Fire and Materials最新文献

{"title":"Editorial on Special Issue on Wildland–Urban Interface (WUI) Fires","authors":"Samuel L. Manzello, Anja Hofmann","doi":"10.1002/fam.3308","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/fam.3308","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Particularly sought after were studies that aim to bridge the gap between current building codes, standards, and regulations, and the latest scientific advancements in wildland fire and WUI fire research. In addition to posting on the website, the help of experts in this topical area was enlisted to help spread the word via social media channels.</p><p>In total, 25 papers were accepted as part of this special issue. Contributed papers came from all across the globe and included Algeria, Australia, Brazil, China, France, Germany, Japan, Poland, Norway, New Zealand, Spain, Sweden, and the United States of America. The global coverage of contributed papers demonstrated the growing nature of the WUI fire problem.</p><p>The first paper in the special issue discusses the efforts in ISO TC 92 Fire Safety to standardize a global approach to large outdoor fires, including WUI fires [<span>1</span>]. The paper highlights that although ISO TC92 has been around for several decades, there has only recently been a shift from fires that occur inside buildings to large outdoor fires.</p><p>In recent times, several devastating WUI fires have been initiated by powerline issues. Babrauskas presents a discussion on powerline clearance regulations and the relation to WUI fires in the United States of America [<span>2</span>]. In the paper, it is argued to improve powerline regulations in the future to help lessen the initial ignition risk from this type of infrastructure. Xu and co-workers also discuss complications with powerlines in WUI fires [<span>3</span>].</p><p>WUI fire damage assessments were reported from 2016 to 2023 in Norway by Mikalsen et al. [<span>4</span>]. It was found that the spring season and direct flame contact are the primary contributors to vegetation fires that damage buildings in Norway.</p><p>WUI fires have a significant impact on the ecosystem. In the paper by Liu and Zhou [<span>5</span>], a discussion is presented on the impact of local water ecosystems due to an increasing WUI fire threat in China. The results of their investigation suggest the need to improve understanding of the impacts of wildland fires on water and soil resources in China in the aftermath of these fires.</p><p>Elevated temperatures in the soil and radiant heat flux from WUI fires can be a threat to infrastructure. Wang and Zhou [<span>6</span>] provide a modeling discussion on radiant heat flux that a simulated wildland fire front would expose fuel tanks located in a WUI community. In many countries, propane gas tanks are stored above ground and there have been cases where WUI fire exposure has resulted in ruptures and secondary fires from these tanks. The work of Janssen [<span>7</span>] presented a simplified model to understand potential damage from water pipes located underground during WUI fire exposures.</p><p>Smoke and particulates emitted during WUI fire disasters are an important research topic because the pollutants may vary depending on the type of fue","PeriodicalId":12186,"journal":{"name":"Fire and Materials","volume":"49 5","pages":"509-511"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2025-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/fam.3308","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144751215","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Comparative Analysis of Flame Retardant and Mechanical Properties of Different Resin-Based Fiber-Reinforced Composites","authors":"Shubham Agnihotri,&nbsp;Javed N. Sheikh,&nbsp;S. P. Singh,&nbsp;B. K. Behera","doi":"10.1002/fam.3306","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/fam.3306","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>The need for flame-retardant materials with good mechanical properties is rapidly growing across numerous sectors, such as construction, automobile, and aerospace industries. In this research, a comprehensive study has been conducted focusing on flame retardant and mechanical characteristics of distinct resin-based fiber-reinforced composites. Glass and sisal fiber-based woven fabrics have been used as reinforcements in four different types of resin matrices, such as epoxy, vinyl ester, unsaturated polyester, and phenolic resins. The developed composites were systematically evaluated for their flame-retardant properties using limiting oxygen index (LOI), vertical flammability, and cone calorimetry tests, with a focus on assessing the inherent flame resistance of the resins without the incorporation of flame-retardant additives. In parallel, the mechanical behavior of the composites was examined through tensile and flexural testing to determine the combined effects of fiber type and resin matrix. The findings demonstrate that different resin-based composites provide an optimal balance between flame retardancy and mechanical strength, making them suitable for applications requiring both fire safety and structural reliability. The insights gained from this research contribute to the development of new composite materials with enhanced fire performance without compromising mechanical performance.