scanning electron microscopy revealed that the composite inhibitor formed a porous structure, enhancing its water absorption capacity. Oxidation kinetic analysis showed that the coal samples' activation energy rose by 5.94% in the <i>T</i>\u0000 ₅–<i>T</i>\u0000 ₈ temperature range after inhibition treatment. Diffuse reflectance infrared Fourier transform spectroscopy experiments demonstrated that the inhibitor inhibited the production of functional groups containing oxygen, encouraged the creation of ether bonds, and postponed the consumption of hydroxyl and aliphatic groups. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy confirmed that the ether bond content on the coal surface increased to 43.97% after inhibition, and newly formed <span></span>O<span></span> bonds were detected. Finally, this composite inhibitor's synergistic inhibition mechanism was analyzed. The research results reported herein provide a new theoretical basis and useful guidance for the prevention and control of the spontaneous combustion of coal.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":12186,"journal":{"name":"Fire and Materials","volume":"50 6","pages":"637-653"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2026-09-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148878204","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Burning Lessons: The Failure to Learn From Major Fire Incidents","authors":"Anja Hofmann-Boellinghaus,&nbsp;Dirk Aschenbrenner","doi":"10.1002/fam.70085","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/fam.70085","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Major fire disasters continue to cause substantial loss of life, economic damage, and social disruption worldwide. Although investigations occur in most countries, lessons learned are often fragmented, published in incompatible formats, or not published at all. Therefore, it is recommended that a group be set up of experts to investigate national and international fire incidents in a structured manner and to determine specifically what lessons can be learned for the future.</p>","PeriodicalId":12186,"journal":{"name":"Fire and Materials","volume":"50 6","pages":"702-704"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2026-09-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/fam.70085","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148878481","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Interlaboratory Evaluation of ISO/TS 19021 for Time-Resolved Fire Effluent Gas Analysis in the ISO 5659 Smoke Chamber Using FTIR Spectroscopy","authors":"Eric Guillaume,&nbsp;Pauline Pelletier,&nbsp;Lina Ivar Andersen,&nbsp;Simone Krüger,&nbsp;Alexander Kuchner,&nbsp;Xuansu Zhao,&nbsp;John Hunter,&nbsp;Anna Bergstrand,&nbsp;Fuminori Yamagishi,&nbsp;Kazuma Araya,&nbsp;Tetsuya Hayakawa,&nbsp;Suresh Kumar,&nbsp;Tanguy Lallinec,&nbsp;Bénédicte Heuze,&nbsp;Jolanta Maria Radziszewska-Wolinska,&nbsp;Sandrine Ausset,&nbsp;Dennis Tuyogon","doi":"10.1002/fam.70084","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/fam.70084","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>ISO/TS 19021 specifies a method for time-resolved quantification of selected fire effluent gases generated in the ISO 5659 single-chamber smoke test using Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. To support the revision of ISO/TS 19021 and establish updated precision statements, an interlaboratory trial (round-robin) was organised with 16 laboratories and designed in three steps: (1) assessment of equipment and set-up conformity to ISO/TS 19021 requirements, (2) qualitative and semi-quantitative processing of five shared reference spectra, and (3) replicated testing of four common materials under prescribed irradiance and flaming conditions. Step 1 highlighted deviations that can materially influence performance, including insufficient minimum detection limits for some target gases and heterogeneous calibration descriptions. Step 2 demonstrated strong agreement on major species in spectra dominated by target gases (e.g., CO, CO₂, HCl), but also revealed practical limitations: only five laboratories could fully reprocess externally supplied spectra due to software import constraints, and reported numerical values below the ISO/TS 19021 quantification capability (≤ 15 μL/L for most gases; ≤ 300 μL/L for CO₂) were not robust for quantitative comparison. Step 3 data were analysed in accordance with the ISO 5725 series to estimate repeatability and reproducibility for smoke metrics and gas concentrations at defined times and maxima. Comparison with historical datasets indicates consistency for several measurands while confirming that interlaboratory variability increases markedly at low concentrations and for species detected by a limited subset of laboratories. These findings support targeted clarifications in ISO/TS 19021 regarding quantification limits, spectral interpretation, and harmonised reporting.