Fire and Materials最新文献

{"title":"Experimental Study on Smoke Backlayering Length and the Temperature Distribution of Parallel Dual-Fire Scenarios in a Longitudinally Ventilated Horseshoe-Shaped Tunnel","authors":"Linjie Li,&nbsp;Yaoyao Li,&nbsp;Dong Yang,&nbsp;Shuai Liu,&nbsp;Yonggan Sun,&nbsp;Zihe Gao","doi":"10.1002/fam.70005","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/fam.70005","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Highway tunnel fires caused by traffic accidents can lead to multiple simultaneous fires, which are more destructive and difficult to control compared to single fires. This study conducts a series of experimental tests to examine the smoke backlayering length, maximum gas temperature rise beneath the tunnel ceiling, and other critical parameters of dual source fires. The experiments were carried out in a 1:10 reduced-scale model tunnel with longitudinal ventilation, varying burner separation distances and burner dimensions. The results indicate that the smoke backlayering length in dual source fires is influenced by the longitudinal ventilation speed, heat release rate, and burner separation distances, while the maximum temperature rise beneath the ceiling decreases with increasing burner separation distances. A function incorporating burner separation distance and burner dimensions was proposed to predict the smoke backlayering length, based on the prediction model for a single fire source and the experimental data for dual fire sources. Additionally, based on the single fire source theory, a prediction model for the maximum temperature rise beneath the ceiling with dual fire sources was established. These findings provide a theoretical basis for risk prevention in tunnel fires involving multiple fire sources.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":12186,"journal":{"name":"Fire and Materials","volume":"49 7","pages":"1099-1108"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2025-09-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145248513","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Fire Testing as a Tool in Fire Safety Engineering: A Norwegian Perspective","authors":"Lei Jiang,&nbsp;Davood Zeinali,&nbsp;Anne Steen-Hansen,&nbsp;Mikael Bergius,&nbsp;Tian Li","doi":"10.1002/fam.70006","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/fam.70006","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Fire testing has long been used to assess the performance of building products and construction materials under fire exposure. In addition to the widespread use of standard tests for fire safety certification, the application of non-standard and customized fire tests has received attention. Such tests can provide important knowledge for developing novel materials, products, and constructions, offering extended information needed to develop fire safety designs for buildings. In this paper, the importance of fire testing is highlighted, and guidance is provided on how to plan non-standard tests for use in fire safety designs along with examples. It is found that while many results are available from fire tests in the literature, recommendations are rarely provided on how to perform non-standard fire tests, especially on the crucial planning step. The paper discusses experiences from an accredited fire lab on the planning of fire testing, and three specific examples of fire tests are presented to illustrate the concept applied in a Norwegian framework. These examples demonstrate that many construction projects can benefit from fire testing by way of fire performance evaluations that can lead to an improved design of construction details. Stakeholders such as manufacturers, consultants, and investigators who may tackle fire safety problems via fire testing are the target audience for this paper.</p>","PeriodicalId":12186,"journal":{"name":"Fire and Materials","volume":"49 7","pages":"1109-1123"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2025-08-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/fam.70006","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145248562","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Characteristics of Short Circuit and Combustion in Electrical Cables Under Various External Heat Fluxes","authors":"Xiao-Kun Chen,&nbsp;Ye Sun,&nbsp;Yang Li,&nbsp;Yan-Ni Zhang,&nbsp;Huai-Bin Wang,&nbsp;Hui-Fei Lyu,&nbsp;Yi-Tong Zhao","doi":"10.1002/fam.70004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/fam.70004","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>The insulation of electrical cables, exposed to external heat in a high-temperature environment, undergoes thermal decomposition and carbonization, resulting in the loss of insulation performance. Cables without insulation protection were prone to short circuits. Short circuits were one of the common ignition sources in electrical fires. However, research on the ignition of energized wires by arcs was not clarified. In this study, the standardized cone heater was used to simulate high-temperature conditions in order to investigate the occurrence of short circuits in energized cables within a high-temperature environment, as well as the characteristics and correlations of the combustion. The intensity of thermal exposure was accurately controlled through adjustments to the heat flux emitted by the cone heater. The short circuits in thermally exposed cables could be classified as a single arc or multiple arcs based on the fluctuations observed in voltage and current upon the occurrence of an arc. The results indicated that the minimum heat flux leading to a short circuit was 22 kW/m². A short-circuit arc became inevitable once the heat flux surpassed 25 kW/m². Notably, when the heat flux exceeded 26 kW/m², the probability of multiple short circuits within the conductor escalated significantly, reaching 83.7%. Compared to a single arc, multiple arcs exhibited a shorter initial occurrence time, a longer duration, and a higher probability of igniting cable insulation. The spread distance of combustion due to multiple arcs was primarily concentrated within the range of 23–28 cm. Furthermore, the maximum and minimum arc energies generated by multiple arcs were approximately three times higher than those generated by a single arc, respectively. This research provided valuable information for evaluating the fire hazards associated with different short circuits and determining the fire causes.