Fire and Materials最新文献_第10页

Fire resistance of austenitic stainless steel beams with rectangular hollow sections 矩形空心截面奥氏体不锈钢梁的耐火性能

IF 1.9 4区材料科学

Fire and Materials Pub Date : 2023-07-01 DOI: 10.1002/fam.3167

N. Lopes, F. Arrais, P. Vila Real, M. Alves, L. Mesquita, P. Piloto, J. Pinho da Cruz

引用次数: 0

Residual mechanical properties of recycled aggregate concrete at elevated temperatures 再生骨料混凝土在高温下的残余力学性能

IF 1.9 4区材料科学

Fire and Materials Pub Date : 2023-06-28 DOI: 10.1002/fam.3168

Rami A. Hawileh, Syed Shah Quadri, Jamal A. Abdalla, Maha Assad, Blessen Skariah Thomas, Deanna Craig, M. Z. Naser

{"title":"Residual mechanical properties of recycled aggregate concrete at elevated temperatures","authors":"Rami A. Hawileh, Syed Shah Quadri, Jamal A. Abdalla, Maha Assad, Blessen Skariah Thomas, Deanna Craig, M. Z. Naser","doi":"10.1002/fam.3168","DOIUrl":"10.1002/fam.3168","url":null,"abstract":"This research examines the residual mechanical properties of normal and recycled aggregate concrete when subjected to elevated temperatures. The concrete specimens containing recycled aggregate (0%, 50%, 75%, and 100%) were exposed to different temperatures (25, 200, 400, and 600°C) in a muffle furnace at a heating rate of 10°C/min. The variations in flexural strength, compressive strength, and density were then tested according to ASTM standards. Findings from this investigation indicate that the degradation in the mechanical strength of concrete does not seem to be significantly affected by the increase in the percentage of recycled aggregates. However, a significant and linear decrease in the density was observed at 400°C with an increase in the percentage of recycled aggregates. The degradation of the compressive and flexural strengths of recycled aggregate concrete with increasing temperatures obtained from the experimental analysis was compared with the analytical predictions provided by Eurocode 2. Moreover, simplified equations have been proposed to estimate the degradation of the mechanical properties of recycled aggregate concrete at higher temperatures. The incorporation of recycled aggregates into concrete resulted in satisfactory residual performance.","PeriodicalId":12186,"journal":{"name":"Fire and Materials","volume":"48 1","pages":"138-151"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2023-06-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/fam.3168","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45496297","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 1

Fire reaction properties of bio-based aggregates used in thermally insulated building components 隔热建筑构件中使用的生物基集料的火灾反应特性

IF 1.9 4区材料科学

Fire and Materials Pub Date : 2023-06-28 DOI: 10.1002/fam.3166

Monique Rocha, Bruno Gomes, Amanda Aguiar, Alexandre Landesmann, Nicole Pagan Hasparyk, Romildo Toledo Filho

{"title":"Fire reaction properties of bio-based aggregates used in thermally insulated building components","authors":"Monique Rocha, Bruno Gomes, Amanda Aguiar, Alexandre Landesmann, Nicole Pagan Hasparyk, Romildo Toledo Filho","doi":"10.1002/fam.3166","DOIUrl":"10.1002/fam.3166","url":null,"abstract":"Bio-based aggregates can be seen as one of the promising alternatives to reduce the environmental impacts of buildings due to their lower carbon footprint and energy efficiency. They have great potential to be incorporated into inorganic matrices and produce insulating materials. However, there is a lack of information about the flammability of these materials. This work presents the results of an experimental investigation of the fire behaviour of bio-based materials. In this study, wastes of bamboo, wood shavings and rice husk were used and were evaluated for their fire performance in the natural state and after treatment in an alkaline solution. The fire reaction properties were determined by using a Mass Loss Cone Calorimeter in order to obtain the parameters of heat release rate (HRR), total heat released (THR), effective heat of combustion (EHC), total mass loss (TML), ignition time (IT) and time of combustion (TC). In addition, physical characterization and thermogravimetric tests were carried out as well as scanning electron microscopy analyses. The results show that the alkaline treatment of the bio-based aggregates is able to reduce the average HRR and the EHC of all bio-aggregates but does not delay the ignition of these materials. Among the residues studied, rice husk presented the lowest peaks and averages of HRR, THR, total mass loss, EHC and time to flameout; however, the ignition occurred faster.","PeriodicalId":12186,"journal":{"name":"Fire and Materials","volume":"48 1","pages":"62-78"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2023-06-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48164108","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Experimental testing on timber connections considering the influence of gap size and intumescent sealants 考虑间隙尺寸和膨胀密封剂影响的木材连接试验

