Fire and Materials最新文献_第10页

Assessing school evacuation movement characteristics: Children and adolescents speed and flow over stairs and through exit doorways 评估学校疏散运动的特点：儿童和青少年通过楼梯和出口通道的速度和流量

IF 2 4区材料科学

Fire and Materials Pub Date : 2024-04-15 DOI: 10.1002/fam.3209

Javad Hashempour, Babak Bahrani, Bryan Hoskins, Sohaib Abujayyab

{"title":"Assessing school evacuation movement characteristics: Children and adolescents speed and flow over stairs and through exit doorways","authors":"Javad Hashempour, Babak Bahrani, Bryan Hoskins, Sohaib Abujayyab","doi":"10.1002/fam.3209","DOIUrl":"10.1002/fam.3209","url":null,"abstract":"The available theories of evacuation movements are primarily founded on data gathered from adults, making them potentially unsuitable for children, especially in schools. Consequently, it is necessary to undertake further research to collect data on how children move during evacuations to understand their unique characteristics and disparities compared to adults. In this context, this paper aimed to explore the movement of school children and adolescents as they moved over stairs and through exit doorways during evacuations. The evacuation drill involved 295 school children and adolescents, whose behavior was closely monitored using a series of cameras. During the drill, their movement patterns, including flow and speed, were analyzed over stairs and through doorways. The observations revealed that children exhibited frequent interactions and contact with one another, unlike adults, who tend to maintain personal space. The findings of this study indicated that the average traveling speed over stairs was comparable to previous research, although female adolescents had a lower average speed compared to other groups. The speed and flow of participants passing through doorways were found to vary depending on their age and differed from estimates based on adult data. This study highlights that existing evacuation models fall short of adequately accounting for the dynamics of children, indicating the need for further research to improve the generalizability of evacuation models.","PeriodicalId":12186,"journal":{"name":"Fire and Materials","volume":"48 6","pages":"617-631"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140568837","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Numerical investigation on smoke control with new-style horizontal smoke baffle in an immersed road tunnel 采用新型水平挡烟板控制沉管公路隧道内烟雾的数值研究

IF 2 4区材料科学

Fire and Materials Pub Date : 2024-04-07 DOI: 10.1002/fam.3205

Shaogang Zhang, Dongyi Diao, Long Shi, Xudong Cheng, Jiahao Liu, Jianghong Liu, Jinhui Wang, Beihua Cong

{"title":"Numerical investigation on smoke control with new-style horizontal smoke baffle in an immersed road tunnel","authors":"Shaogang Zhang, Dongyi Diao, Long Shi, Xudong Cheng, Jiahao Liu, Jianghong Liu, Jinhui Wang, Beihua Cong","doi":"10.1002/fam.3205","DOIUrl":"10.1002/fam.3205","url":null,"abstract":"To investigate the improvement induced by horizontal smoke baffles during lateral smoke exhaust, an immersed road tunnel with various horizontal smoke baffles positioned below the lateral exhaust vent was studied numerically. Together with the velocity field characteristics, the temperature distribution was investigated near the lateral smoke exhaust vent, followed by the analysis of lateral smoke exhaust efficiency under different horizontal smoke baffles. Results showed that after installing the horizontal smoke baffle, there was a significant decrease in the extracted cold air, while the high-temperature smoke in the exhaust vent increases, indicating the plug-holing is effectively suppressed. It is known that the efficiency of smoke exhaust increases when the length exceedance ratio of the horizontal smoke baffle is smaller than 100%, while it changes slightly when the baffle length continues to increase. When the width ratio of horizontal baffle is smaller than 40%, the efficiency of smoke exhaust increases with the baffle width and then changes slightly with a wider smoke baffle. With a larger aspect ratio, the wider and shorter lateral exhaust vent is beneficial for improving the lateral smoke exhaust. Under the current conditions, the case shows the optimal smoke exhaust performance with a horizontal baffle length exceedance ratio of 100%, a baffle width ratio of 40%, and exhaust vent aspect ratio of 3:1. Finally, an empirical model is developed to describe the improvement of smoke exhaust efficiency caused by horizontal smoke baffle. These outcomes are helpful to the design of lateral smoke extraction system in road tunnels.","PeriodicalId":12186,"journal":{"name":"Fire and Materials","volume":"48 5","pages":"580-595"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140568638","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Synergistic flame-retardant effects between silane coupling agents modified expanded graphite and Pt catalyst in silicone rubber composites 硅橡胶复合材料中硅烷偶联剂改性膨胀石墨与铂催化剂的协同阻燃效果