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":12186,"journal":{"name":"Fire and Materials","volume":"49 7","pages":"1088-1098"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2025-08-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145248428","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Editorial on Special Issue on Wildland–Urban Interface (WUI) Fires","authors":"Samuel L. Manzello,&nbsp;Anja Hofmann","doi":"10.1002/fam.3308","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/fam.3308","url":null,"abstract":"&lt;p&gt;Particularly sought after were studies that aim to bridge the gap between current building codes, standards, and regulations, and the latest scientific advancements in wildland fire and WUI fire research. In addition to posting on the website, the help of experts in this topical area was enlisted to help spread the word via social media channels.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;In total, 25 papers were accepted as part of this special issue. Contributed papers came from all across the globe and included Algeria, Australia, Brazil, China, France, Germany, Japan, Poland, Norway, New Zealand, Spain, Sweden, and the United States of America. The global coverage of contributed papers demonstrated the growing nature of the WUI fire problem.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;The first paper in the special issue discusses the efforts in ISO TC 92 Fire Safety to standardize a global approach to large outdoor fires, including WUI fires [&lt;span&gt;1&lt;/span&gt;]. The paper highlights that although ISO TC92 has been around for several decades, there has only recently been a shift from fires that occur inside buildings to large outdoor fires.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;In recent times, several devastating WUI fires have been initiated by powerline issues. Babrauskas presents a discussion on powerline clearance regulations and the relation to WUI fires in the United States of America [&lt;span&gt;2&lt;/span&gt;]. In the paper, it is argued to improve powerline regulations in the future to help lessen the initial ignition risk from this type of infrastructure. Xu and co-workers also discuss complications with powerlines in WUI fires [&lt;span&gt;3&lt;/span&gt;].&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;WUI fire damage assessments were reported from 2016 to 2023 in Norway by Mikalsen et al. [&lt;span&gt;4&lt;/span&gt;]. It was found that the spring season and direct flame contact are the primary contributors to vegetation fires that damage buildings in Norway.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;WUI fires have a significant impact on the ecosystem. In the paper by Liu and Zhou [&lt;span&gt;5&lt;/span&gt;], a discussion is presented on the impact of local water ecosystems due to an increasing WUI fire threat in China. The results of their investigation suggest the need to improve understanding of the impacts of wildland fires on water and soil resources in China in the aftermath of these fires.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Elevated temperatures in the soil and radiant heat flux from WUI fires can be a threat to infrastructure. Wang and Zhou [&lt;span&gt;6&lt;/span&gt;] provide a modeling discussion on radiant heat flux that a simulated wildland fire front would expose fuel tanks located in a WUI community. In many countries, propane gas tanks are stored above ground and there have been cases where WUI fire exposure has resulted in ruptures and secondary fires from these tanks. The work of Janssen [&lt;span&gt;7&lt;/span&gt;] presented a simplified model to understand potential damage from water pipes located underground during WUI fire exposures.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Smoke and particulates emitted during WUI fire disasters are an important research topic because the pollutants may vary depending on the type of fue","PeriodicalId":12186,"journal":{"name":"Fire and Materials","volume":"49 5","pages":"509-511"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2025-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/fam.3308","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144751215","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effects of Liquid Nitrogen for Fire Prevention in Data Centers on Typical Integrated Circuit Chips","authors":"Yiru Wang,&nbsp;Hetao Su,&nbsp;Gengyu Wang,&nbsp;Lintao Gao,&nbsp;Yang Du","doi":"10.1002/fam.70003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/fam.70003","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Data center fires, often caused by continuous high-load operations, result in significant losse. Liquid nitrogen has been proposed as an environmentally friendly cryogenic fluid for data center fire prevention. In this work, the effects of liquid nitrogen on typical integrated circuit chips in data centers were studied through experimental research and numerical simulation, focusing on the environmental parameter characteristics and the effects on structural and electrical performance under the liquid nitrogen actions. Results show that liquid nitrogen spraying has obvious cooling and inerting effects. Numerical simulations revealed that the temperature near the action point under spraying decreases to 0°C at 2.5 s at room temperature, indicating significant local cooling. Under high-temperature combustion conditions, the temperature near the action point decreased to 28°C after 21 s, and the oxygen concentration in the experimental space fell below 5% after 60s, effectively inhibiting combustio. The actions of liquid nitrogen have less harmful effect on the chips, with primary impacts observed in some chips and plastic laminates. In addition, because of the poor temperature change characteristics of quartz, the input and output frequencies of the quartz oscillator are unstable, leading to slight deviations in the IV curve. This work provides valuable insights for the development and application of liquid nitrogen fire prevention technology in data centers, offering a critical reference for enhancing fire safety in such environments.