IF 1.9 4区材料科学

Fire and Materials Pub Date : 2023-06-13 DOI: 10.1002/fam.3164

Marika du Plessis, Darren Sulon, Dirk Streicher, Richard Walls

{"title":"Experimental testing on timber connections considering the influence of gap size and intumescent sealants","authors":"Marika du Plessis, Darren Sulon, Dirk Streicher, Richard Walls","doi":"10.1002/fam.3164","DOIUrl":"10.1002/fam.3164","url":null,"abstract":"This paper investigates the influence of gap size (openings/spaces between two structural members) and the presence of intumescent sealants on the development of temperature when timber connections are exposed to fire conditions. The experimental results of 21 samples representing a concealed steel-to-timber connection configuration that was exposed with a 0, 3, 6, and 10 mm gap to the ISO834 standard fire for 120 min are presented. Half of the samples in each sample group were protected with an intumescent fire protection sealant. The temperatures in the timber were measured at various locations around the gap and directly next to the steel component. The experimental results show that the presence of a gap increases the temperature of the timber more than predicted by the thermal penetration models available, with current code guidelines (e.g., Eurocode 5) possibly being non-conservative. The use of an intumescent fire protection sealant in the gap is shown to be an effective protection method, but that the application configuration is important to ensure effective protection, especially as the gap becomes smaller. The results also show that the use of an intumescent fire protection sealant in a gap increases the predictability of the temperatures in the timber in longer duration fires. Unprotected samples and 0 mm gap samples exhibited large variability in the thermal development outcomes over time.","PeriodicalId":12186,"journal":{"name":"Fire and Materials","volume":"48 1","pages":"39-61"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2023-06-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/fam.3164","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49026814","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Application of the PAPP/MCA/APP intumescent flame retardant system in polypropylene PAPP/MCA/APP膨胀阻燃体系在聚丙烯中的应用

IF 1.9 4区材料科学

Fire and Materials Pub Date : 2023-05-30 DOI: 10.1002/fam.3152

Zhenhao Meng, Yang Liu, Song Wang, Ailing Zhang, Sanxi Li

引用次数: 3

Effect of fibre orientation and thermal exposure on the post-fire mechanical behaviour of carbon fibre reinforced polymer material 纤维取向和热暴露对碳纤维增强聚合物材料火灾后力学性能的影响

IF 1.9 4区材料科学

Fire and Materials Pub Date : 2023-05-24 DOI: 10.1002/fam.3163

Tim J. Aspinall, Emmajane L. Erskine, Derek C. Taylor, Rory M. Hadden

{"title":"Effect of fibre orientation and thermal exposure on the post-fire mechanical behaviour of carbon fibre reinforced polymer material","authors":"Tim J. Aspinall, Emmajane L. Erskine, Derek C. Taylor, Rory M. Hadden","doi":"10.1002/fam.3163","DOIUrl":"10.1002/fam.3163","url":null,"abstract":"This study investigates the influence of fibre orientation and heat flux on the post-fire (residual) load-bearing properties of carbon fibre-reinforced polymer (CFRP) laminates. As a result, a deep insight into the post-fire load-bearing response is gained, which is necessary to fully understand and assess the advantages of CFRP laminates containing different fibre orientations for use in load-bearing structures. Specimens were produced from three CFRP laminates containing different fibre orientations, exposed to varying heat fluxes up to 40 <math>\u0000 <mrow>\u0000 <mi>kW</mi>\u0000 <mo>/</mo>\u0000 <msup>\u0000 <mi>m</mi>\u0000 <mn>2</mn>\u0000 </msup>\u0000 </mrow></math> and then loaded in either tension or three-point bending at ambient room temperature. The study's results have shown that the post-fire behaviour of CFRP specimens is sensitive to changes in fibre orientation and heat flux. For example, specimens with an anisotropic fibre orientation in tension had the highest tensile load-bearing capacity, whereas those with bidirectional and multi-directional fibre orientations demonstrated lower tensile load-bearing capacities. In bending, however, specimens containing bidirectional and multidirectional fibre orientations had higher load-bearing capacities than specimens with an anisotropic fibre orientation. Furthermore, the data also shows that exposure to a heat flux reduces the load-bearing capacity in both the bending and tensile specimens.","PeriodicalId":12186,"journal":{"name":"Fire and Materials","volume":"48 1","pages":"16-38"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2023-05-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/fam.3163","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44490371","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Flame retardancy, combustion, and ceramization behavior of ceramifiable flame-retardant room temperature vulcanized silicone rubber foam 可陶瓷化阻燃室温硫化硅橡胶泡沫的阻燃、燃烧和陶瓷化行为