IF 2 4区材料科学

Fire and Materials Pub Date : 2024-04-06 DOI: 10.1002/fam.3208

Yang Liu, Hai-Bo Zhu, Ke Shang, Bi Zhao, Gui-De Lin, Jun-Sheng Wang, Jin-Jun Yang

{"title":"Synergistic flame-retardant effects between silane coupling agents modified expanded graphite and Pt catalyst in silicone rubber composites","authors":"Yang Liu, Hai-Bo Zhu, Ke Shang, Bi Zhao, Gui-De Lin, Jun-Sheng Wang, Jin-Jun Yang","doi":"10.1002/fam.3208","DOIUrl":"10.1002/fam.3208","url":null,"abstract":"In this work, different kinds of silane coupling agents modified expanded graphite (MEG) fillers were successfully prepared and then incorporated into silicon rubber matrix to fabricate flame-retardant composite materials (SR/MEG). The inserted MEG fillers with siloxane chains exhibited good compatibility with the silicon rubber matrix, which cannot only reduce the negative impact of adding fillers on mechanical properties but also endow the silicon rubber composites with ideal flame retardancy. Subsequently, platinum (Pt) catalyst was incorporated into the SR/MEG composites to prepare SR/MEG/Pt composites, and the synergistic effects of MEG and Pt catalyst on the thermal stability, flame retardancy, and combustion behavior of silicon rubber composites were systematically investigated. The target SR/MEG/Pt composite with appropriate addition of MEG and Pt catalyst can obtain relatively high char residue of 41.9% and limiting oxygen index value of 29.6%, as well as achieve V-0 rating in the vertical combustion test, owing to the formation of expanded and dense silicon–carbon protective layer under the catalysis of Pt catalyst. Moreover, the cone calorimeter test results showed that the peak of heat release rate and total heat release of SR/MEG composites were further reduced after the addition of an appropriate amount of Pt catalyst, manifesting the good synergistic effect of MEG and Pt catalyst on the flame retardancy performance of silicon rubber. The method proposed herein may provide a promising way for fabricating high-performance flame-retardant silicone rubber materials.","PeriodicalId":12186,"journal":{"name":"Fire and Materials","volume":"48 6","pages":"605-616"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140568637","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Commentary on DHP concept 对 DHP 概念的评论

IF 2 4区材料科学

Fire and Materials Pub Date : 2024-04-03 DOI: 10.1002/fam.3206

Joël Kruppa

引用次数: 0

Response to “Commentary on DHP concept” 对 "关于 DHP 概念的评论 "的回应

IF 2 4区材料科学

Fire and Materials Pub Date : 2024-04-03 DOI: 10.1002/fam.3207

T. Gernay

引用次数: 0

High temperature and fire properties of sustainable syntactic foam reinforced by end-of-life tyre-derived rubber particles 用报废轮胎衍生橡胶颗粒增强的可持续合成泡沫的高温和防火特性

IF 2 4区材料科学

Fire and Materials Pub Date : 2024-02-15 DOI: 10.1002/fam.3204

Nathaphon Buddhacosa, Fillippo Giustozzi, Cheng Wang, Anthony Chun Yin Yuen, Akbar Khatibi, Raj Das, Everson Kandare

{"title":"High temperature and fire properties of sustainable syntactic foam reinforced by end-of-life tyre-derived rubber particles","authors":"Nathaphon Buddhacosa, Fillippo Giustozzi, Cheng Wang, Anthony Chun Yin Yuen, Akbar Khatibi, Raj Das, Everson Kandare","doi":"10.1002/fam.3204","DOIUrl":"10.1002/fam.3204","url":null,"abstract":"The management of end-of-life tyres faces challenges due to insufficient recycling infrastructure and technologies, as well as limited markets for the materials recovered from them. To mitigate this, waste rubber can be upcycled and used as filler material for polymer matrix composites. Before rubber-reinforced composites can be certified for fire-prone applications, their thermal and flammability properties must be understood. This research investigates the effect of rubber fillers on the thermal stability, flammability and flame spread characteristics of epoxy matrix syntactic foam. Thermogravimetric analysis, Fourier Transform Infrared spectrometry (FTIR), scanning electron microscopy and attenuated total reflection FTIR spectrometry were employed to elucidate changes in thermal degradation behaviours. The influence of rubber fillers on the flammability of syntactic foam was assessed using the cone calorimeter. The fire reaction properties of rubber-reinforced foam were affected by the intensity of the incident heat flux. Regardless of the incident heat flux, an increase in rubber content led to higher total heat release. At the lower heat flux of 35 kW/m2, the fire growth rate increased with rubber content, but at the higher heat flux of 50 kW/m2, the fire growth rate decreased as the rubber content increased. Importantly, all rubber-reinforced syntactic foams achieved a UL94 HB ranking and exhibited reduced flame spread rates compared to the unmodified foam. This study demonstrated the potential for upcycling waste rubber into sustainable engineering products and expanded the knowledge base on fire reaction properties and flame spread characteristics of such hybrid composite materials.","PeriodicalId":12186,"journal":{"name":"Fire and Materials","volume":"48 5","pages":"561-579"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2024-02-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/fam.3204","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139754799","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Numerical investigation of the temperature characteristics beneath the ceiling driven by a strong plume in a longitudinal ventilated tunnel 对纵向通风隧道中强烟流驱动的顶棚下温度特征的数值研究