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":12186,"journal":{"name":"Fire and Materials","volume":"49 7","pages":"1073-1087"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2025-07-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145248564","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Numerical Investigation of Thermal Exposure on External Walls in the Harmonized European Approach to Assess the Fire Performance of Façades","authors":"Guoxiang Zhao,&nbsp;Johan Anderson,&nbsp;Anders Dragsted,&nbsp;Simo Hostikka,&nbsp;Karlis Livkiss","doi":"10.1002/fam.70001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/fam.70001","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>The European project “European Approach to Assess the Fire Performance of Facades” led by RISE, has been working toward the development of a harmonized European testing and assessment method for façade. In this study, we present numerical predictions of the thermal exposure on a noncombustible façade in the European test. Fire Dynamics Simulator (FDS), version 6.7.9, was employed as numerical model. The temperature inside the combustion chamber was underestimated by approximately 8.9%. The heat flux from the wood crib aligns well with the test results up to around 800 s, after which a deviation was observed, likely due to the way the wood crib was modeled. The heat flux at 1 m above the chamber opening was underestimated by 22.2%, while the plate thermometer temperature at the center of the fictitious window was underestimated by 17.6%. The overall trends along the vertical centerline were captured correctly, though overestimations were observed at most locations, except at 1 and 1.5 m above the chamber, with a maximum overestimation of 17.5% at 4.5 m above the chamber. The flame height was determined based on the predicted temperature, with an overestimation of 29.8%. However, this comparison has inherent limitations, primarily due to differences in the methods used to define the flame tip in experimental tests and numerical simulations. An analysis was conducted to assess the influence of the wood crib model on the fire dynamics in this large-scale test.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":12186,"journal":{"name":"Fire and Materials","volume":"49 7","pages":"1026-1044"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2025-07-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145248645","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"High-Temperature Properties and Microstructure of a High-Performance Concrete With Recycled Aggregates Modified by Steel Fibers and Nano-Silica","authors":"Liang Luo,&nbsp;Hang Sun,&nbsp;Xi Li,&nbsp;Huan Yuan,&nbsp;Xuanhao Cheng","doi":"10.1002/fam.70002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/fam.70002","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>To promote sustainability, this study incorporates coarse recycled aggregate (RA) from crushed concrete blocks into high-performance concrete (HPC) to reduce the cost of expensive mineral components and reduce surface flaking and thermal degradation at elevated temperatures. Steel fibers (SF) and nano-silica (NS) were introduced as co-modifying agents to enhance HPC's mechanical and microstructural properties. In total, 36 mixtures with varying proportions were designed and subjected to compressive, splitting tensile, and modulus of elasticity tests, considering different RA replacement rates, SF contents, and NS contents. Microstructural analyses, including SEM, XRD, pore distribution, and thermal conductivity tests, were also conducted. Results revealed that SF and NS significantly improved the residual compressive and splitting tensile strengths of HPC with RA (HPC-RA) at elevated temperatures. As temperature increased, residual compressive strength initially rose but then declined, while splitting tensile strength showed a continuous decrease. SEM and XRD analyses confirmed that NS enhanced C-S-H gel formation, improving heat resistance. However, at 600°C, dehydration and C-S-H decomposition led to strength reduction. Pore analysis indicated that higher RA replacement rates introduced more detrimental pores, impacting thermal conductivity. A linear relationship between compressive and splitting tensile strengths was established, along with a temperature-dependent fitting equation to predict residual properties.