IF 1.9 4区材料科学

Fire and Materials Pub Date : 2023-05-20 DOI: 10.1002/fam.3154

Ke Shang, Gui-De Lin, Hui-Jing Jiang, Xing Jin, Jing Zhao, Dan Liu, Bi Zhao, Jin-Jun Yang, Teng Fu, Jun-Sheng Wang

{"title":"Flame retardancy, combustion, and ceramization behavior of ceramifiable flame-retardant room temperature vulcanized silicone rubber foam","authors":"Ke Shang, Gui-De Lin, Hui-Jing Jiang, Xing Jin, Jing Zhao, Dan Liu, Bi Zhao, Jin-Jun Yang, Teng Fu, Jun-Sheng Wang","doi":"10.1002/fam.3154","DOIUrl":"10.1002/fam.3154","url":null,"abstract":"Two types of ceramifiable flame-retardant room temperature vulcanized (RTV) silicone rubber foam containing mica power (MP) were prepared by using glass powder (GP) as fluxing agents and aluminum hydroxide (ATH) as flame-retardant agent, respectively. The flame retardant, combustion behavior, and thermal stability of ceramifiable flame-retardant RTV silicone rubber foams were investigated. The results show that GP is not conducive to the flame retardancy and thermal stability improvement of the foams. On the contrary, MP and ATH can significantly improve the flame retardancy and thermal stability at high temperatures of the foams. The foams with addition of MP and ATH can reach to a high limiting oxygen index value of 35.8 with V-0 rating in the vertical combustion test, and the total heat release and total smoke production of the foams are 21.0% and 61.7% lower than of the pure RTV silicone rubber foam, respectively. Furthermore, the structural and morphological changes of the foams under different pyrolysis conditions were studied, so as to reveal its ceramifiable mechanism under different fire scenarios. The results show that GP does not promote the formation of more char residue during pyrolysis, but it can greatly lower the ceramifiable temperature, resulting in a superior ceramic phase char residue. The foams including MP and ATH have a high char residue content; nevertheless, a comparatively higher temperature is necessary to create ceramic phase char residue.","PeriodicalId":12186,"journal":{"name":"Fire and Materials","volume":"47 8","pages":"1082-1091"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2023-05-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43614937","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 2

Effects of under-clothing airflow on thermal protective performance and thermal aging behaviors of flame-retardant fabric 衣内气流对阻燃织物热防护性能和热老化性能的影响

IF 1.9 4区材料科学

Fire and Materials Pub Date : 2023-05-17 DOI: 10.1002/fam.3150

Xinyu Zhang, Miao Tian, Wanrong Huang, Yun Su, Jun Li

{"title":"Effects of under-clothing airflow on thermal protective performance and thermal aging behaviors of flame-retardant fabric","authors":"Xinyu Zhang, Miao Tian, Wanrong Huang, Yun Su, Jun Li","doi":"10.1002/fam.3150","DOIUrl":"10.1002/fam.3150","url":null,"abstract":"To investigate the effects of under-clothing airflows on the thermal protection performance (TPP) and thermal aging of flame-retardant fabrics, we constructed an under-clothing air-gap ventilation device based on the TPP tester. This device can generate different levels of airflow velocities such as 0.17, 1.0, and 2.0 m/s. The flame-retardant fabrics were exposed to a heat flux of 30 kW/m2 to simulate an indoor fire scene. The impacts of under-clothing airflows on the heat transfer behaviors of fabrics were analyzed with the temperature rise measured by thermocouples. The thermal aging behavior of the fabric was investigated based on the outer-shell morphology, mass loss, and residual tensile strength. The results of this study indicated that the under-clothing airflow enhanced the TPP of flame-retardant fabric and the best TPP was achieved under the airflow of 1.0 m/s. Under-clothing airflow increased the post-thermal-exposure mass loss of the fabric but did not further decrease the tensile strength. Higher severity thermal aging occurred for 2.0 m/s airflow than for 1.0 m/s airflow. The findings of this study are important for TPP prediction for firefighters' clothing and will help optimize firefighters' clothing design.","PeriodicalId":12186,"journal":{"name":"Fire and Materials","volume":"47 8","pages":"1053-1063"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2023-05-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48761652","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