IF 2 4区材料科学

Fire and Materials Pub Date : 2024-02-13 DOI: 10.1002/fam.3203

Longfei Chen, Xiaosong Li, Yunping Yang, Zhisheng Li, Tao Li, Yujie Lan, Yanqiu Chen

{"title":"Numerical investigation of the temperature characteristics beneath the ceiling driven by a strong plume in a longitudinal ventilated tunnel","authors":"Longfei Chen, Xiaosong Li, Yunping Yang, Zhisheng Li, Tao Li, Yujie Lan, Yanqiu Chen","doi":"10.1002/fam.3203","DOIUrl":"10.1002/fam.3203","url":null,"abstract":"Previous studies have mainly focused on the situation that the tunnel's continuous flame region was lower than the ceiling height. For tunnels with longitudinal ventilation, the temperature characteristics of strong fire plumes are still unclear. In this paper, the maximum temperature rise beneath the ceiling for strong fire plume conditions in a small-scale tunnel is studied using fire dynamics simulator. Results show that when the effective height (the distance from the burner surface to the ceiling of the tunnel) is 0.65 m, the maximum temperature rise beneath the ceiling in this work shows a good correlation with Li's model and Kurioka's model. However, as the effective height decreases to 0.55 and 0.50 m, the maximum temperature rise would be significantly lower than the previous model. Therefore, a dimensionless coefficient is introduced to modify the maximum temperature rise model for a strong fire plume, which involves the effective height coefficient, heat release rate, and longitudinal ventilation. A calculation model for the maximum temperature rise beneath the tunnel ceiling in the condition of strong fire plumes is established. The temperature attenuation data along the tunnel are given by statistics. The relationship between the dimensionless temperature rise and the dimensionless position parameter is established, and a unified model under various heat release rates is obtained.","PeriodicalId":12186,"journal":{"name":"Fire and Materials","volume":"48 5","pages":"551-560"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2024-02-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139754864","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

A pyrolysis-gas chromatography/mass spectrometry study of volatile compounds produced by wood-based materials 木质材料产生的挥发性化合物的热解-气相色谱/质谱法研究

IF 2 4区材料科学

Fire and Materials Pub Date : 2024-02-07 DOI: 10.1002/fam.3202

Mahsa Lotfi Marchoubeh, Holli Knight, Gavin P. Horn

{"title":"A pyrolysis-gas chromatography/mass spectrometry study of volatile compounds produced by wood-based materials","authors":"Mahsa Lotfi Marchoubeh, Holli Knight, Gavin P. Horn","doi":"10.1002/fam.3202","DOIUrl":"10.1002/fam.3202","url":null,"abstract":"The pyrolysis by-products of five common wood-based construction materials (low-density wood fiberboard, oriented strand board, pine, particle board, and plywood) were studied using pyrolysis-gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. Samples of wood-based materials were pyrolyzed under helium from 300 to 800°C to further understand the production of compounds that may become airborne and available for respiratory and dermal exposure. Benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, p-xylene, styrene, and naphthalene were specifically targeted since these compounds are common by-products of pyrolysis. These compounds have been measured in previous live fire scenarios and are associated with human health concerns. The generated pyrolysates were separated and identified with a gas chromatography/mass spectrometry instrument. The results from total ion chromatograms and selected ion monitoring chromatograms were analyzed to compare the abundance of chemicals of interest generated during pyrolysis. Oriented strand board and plywood generated the greatest total concentration of the targeted volatile organic compounds. Plywood and particle boards generated the largest variety in results. Samples from solid pine boards generated the smallest number of volatile compounds, followed by low-density wood fiberboard that is manufactured with wood fibers, starch, and wax. Notably, pyrolysis by-products are not the sole compounds generated during the combustion of biomass and these products evolve when they are exposed to the conditions of combustion. Our future work plans to study the combustion by-products of these materials.","PeriodicalId":12186,"journal":{"name":"Fire and Materials","volume":"48 5","pages":"542-550"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2024-02-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/fam.3202","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139754862","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