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":12186,"journal":{"name":"Fire and Materials","volume":"49 6","pages":"960-972"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2025-05-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144935458","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Experimental Study on the Isolation Effect of Air Curtain System in Bifurcation Tunnel Fire","authors":"Tao Li,&nbsp;Wenxuan Zhao,&nbsp;Jianing Yuan,&nbsp;Chun Mi,&nbsp;Yunping Yang,&nbsp;Chunxiang Wang,&nbsp;Zhengquan Chen,&nbsp;Longfei Chen,&nbsp;Yuchun Zhang","doi":"10.1002/fam.3299","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/fam.3299","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>The complexity of urban tunnel structure increases the risk of tunnel fire, and the air curtain system plays an important role in controlling the spread of fire smoke and ensuring the safety of personnel. Based on theoretical analysis and tunnel model experiments, the isolation effect of different air curtain jet conditions on high-temperature fire smoke in bifurcated tunnel was studied. The results show that the air curtain system can effectively isolate the high-temperature smoke. For different firepower, compared to angle and thickness, wind speed has the best control effect on high-temperature smoke. The control effect of air curtain thickness takes second place. The effect of angle change is the least obvious. Meanwhile, based on the analysis of experimental results, it was found that when the air curtain parameters are selected as wind speed of 2.5 m/s, angle of 15°, and thickness of 0.16 m, the air curtain system has better smoke prevention efficiency. Finally, dimensionless analysis yielded a power law equation relating upstream temperature rise, firepower, and wind speed. This supports theoretically analyzing the air curtain's smoke prevention effect.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":12186,"journal":{"name":"Fire and Materials","volume":"49 6","pages":"866-877"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2025-05-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144935492","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Fire Risks in Using Paraffin as Neutron Radiation Shielding Material","authors":"Dan Madsen,&nbsp;Fredrik Jörud,&nbsp;Patrick van Hees,&nbsp;Bjarne Paulsen Husted","doi":"10.1002/fam.3305","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/fam.3305","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Safety in general and fire safety in particular are key concerns in neutron-based research facilities, and the choice of the material that is used to stop neutron radiation is critical in this respect. Borated paraffin has been used at existing research facilities and could potentially be used at new facilities. However, a literature search resulted in very little information about the fire properties of borated paraffin. This was the motivation for the study discussed in this article. Two types of fire tests were performed. The Cone Calorimeter was used to obtain heat release rate characteristics of regular paraffin and borated paraffin. The results from standard Cone Calorimeter tests on specimens in the horizontal orientation show that borated paraffin with 4.5% boron has a heat release rate per unit area that is a factor of 3–5 lower than regular paraffin. The second type of test involved exposure of a small mock-up of a section of a hollow steel wall filled with borated paraffin exposed on one side to the standard ISO 834 temperature–time curve. During the first 20 min of the test, the borated paraffin in contact with the steel plate on the exposed side melted. Pressure from boiling water in the resulting cavity was relieved by pushing the molten paraffin to the unexposed side, where it exited through cracks in the unexposed surface of the wall section. The test confirmed the hypothesis of pressure release by molten paraffin.</p>","PeriodicalId":12186,"journal":{"name":"Fire and Materials","volume":"49 6","pages":"951-959"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2025-05-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/fam.3305","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144934840","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Investigating Wood Crib Fire Behavior in Firefighting Training Compartment: An Experimental Analysis of Fuel–Air Ratios","authors":"Seyed Ahmad Kebriyaee,&nbsp;Mohammad Moghiman,&nbsp;Hamid Niazmand,&nbsp;Seyedeh Mohadeseh Miri","doi":"10.1002/fam.3298","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/fam.3298","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Understanding fire behavior during critical stages such as flashover and fully developed fire is crucial for firefighter training and safety. This empirical research investigates the influence of fuel–air ratio variations on the occurrence of flashover, the formation of fully developed fire stages, and the temperature dynamics of the upper gas layer. Wooden pallets are utilized as the fuel source in experiments conducted under controlled ventilation conditions. Five different fuel–air ratios ranging from 0.2 to 1.2 are examined, revealing significant insights. The findings of this study highlight the importance of fuel–air ratio adjustments in shaping fire behavior within controlled environments, such as firefighter training compartments. As a result, increasing the fuel-air ratio substantially extends the fully developed fire stage's duration. Moreover, the experimental findings indicate that a minimum fuel-to-air ratio of 0.545 is necessary to initiate a flashover, and fuel-air ratio escalation accelerates the flashover onset. Fuel–air ratios of 0.73 and higher caused the upper layer of gas in the chamber to reach a temperature exceeding 800°C for more than 180 s. These insights are instrumental in enhancing our understanding of fire dynamics and devising more effective firefighting strategies and safety protocols.