A theoretical evaluation of the impact of the type of reaction on heat production and material losses in biomass piles 反应类型对生物质堆中热量产生和材料损失影响的理论评估

IF 1.9 4区材料科学

Fire and Materials Pub Date : 2023-05-17 DOI: 10.1002/fam.3153

Sixten Dahlbom, Erik Anerud, Anders Lönnermark, Mohit Pushp

{"title":"A theoretical evaluation of the impact of the type of reaction on heat production and material losses in biomass piles","authors":"Sixten Dahlbom, Erik Anerud, Anders Lönnermark, Mohit Pushp","doi":"10.1002/fam.3153","DOIUrl":"10.1002/fam.3153","url":null,"abstract":"Self-heating during storage of biomass in piles causes material losses, leads to emissions to air, and poses a risk of fire. There are different techniques to assess a biomass material's propensity for self-heating, some of these are briefly reviewed. One of these techniques is isothermal calorimetry, which measures thermal power from materials and produces time-resolved curves. A recently developed and published test standard, ISO 20049-1:2020, describes how the self-heating of pelletized biofuels can be determined by means of isothermal calorimetry and how thermal power and the total heat produced during the test should be measured by isothermal calorimetry. This paper supports interpretation of the result obtained by isothermal calorimetry; the mentioned standard provides examples of peak thermal power and total heat but does not provide any assistance on how the result from isothermal measurements should be interpreted or how the result from measurements on different samples could be compared. This paper addresses the impact of different types of reactions, peak thermal power, total heat released (heat of reaction), activation energy, heat conductivity, and pile size on the temperature development in a generic pile of biomass. This paper addresses important parameters when the result from isothermal calorimetry is evaluated. The most important parameter, with respect to temperature development in large piles, was found to be the total heat released. It was also proposed that safe storage times, that is, the time until a run-away of the temperature in the pile, could be ranked based on the time to the peak thermal power.","PeriodicalId":12186,"journal":{"name":"Fire and Materials","volume":"47 8","pages":"1074-1081"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2023-05-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46805625","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

An experimental study on the combustion process and thermodynamic characteristic parameters of copper wire overcurrent fault 铜线过电流故障燃烧过程及热力学特性参数的实验研究

IF 1.9 4区材料科学

Fire and Materials Pub Date : 2023-05-04 DOI: 10.1002/fam.3147

Weifeng Wang, Xiaohan Ji, Lin Shi, Cuizhen Lu, Hanfei Liu, Huifei Lv, Xuanchong Zhao, Xiaoyun Gui

{"title":"An experimental study on the combustion process and thermodynamic characteristic parameters of copper wire overcurrent fault","authors":"Weifeng Wang, Xiaohan Ji, Lin Shi, Cuizhen Lu, Hanfei Liu, Huifei Lv, Xuanchong Zhao, Xiaoyun Gui","doi":"10.1002/fam.3147","DOIUrl":"10.1002/fam.3147","url":null,"abstract":"The overcurrent fault of copper wire is an important cause of electrical fire, and the combustion process of which is relatively complicated. In this study, the rated current of 32A of the wire was taken, and the electrical fault simulation device was used. After the overcurrent Io was set to 128A, 160A, 192A, and 224A, respectively, to analyze the combustion evolution process of PVC-insulated copper wire, the evolution of pyrolysis gas from the insulating layer, and the change of functional groups. The results show that when the overcurrent fault of PVC-insulated copper wire happened, the core wire was turning red, the wire was deforming, the smoke was releasing, the insulating layer was dripping, the wire was fusing, and the continuous burning occurred. When the current Io < 160A, there was only one fusing point on the wire. In addition, when an overcurrent fault occurred in the PVC-insulated copper wire, the temperature rise rate increased exponentially, which can be divided into three stages of the initial heat accumulation stage, the wire fusing stage, and the continuous burning stage. Furthermore, CO, HCl, CH4, olefins, and aliphatic and aromatic compounds were precipitated during the combustion process of the PVC insulating layer. The quality of the insulating layer decreased with the increase in temperature, and the weight loss rate was higher at 300°C. The conclusions of this study have provided experimental basis and technical support for the physical and evidence identification of fire accidents.","PeriodicalId":12186,"journal":{"name":"Fire and Materials","volume":"47 8","pages":"1033-1042"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2023-05-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44735103","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0