The utilization of phytic acid as a reactive flame retardant in the preparation of a fully waterborne biobased epoxy system 利用植酸作为活性阻燃剂制备全水性生物基环氧系统

IF 1.9 4区材料科学

Fire and Materials Pub Date : 2024-01-31 DOI: 10.1002/fam.3199

Amer Aljamal, György Marosi, Beáta Szolnoki

{"title":"The utilization of phytic acid as a reactive flame retardant in the preparation of a fully waterborne biobased epoxy system","authors":"Amer Aljamal, György Marosi, Beáta Szolnoki","doi":"10.1002/fam.3199","DOIUrl":"10.1002/fam.3199","url":null,"abstract":"A fully biobased waterborne flame-retarded epoxy system was prepared using sorbitol polyglycidyl ether epoxy resin (SPE) and phytic acid (PA) as a reactive flame retardant (FR). The flame-retardant efficiency was evaluated by comparing the reference SPE-PA system with solventborne and waterborne SPE systems. Additional enhancement of intumescence and reduction of flammability was achieved by incorporating ammonium polyphosphate (APP) and melamine (MEL) into the SPE–PA system. PA, serving as a curing agent, contributed approximately 1% phosphorous content, resulting in an increased limiting oxygen index (LOI). UL-94 flammability tests demonstrated improved FR properties with PA, and the addition of 2% phosphorous from APP to SPE-PA achieved a self-extinguishing V0 UL-94 rating. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) revealed enhanced thermal stability and higher char yield with PA compared with other curing agents. Mass loss calorimetry (MLC) confirmed the superior charring effect of PA compared with other curing agents. The thermal insulation properties of the residual char were assessed by measuring the temperature on the back surface (Tb) of coated steel plates exposed to a 25 kW/m2 heat flux for 1 h. The PA sample containing 3%P of APP exhibited a Tb decrease of 130°C compared with the solventborne reference sample. Scanning electron microscopy analysis of the char morphology supported these findings, indicating the effectiveness of the intumescent FR system. Infrared spectra of the char residues and pyrolysis gaseous products were obtained to gain insights into the flame-retardant mechanism of the different systems.","PeriodicalId":12186,"journal":{"name":"Fire and Materials","volume":"48 4","pages":"508-521"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2024-01-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/fam.3199","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139661493","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Fire risk assessment of Kashan's commercial and shopping centers using fire risk assessment method for engineering (FRAME) 利用工程火灾风险评估方法 (FRAME) 评估卡尚商业和购物中心的火灾风险

IF 2 4区材料科学

Fire and Materials Pub Date : 2024-01-31 DOI: 10.1002/fam.3201

Hadiseh Rabiei, Asma Zare, Somayeh Ahmadian Taheri, Niloofar Ebrahimi, Ashraf Mazaheri Tehrani, Mahdi Malakoutikhah

{"title":"Fire risk assessment of Kashan's commercial and shopping centers using fire risk assessment method for engineering (FRAME)","authors":"Hadiseh Rabiei, Asma Zare, Somayeh Ahmadian Taheri, Niloofar Ebrahimi, Ashraf Mazaheri Tehrani, Mahdi Malakoutikhah","doi":"10.1002/fam.3201","DOIUrl":"10.1002/fam.3201","url":null,"abstract":"Commercial buildings are considered as high-risk units in fire due to the existence of expensive equipment and large presence of people with different ages. Therefore, the present study aimed to assess the fire risk of commercial and shopping centers in Kashan using the fire risk assessment method for engineering (FRAME). This cross-sectional study was conducted using FRAME in 15 commercial and shopping centers in Kashan, Iran. The risk assessment data and FRAME checklist were collected by observation and interviews. Data analysis was conducted using Excel and Geographic Information System (GIS) software. The results of 46 checklists showed that the mean score of fire risk R for property was equal to 3.12, for people 3.81 and for activities 1.86. Also, the lowest risk for the property, people and activities belongs to Golestan Center with a score of 1.40, Valiasr with a score of 1.25 and Ataee with a score of 1.15, and the highest risk for the property, people and activities belongs to Mir Seyfi Center with a score of 5.80, Shafagh with a score of 9.96 and Sabz was 2.62, respectively. The present study showed the lack of proper ventilation system, lack of emergency exits, and lack of automatic fire alarm and extinguishing system were the factors affecting fire risk. Therefore, in order to prevent disasters and uncontrollable critical conditions, it is necessary to review the equipment of these buildings and to design and implement fire detection and alarm equipment and different ways of fire control in these centers.","PeriodicalId":12186,"journal":{"name":"Fire and Materials","volume":"48 5","pages":"536-541"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139661423","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0