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":12186,"journal":{"name":"Fire and Materials","volume":"50 6","pages":"668-680"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2026-09-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148878377","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Using ISO 19881 Annex E Guide Values as External References to Support ISO/IEC 17025 Accreditation of UN ECE R134 Chap. 5.4 and Annex 3 Part 5 Fire Tests for Hydrogen Vehicle Fuel Containers","authors":"Eric Guillaume,&nbsp;Roman Chiva,&nbsp;Jérémy Colombiano","doi":"10.1002/fam.70081","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/fam.70081","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Accreditation of fire testing laboratories under ISO/IEC 17025 commonly relies on proficiency testing or interlaboratory comparisons (ILCs). For UN ECE R134 §5.4 fire tests on gaseous hydrogen vehicle fuel containers, no ILCs are currently available. We evaluate the feasibility of using the guide values provided in Annex E of ISO 19881—derived from published reference testing—as external references to demonstrate method performance. Six ECE R134 calibration-tank tests were conducted at Efectis; four compliant tests were retained for analysis. For the six required temperature metrics (localized and engulfing fire phases; burner-side, opposite-side, and worst-case surface temperatures), 60 s means were computed within defined steady-state plateaus. Assuming normality, equality-of-variance (Fisher <i>F</i>-tests) and equality-of-means (Student <i>t</i>-tests) were performed at 95% confidence between Efectis results and ISO 19881 Annex E data. Means were statistically equivalent across all metrics, while the Efectis dataset showed substantially lower variance—particularly for opposite-side measurements. Repeatability (<i>s</i>\u0000 _r), estimated from four in-house repeats, ranged 4%–11% for localized fire and 2%–18% for engulfing fire. Reproducibility (<i>s</i>\u0000 _R), estimated from the pooled ISO-plus-Efectis data, ranged 32%–55% and 15%–47% for localized and engulfing phases, respectively. These findings indicate that Annex E guide values can credibly underpin uncertainty statements and performance claims where formal ILCs are lacking, thereby supporting ISO/IEC 17025 accreditation pathways for ECE R134 §5.4 fire testing. Limitations, uncertainty budgeting, and recommendations for future community intercomparisons are discussed. The discussion also shows that a complete characterization of fire-test severity should include HRR/A in addition to temperature-based acceptance criteria.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":12186,"journal":{"name":"Fire and Materials","volume":"50 6","pages":"693-701"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2026-09-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148878334","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Mitigating Smoke Toxicity in Tunnel Fires: A CFD Analysis of CO and HCN Distribution Under Optimized Ventilation Strategies","authors":"Nan Zhang,&nbsp;Zhiyong Ouyang","doi":"10.1002/fam.70083","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/fam.70083","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Tunnel fires are one of the most dangerous risks in contemporary transportation infrastructure, where the geometry of the tunnel is limited by the existing natural ventilation, and smoke and toxic fumes accumulate. Although temperature and visibility have been the main concerns of numerous safety researchers, little has been done on the toxicology of the threat of combustion byproducts. Specifically, carbon monoxide (CO) and hydrogen cyanide (HCN) are major toxicants contributing to occupant harm in vehicle fires, and their combined impact on occupant survival in tunnels has received limited systematic attention. This study employs Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) to evaluate the distribution of CO and HCN at different rates of fire and ventilation plans. The CFD model was validated against carbon monoxide data from the benchmark Memorial Tunnel Fire Ventilation Test Program, with a maximum pointwise deviation below 12% for the selected validation case. Fire scenarios were studied on 3 fire types of passenger cars (5 MW), bus (20 MW), and heavy goods vehicle (50 MW) fires, and with ventilation of longitudinal, transverse, hybrid, and no ventilation. Results indicate that in the absence of ventilation, CO and HCN concentrations reached levels as high as 1800 and 240 ppm, respectively, leading to occupant incapacitation within 5 min. Longitudinal ventilation reduced CO and HCN concentrations by 33% and 29%, respectively, and increased SET to approximately 7 min, whereas transverse and hybrid ventilation extended SET to approximately 10.5 and 14.5 min.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":12186,"journal":{"name":"Fire and Materials","volume":"50 6","pages":"654-667"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2026-09-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148878372","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Flame-Retardant Polylactic Acid Blends Incorporating Phosphorylated Chitosan and Halloysite Nanotubes","authors":"Baochai Li,&nbsp;Lingzhi Chen,&nbsp;Huijuan Sun,&nbsp;Aznizam Abu Bakar,&nbsp;Zurina Mohamad","doi":"10.1002/fam.70078","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/fam.70078","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Polylactic acid (PLA) is a biodegradable polymer with promising applications but suffers from high flammability and severe melt dripping. A condensed-phase flame-retardant system was developed by melt blending phosphorylated chitosan (PCS) and halloysite nanotubes (HNTs) into PLA. With a total loading of 9 wt% (8 wt% PCS and 1 wt% HNTs), the PLA/PCS/HNTs blend achieved a limiting oxygen index (LOI) of 29.4% and a UL-94 V-0 rating. Cone calorimetry results showed that the peak heat release rate (pHRR) decreased by 34.9% compared with neat PLA. The enhanced fire performance is mainly attributed to phosphorus-induced char formation from PCS and the reinforcement of the char layer by HNTs, which promotes the formation of a compact protective barrier during combustion. These findings demonstrate that the introduction of HNTs into PLA/PCS systems provides an effective strategy for improving the fire safety of PLA composites.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":12186,"journal":{"name":"Fire and Materials","volume":"50 5","pages":"613-622"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2026-08-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148662602","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Experimental and Numerical Investigation on Ignition and Horizontal Flame Spread for Recycled Plastic Pellets","authors":"Courtney Devine,&nbsp;Natalia Flores-Quiroz,&nbsp;Richard Walls,&nbsp;Carlo Kuhn","doi":"10.1002/fam.70069","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/fam.70069","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Fires in recycling facilities are known for producing noxious fumes, having high heat release rates (HRRs), being difficult to extinguish and causing significant devastation to business operations. This research aims to provide experimental data and numerical models from which performance-based designs can be developed for recycling facilities. Through validating simulation models against experimental data, ignition parameters are verified and can be used as inputs for future larger-scale modelling of flame spread and behaviour. In previous research, cone calorimeter tests were conducted in which the thermal properties (HRR curves, heat of combustion [HOC], time to ignition [TTI]) of recycled plastic pellets were determined. In this research ignition and flame spread are studied, which includes flame spread experiments in a horizontal trough. This data is used to calibrate the density, thermal conductivity, and specific