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":12186,"journal":{"name":"Fire and Materials","volume":"49 6","pages":"849-865"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2025-05-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144934841","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Predicting Temperature Profiles in Soil and the Effect of Heat Conduction on Buried Thermoplastic Pipes During a Wildfire","authors":"Marc L. Janssens","doi":"10.1002/fam.3301","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/fam.3301","url":null,"abstract":"<p>A new calculation method is developed to predict the temperature profile in soil exposed to the heat from a wildfire. The calculations explicitly account for the effect of moisture on conduction heat transfer through the soil. The method is used to generate a fragility curve, which shows the probability that the temperature on the exterior surface of a buried thermoplastic plastic pipe will exceed the maximum service temperature of 60°C as a function of soil cover thickness. Contrary to a previously published fragility curve, the new curve indicates that the temperature of a plastic pipe with a typical soil cover thickness of 0.3 m is not expected to exceed the maximum service temperature of 60°C when heated by conduction through the soil, even under the most intense wildfire heating conditions. The discrepancy between the new and the existing curve is attributed to the fact that the previous study did not account for the energy required to evaporate the moisture. The new fragility curve was developed based on temperature-dependent thermal conductivity data for three common types of soil with water content ranging from 5% to 35%. These are the only data that could be found in the literature. Future work to confirm the validity of the fragility curve for other soil types could involve the use of existing models to predict the thermal conductivity of the soil as a function of its texture, porosity, and water content.</p>","PeriodicalId":12186,"journal":{"name":"Fire and Materials","volume":"49 5","pages":"575-584"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2025-05-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/fam.3301","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144751467","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Study on the Smoke Diffusion and Maximum Ceiling Gas Temperature in an Inclined Tunnel With the Upper or Lower Portal Sealed","authors":"Shengzhong Zhao,&nbsp;Han Zhang,&nbsp;Tiantian Xu,&nbsp;Fei Wang,&nbsp;Lin Xu,&nbsp;Wenjun Lei","doi":"10.1002/fam.3303","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/fam.3303","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>A series of numerical simulations and small-scale experiments have been conducted to study the smoke diffusion and maximum ceiling gas temperature in an inclined tunnel with the upper or lower portal sealed. A total of 60 simulation cases and 4 experimental tests were conducted, and different sealing conditions, heat release rates, and tunnel slopes were taken as the main variables. The results show that the sealing condition and tunnel slope have a significant impact on the smoke diffusion and flame shape. When the lower portal is sealed, smoke moves to the opening along the tunnel ceiling, and there is an obvious shear phenomenon between the smoke layer and the cold air layer. When the upper portal is sealed, the smoke layer interface in the downhill direction is almost parallel to the horizontal line, and a larger slope means a longer time taken to spill out of the tunnel. In horizontal tunnels, the maximum ceiling temperature in the tunnel with two portals opened is larger than that in the one-portal-sealed tunnel. Tunnel slope has little effect on the maximum temperature rise for the inclined tunnel with the lower portal sealed. However, in the tunnel with the upper portal sealed, the maximum temperature rise increases with the tunnel slope, and the growth is relatively linear. For inclined tunnels, a comprehensive empirical formula is finally established to estimate the maximum ceiling temperature, taking sealing condition, heat release rate, and tunnel slope into consideration.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":12186,"journal":{"name":"Fire and Materials","volume":"49 6","pages":"918-935"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2025-05-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144935304","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Risks Identification and Fire Scenarios Determination of Ship Fires Based on Improved Text Mining and K-Means Algorithm","authors":"Kaiyuan Li,&nbsp;Yonghao Mao,&nbsp;Fang Tang,&nbsp;Pan Li,&nbsp;Zhigang Wang,&nbsp;Xujuan Wu,&nbsp;Yanyan Zou,&nbsp;Dan Liu","doi":"10.1002/fam.3302","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/fam.3302","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Ship fires pose significant threats to maritime safety. This study employs advanced text mining techniques alongside the K-means algorithm to develop a risk structure for ship fires, aiming to identify key risks and fire scenarios. We collected detailed fire investigation reports from authoritative sources, creating a database of 160 incidents over the past 20 years to analyze accident patterns. To enhance traditional text mining, we extracted 260 risk descriptors using specialized dictionaries, calculating their correlations. The improved K-means algorithm, utilizing cosine distance, clustered over 1000 related word combinations, revealing 13 key risks and 42 fire scenarios. From these findings, a risk structure was established through critical importance calculations. Results indicate that damage to flammable liquid tanks or pipes and improper storage of flammable solids are critical risks, elevating fire probability by over 15%. Risks like insulation failure and electrical short circuits showed critical importance values between 0.06 and 0.07. Notably, fire scenarios involving flammable oil leaks and electrical failures are interconnected, with the combination of flammable liquid leaks and insulation failure representing the most hazardous scenario, increasing fire probability by about 30%. This study introduces a data-driven approach to identify potential risks and fire scenarios, contributing practically to risk prevention and management in maritime accidents.