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":12186,"journal":{"name":"Fire and Materials","volume":"49 7","pages":"1045-1072"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2025-07-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145248467","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Study on Slag Composite High-Efficiency Fire Extinguishing Material and Its Characteristics of Coal Spontaneous Combustion Retardation","authors":"Yunfei Liu,&nbsp;Siwei Wang,&nbsp;Bobo Shi","doi":"10.1002/fam.70000","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/fam.70000","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>This paper investigated a slag composite high-efficiency fire extinguishing material to recycle power plant slag waste and apply it to prevent and control spontaneous coal combustion fires. The composite uses power plant slag as a base material, sodium carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) as a polymer, and AlCit solution formulated with polyaluminum chloride and citric acid as a cross-linking agent. X-ray diffractometer (XRD) and scanning electron microscope (SEM) were used to analyze slag composition and morphology. Experiments investigated the effects of composites on coal microactive groups, rheological properties, and inhibition characteristics against coal spontaneous combustion. Analyses showed composites could effectively reduce activities of aromatic hydrocarbons, <span></span>OH groups, aliphatic hydrocarbons, and oxygenated functional groups in coal samples, with prominent inhibition of oxygenated functional groups and <span></span>OH reactive groups. Experimental results showed composite samples exhibited a shear thinning phenomenon of yield-pseudoplastic fluid, and viscosity gradually increased with time. Viscosity increase rates of samples were 9.20%, 17.35%, and 30.75% for each 5-min interval. Composites could delay the time when coal samples enter the rapid oxidation stage, and the crossing point temperature of coal samples increased from 152°C to 180°C. Composites had an inhibitory effect on coal oxygen reaction, and in programmed warming experiments, the temperature at which the residual mass of coal samples began to increase increased from 179°C to 202°C. The slag composite high-efficiency fire extinguishing material provides reference value for the combination of slag waste and mine fire extinguishing technology.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":12186,"journal":{"name":"Fire and Materials","volume":"49 7","pages":"1014-1025"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2025-06-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145248498","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Influence of Sidewall Effects on Ejected Flame During Facade Calibration Tests: Experimental Analysis and Findings","authors":"Xukun Sun,&nbsp;Hideki Yoshioka,&nbsp;Takafumi Noguchi,&nbsp;Yuhei Nishio,&nbsp;Yoshifumi Ohmiya,&nbsp;Tetsuya Hayakawa,&nbsp;Biao Zhou","doi":"10.1002/fam.3307","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/fam.3307","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The inclusion of sidewalls is a typical architectural feature in building façades, which has raised significant concerns about their potential to accelerate flame spread, particularly with the increasing prevalence of high-rise buildings. This paper presents an experimental investigation and analysis of façade flame with a single sidewall. Experiments were conducted by employing a large-scale façade calibration test, following the standard of JIS A 1310 with additional sidewall configurations. The distance between a sidewall and a façade opening was parametrically changed. A propane burner located at the rear center of the combustion chamber provides a quasi-steady heat release rate (HRR) ranging from 600 to 900 kW. It is found that the flame height is more affected by sidewall distances when the HRR is sufficiently larger than the outflow HRR. Combined with flame and façade temperatures, a sidewall distance of 0.2 m is considered crucial for the performance of fire loads in the case of sidewall façades with square openings. The temperature of the flame trajectory is characterized by the neutral plane (NP)-adapted Yokoi model, with improved convergence under varied HRRs and sidewall distances.</p>","PeriodicalId":12186,"journal":{"name":"Fire and Materials","volume":"49 7","pages":"977-985"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2025-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/fam.3307","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145248469","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Comparative Analysis of Flame Retardant and Mechanical Properties of Different Resin-Based Fiber-Reinforced Composites","authors":"Shubham Agnihotri,&nbsp;Javed N. Sheikh,&nbsp;S. P. Singh,&nbsp;B. K. Behera","doi":"10.1002/fam.3306","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/fam.3306","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>The need for flame-retardant materials with good mechanical properties is rapidly growing across numerous sectors, such as construction, automobile, and aerospace industries. In this research, a comprehensive study has been conducted focusing on flame retardant and mechanical characteristics of distinct resin-based fiber-reinforced composites. Glass and sisal fiber-based woven fabrics have been used as reinforcements in four different types of resin matrices, such as epoxy, vinyl ester, unsaturated polyester, and phenolic resins. The developed composites were systematically evaluated for their flame-retardant properties using limiting oxygen index (LOI), vertical flammability, and cone calorimetry tests, with a focus on assessing the inherent flame resistance of the resins without the incorporation of flame-retardant additives. In parallel, the mechanical behavior of the composites was examined through tensile and flexural testing to determine the combined effects of fiber type and resin matrix. The findings demonstrate that different resin-based composites provide an optimal balance between flame retardancy and mechanical strength, making them suitable for applications requiring both fire safety and structural reliability. The insights gained from this research contribute to the development of new composite materials with enhanced fire performance without compromising mechanical performance.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":12186,"journal":{"name":"Fire and Materials","volume":"49 6","pages":"960-972"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2025-05-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144935458","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}