heat capacity by comparing the TTI observed from cone calorimeter testing to that observed in simulated models. The HRR curves and HOC, in addition to the calibrated density, thermal conductivity and specific heat capacity, are used for fire dynamic simulator (FDS) models presented in this paper to simulate and observe the horizontal flame spread rate of shallow samples of plastic pellets made of recycled material. This paper then compares experimental and numerical horizontal flame spread rates and burning behaviour observed. The experimental and simulated horizontal flame spread rates are in the same order of magnitude, 0.2 and 0.35 cm/min respectively, highlighting that the ignition, initial flame spread and model parameters have been suitably captured.</p>","PeriodicalId":12186,"journal":{"name":"Fire and Materials","volume":"50 5","pages":"499-510"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2026-08-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/fam.70069","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148662804","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Moisture-Dependent Flammability of Mediterranean Vegetation: A Cone Calorimeter Study With Implication for Fire-Resistant Landscaping","authors":"F. Z. Krim,&nbsp;N. Zekri,&nbsp;H. Boutchiche,&nbsp;O. Mosbah,&nbsp;C. Luciani,&nbsp;P. A. Santoni","doi":"10.1002/fam.70076","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/fam.70076","url":null,"abstract":"&lt;div&gt;\u0000 \u0000 &lt;p&gt;This study quantifies moisture-driven ignition and combustion dynamics in six Mediterranean fuels (Oran, Algeria; Corte, France) using a cone calorimeter (ASTM E1354). A microwave-assisted drying method (&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;math&gt;\u0000 &lt;semantics&gt;\u0000 &lt;mrow&gt;\u0000 &lt;mn&gt;800&lt;/mn&gt;\u0000 &lt;mspace&gt;&lt;/mspace&gt;\u0000 &lt;mi&gt;W&lt;/mi&gt;\u0000 &lt;/mrow&gt;\u0000 &lt;annotation&gt;$$ 800 mathrm{W} $$&lt;/annotation&gt;\u0000 &lt;/semantics&gt;&lt;/math&gt;, &lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;math&gt;\u0000 &lt;semantics&gt;\u0000 &lt;mrow&gt;\u0000 &lt;mn&gt;0.9&lt;/mn&gt;\u0000 &lt;mo&gt;−&lt;/mo&gt;\u0000 &lt;mn&gt;0.95&lt;/mn&gt;\u0000 &lt;mspace&gt;&lt;/mspace&gt;\u0000 &lt;mi&gt;GHz&lt;/mi&gt;\u0000 &lt;/mrow&gt;\u0000 &lt;annotation&gt;$$ 0.9-0.95 mathrm{GHz} $$&lt;/annotation&gt;\u0000 &lt;/semantics&gt;&lt;/math&gt;) enabled precise moisture control (&lt; 180 s) while preserving live-fuel integrity. Results revealed an exponential increase in ignition delays with moisture content (&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;math&gt;\u0000 &lt;semantics&gt;\u0000 &lt;mrow&gt;\u0000 &lt;msup&gt;\u0000 &lt;mi&gt;R&lt;/mi&gt;\u0000 &lt;mn&gt;2&lt;/mn&gt;\u0000 &lt;/msup&gt;\u0000 &lt;mo&gt;&gt;&lt;/mo&gt;\u0000 &lt;mn&gt;0.95&lt;/mn&gt;\u0000 &lt;/mrow&gt;\u0000 &lt;annotation&gt;$$ {R}^2&gt;0.95 $$&lt;/annotation&gt;\u0000 &lt;/semantics&gt;&lt;/math&gt;) for all species except &lt;i&gt;Eucalyptus globulus&lt;/i&gt;, linked to fuel bed compactness (&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;math&gt;\u0000 &lt;semantics&gt;\u0000 &lt;mrow&gt;\u0000 &lt;mi&gt;φ&lt;/mi&gt;\u0000 &lt;mo&gt;=&lt;/mo&gt;\u0000 &lt;mn&gt;13&lt;/mn&gt;\u0000 &lt;mo&gt;%&lt;/mo&gt;\u0000 &lt;mo&gt;−&lt;/mo&gt;\u0000 &lt;mn&gt;16&lt;/mn&gt;\u0000 &lt;mo&gt;%&lt;/mo&gt;\u0000 &lt;/mrow&gt;\u0000 &lt;annotation&gt;$$ varphi =13%-16% $$&lt;/annotation&gt;\u0000 &lt;/semantics&gt;&lt;/math&gt;) and a characteristic moisture (&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;math&gt;\u0000 &lt;semantics&gt;\u0000 &lt;mrow&gt;\u0000 &lt;msub&gt;\u0000 &lt;mi&gt;MC&lt;/mi&gt;\u0000 &lt;mi&gt;c&lt;/mi&gt;\u0000 &lt;/msub&gt;\u0000 &lt;mo&gt;=&lt;/mo&gt;\u0000 &lt;mn&gt;16&lt;/mn&gt;\u0000 &lt;mo&gt;%&lt;/mo&gt;\u0000 &lt;mo&gt;−&lt;/mo&gt;\u0000 &lt;mn&gt;27&lt;/mn&gt;\u0000 &lt;mo&gt;%&lt;/mo&gt;\u0000 &lt;/mrow&gt;\u0000 &lt;annotation&gt;$$ {mathrm{MC}}_{mathrm{c}}=16%-27% $$&lt;/annotation&gt;\u0000 &lt;/semantics&gt;&lt;/math&gt;). While low irradiance (&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;math&gt;\u0000 &lt;semantics&gt;\u0000 &lt;mrow&gt;\u0000 &lt;mn&gt;17.5&lt;/mn&gt;\u0000 &lt;mspace&gt;&lt;/mspace&gt;\u0000 &lt;mi&gt;kW&lt;/mi&gt;\u0000 &lt;mo&gt;/&lt;/mo&gt;\u0000 &lt;msup&gt;\u0000 &lt;mi&gt;m&lt;/mi&gt;\u0000 &lt;mn&gt;2&lt;/mn&gt;\u0000 &lt;/msup&gt;\u0000 &lt;/mrow&gt;\u0000 &lt;annotation&gt;$$ 17.5 mathrm{kW}/{mathrm{m}}^2 $$&lt;/annotation&gt;\u0000 &lt;/semantics&gt;&lt;/math&gt;) rendered the effective heat of combustion (EHC) moisture-independent (preignition drying), high irradiance (&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;math&gt;\u0000 &lt;semantics&gt;\u0000 ","PeriodicalId":12186,"journal":{"name":"Fire and Materials","volume":"50 5","pages":"587-600"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2026-08-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148662163","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Flame-Retardant Polylactic Acid Blends Incorporating Phosphorylated Chitosan and Halloysite Nanotubes","authors":"Baochai Li,&nbsp;Lingzhi Chen,&nbsp;Huijuan Sun,&nbsp;Aznizam Abu Bakar,&nbsp;Zurina Mohamad","doi":"10.1002/fam.70078","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/fam.70078","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Polylactic acid (PLA) is a biodegradable polymer with promising applications but suffers from high flammability and severe melt dripping. A condensed-phase flame-retardant system was developed by melt blending phosphorylated chitosan (PCS) and halloysite nanotubes (HNTs) into PLA. With a total loading of 9 wt% (8 wt% PCS and 1 wt% HNTs), the PLA/PCS/HNTs blend achieved a limiting oxygen index (LOI) of 29.4% and a UL-94 V-0 rating. Cone calorimetry results showed that the peak heat release rate (pHRR) decreased by 34.9% compared with neat PLA. The enhanced fire performance is mainly attributed to phosphorus-induced char formation from PCS and the reinforcement of the char layer by HNTs, which promotes the formation of a compact protective barrier during combustion. These findings demonstrate that the introduction of HNTs into PLA/PCS systems provides an effective strategy for improving the fire safety of PLA composites.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":12186,"journal":{"name":"Fire and Materials","volume":"50 5","pages":"613-622"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2026-08-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148662601","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Traffic Flow Data Collection Methods During Wildfire Evacuation","authors":"Ann-Kristin Dugstad,&nbsp;Maxine Berthiaume,&nbsp;Enrico Ronchi,&nbsp;Noureddine Bénichou,&nbsp;Paul Geoerg,&nbsp;Steve Gwynne,&nbsp;Hui Xie,&nbsp;Kamryn Kubose-Peutz,&nbsp;Amanda Kimball,&nbsp;Max Kinateder","doi":"10.1002/fam.70077","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/fam.70077","url":null,"abstract":"<p>With climate change and urbanisation increasing wildfire risk in the wildland–urban interface (WUI), enhancing community evacuation preparedness is crucial. This study evaluates different data collection methods for measuring traffic flows during a community wildfire evacuation drill in Roxborough Park, Colorado, in June 2024. A multi-method strategy was applied, including drone footage, human observers (manual and app-assisted), automated traffic counters, questionnaires, and postcards. Methods were assessed based on cost, ease of use, data quality, privacy, and ethical considerations. Results highlight that drone footage effectively captured large-scale traffic flow but required a large number of resources for preparation and post-processing. Human observers provided detailed insights but might be prone to errors in high-traffic areas. Self-reported data (questionnaires, postcards) offered valuable behavioural insights but might be affected by response bias. Automated traffic counters provided continuous data but could not differentiate between drill-specific and background traffic. This study provides practical guidance on selecting behavioural data collection methods for wildfire evacuation research, ultimately contributing to improved emergency planning and community resilience.</p>","PeriodicalId":12186,"journal":{"name":"Fire and Materials","volume":"50 5","pages":"601-612"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2026-08-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/fam.70077","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148662647","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}