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":12186,"journal":{"name":"Fire and Materials","volume":"49 6","pages":"904-917"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2025-05-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144935303","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Morphological, Physico-Chemical, and Thermal Characterization of Non-Reactive Protective Materials for Steel Structures","authors":"Virginia Venezia,&nbsp;Maria Portarapillo,&nbsp;Donatella de Silva,&nbsp;Antonio Cibelli,&nbsp;Giuseppina Luciani,&nbsp;Nicola Bianco,&nbsp;Emidio Nigro,&nbsp;Almerinda Di Benedetto","doi":"10.1002/fam.3304","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/fam.3304","url":null,"abstract":"<p>This study addresses the critical issue of fire safety in densely populated urban areas and focuses on the resilience of new and existing buildings, with an emphasis on passive fire protection materials for steel structures. Conventional fire codes are considered potentially restrictive, which has led to research in the field of performance-based fire safety engineering (FSE). This research focuses specifically on non-reactive passive fire protection materials, which are known to protect steel elements from high fire temperatures. Two kinds of materials, calcium silicate-based cement (CSC) and gypsum (GP), are investigated using morphological, physicochemical, and thermal analyses in more realistic fire scenarios. Unlike standard fire curves, such as ISO 834, lower heating rates (up to 100°C/min) allowed for a more realistic assessment of the material effectiveness in protecting steel structures from fire. CSC releases only free water molecules within 150°C, resulting in a lower weight loss up to 1000°C, with endothermic transformations totaling 270 J/g. GP releases both free and bound water molecules at different temperatures and triggers several endothermic reactions (with a higher total amount of heat removed from the fire 670 J/g), which increases fire resistance. This mechanism uses the external heat generated by the fire to vaporise water, which increases the fire resistance of the material. This study links the chemical and thermal properties of passive fire protection materials to their fire performance, showing that materials with similar compositions can behave differently. This highlights the need for a new classification system based on material-specific properties.</p>","PeriodicalId":12186,"journal":{"name":"Fire and Materials","volume":"49 6","pages":"936-950"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2025-05-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/fam.3304","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144934766","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Numerical Modelling of Timber Connections Considering the Influence of Gap Size and Intumescent Sealants","authors":"Marika du Plessis,&nbsp;Darren Sulon,&nbsp;Richard Walls","doi":"10.1002/fam.3300","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/fam.3300","url":null,"abstract":"<p>This paper presents the development of finite element models for timber connections with gaps under fire conditions which are subsequently validated using experimental data. Fourteen models are developed for concealed steel-to-timber connection configurations with gap sizes of 0, 3, 6 and ¹0 mm exposed to ISO 834 standard fire for 120 min. Half of the models consider protection of the gap with an intumescent fire protection sealant, with two finite element models being developed for each configuration—protected and unprotected. A detailed calibration exercise was performed, and it was found that due to the timber's flaming combustion and changing characteristics, the radiative heat transfer in the gaps increased. The radiation onto the exposed surface of the recessed steel components, based on calculated values only, was consistently underpredicted. The impact of the density of the timber and how it affects the thermal development around and inside the gap are shown to be important, and an increase in gap width does not necessarily lead to higher convective heat transfer in the gap. The presence of the intumescent fire sealant in the gap blocked radiation, and it appeared to have reduced the convective heat transfer. The paper concludes with a simplified and generalised engineering model to conservatively calculate temperatures in connections for timber gaps up to 10 mm in width.</p>","PeriodicalId":12186,"journal":{"name":"Fire and Materials","volume":"49 6","pages":"878-903"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2025-04-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/fam.3300","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144935426","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}