Fire and Materials最新文献_第9页

Effects of Liquid Nitrogen for Fire Prevention in Data Centers on Typical Integrated Circuit Chips 液氮在典型集成电路芯片上对数据中心防火的影响

IF 2.4 4区材料科学

Fire and Materials Pub Date : 2025-07-31 DOI: 10.1002/fam.70003

Yiru Wang, Hetao Su, Gengyu Wang, Lintao Gao, Yang Du

{"title":"Effects of Liquid Nitrogen for Fire Prevention in Data Centers on Typical Integrated Circuit Chips","authors":"Yiru Wang, Hetao Su, Gengyu Wang, Lintao Gao, Yang Du","doi":"10.1002/fam.70003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/fam.70003","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Data center fires, often caused by continuous high-load operations, result in significant losse. Liquid nitrogen has been proposed as an environmentally friendly cryogenic fluid for data center fire prevention. In this work, the effects of liquid nitrogen on typical integrated circuit chips in data centers were studied through experimental research and numerical simulation, focusing on the environmental parameter characteristics and the effects on structural and electrical performance under the liquid nitrogen actions. Results show that liquid nitrogen spraying has obvious cooling and inerting effects. Numerical simulations revealed that the temperature near the action point under spraying decreases to 0°C at 2.5 s at room temperature, indicating significant local cooling. Under high-temperature combustion conditions, the temperature near the action point decreased to 28°C after 21 s, and the oxygen concentration in the experimental space fell below 5% after 60s, effectively inhibiting combustio. The actions of liquid nitrogen have less harmful effect on the chips, with primary impacts observed in some chips and plastic laminates. In addition, because of the poor temperature change characteristics of quartz, the input and output frequencies of the quartz oscillator are unstable, leading to slight deviations in the IV curve. This work provides valuable insights for the development and application of liquid nitrogen fire prevention technology in data centers, offering a critical reference for enhancing fire safety in such environments.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":12186,"journal":{"name":"Fire and Materials","volume":"49 7","pages":"1073-1087"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2025-07-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145248564","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Numerical Investigation of Thermal Exposure on External Walls in the Harmonized European Approach to Assess the Fire Performance of Façades 欧洲统一方法评定建筑外墙防火性能的外墙热暴露数值研究

IF 2.4 4区材料科学

Fire and Materials Pub Date : 2025-07-28 DOI: 10.1002/fam.70001

Guoxiang Zhao, Johan Anderson, Anders Dragsted, Simo Hostikka, Karlis Livkiss

{"title":"Numerical Investigation of Thermal Exposure on External Walls in the Harmonized European Approach to Assess the Fire Performance of Façades","authors":"Guoxiang Zhao, Johan Anderson, Anders Dragsted, Simo Hostikka, Karlis Livkiss","doi":"10.1002/fam.70001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/fam.70001","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>The European project “European Approach to Assess the Fire Performance of Facades” led by RISE, has been working toward the development of a harmonized European testing and assessment method for façade. In this study, we present numerical predictions of the thermal exposure on a noncombustible façade in the European test. Fire Dynamics Simulator (FDS), version 6.7.9, was employed as numerical model. The temperature inside the combustion chamber was underestimated by approximately 8.9%. The heat flux from the wood crib aligns well with the test results up to around 800 s, after which a deviation was observed, likely due to the way the wood crib was modeled. The heat flux at 1 m above the chamber opening was underestimated by 22.2%, while the plate thermometer temperature at the center of the fictitious window was underestimated by 17.6%. The overall trends along the vertical centerline were captured correctly, though overestimations were observed at most locations, except at 1 and 1.5 m above the chamber, with a maximum overestimation of 17.5% at 4.5 m above the chamber. The flame height was determined based on the predicted temperature, with an overestimation of 29.8%. However, this comparison has inherent limitations, primarily due to differences in the methods used to define the flame tip in experimental tests and numerical simulations. An analysis was conducted to assess the influence of the wood crib model on the fire dynamics in this large-scale test.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":12186,"journal":{"name":"Fire and Materials","volume":"49 7","pages":"1026-1044"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2025-07-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145248645","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

High-Temperature Properties and Microstructure of a High-Performance Concrete With Recycled Aggregates Modified by Steel Fibers and Nano-Silica 钢纤维和纳米二氧化硅改性再生骨料高性能混凝土的高温性能和微观结构

IF 2.4 4区材料科学

Fire and Materials Pub Date : 2025-07-22 DOI: 10.1002/fam.70002

Liang Luo, Hang Sun, Xi Li, Huan Yuan, Xuanhao Cheng

{"title":"High-Temperature Properties and Microstructure of a High-Performance Concrete With Recycled Aggregates Modified by Steel Fibers and Nano-Silica","authors":"Liang Luo, Hang Sun, Xi Li, Huan Yuan, Xuanhao Cheng","doi":"10.1002/fam.70002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/fam.70002","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>To promote sustainability, this study incorporates coarse recycled aggregate (RA) from crushed concrete blocks into high-performance concrete (HPC) to reduce the cost of expensive mineral components and reduce surface flaking and thermal degradation at elevated temperatures. Steel fibers (SF) and nano-silica (NS) were introduced as co-modifying agents to enhance HPC's mechanical and microstructural properties. In total, 36 mixtures with varying proportions were designed and subjected to compressive, splitting tensile, and modulus of elasticity tests, considering different RA replacement rates, SF contents, and NS contents. Microstructural analyses, including SEM, XRD, pore distribution, and thermal conductivity tests, were also conducted. Results revealed that SF and NS significantly improved the residual compressive and splitting tensile strengths of HPC with RA (HPC-RA) at elevated temperatures. As temperature increased, residual compressive strength initially rose but then declined, while splitting tensile strength showed a continuous decrease. SEM and XRD analyses confirmed that NS enhanced C-S-H gel formation, improving heat resistance. However, at 600°C, dehydration and C-S-H decomposition led to strength reduction. Pore analysis indicated that higher RA replacement rates introduced more detrimental pores, impacting thermal conductivity. A linear relationship between compressive and splitting tensile strengths was established, along with a temperature-dependent fitting equation to predict residual properties.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":12186,"journal":{"name":"Fire and Materials","volume":"49 7","pages":"1045-1072"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2025-07-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145248467","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Study on Slag Composite High-Efficiency Fire Extinguishing Material and Its Characteristics of Coal Spontaneous Combustion Retardation 矿渣复合高效灭火材料及其煤自燃缓燃特性研究

IF 2.4 4区材料科学

Fire and Materials Pub Date : 2025-06-20 DOI: 10.1002/fam.70000

Yunfei Liu, Siwei Wang, Bobo Shi

{"title":"Study on Slag Composite High-Efficiency Fire Extinguishing Material and Its Characteristics of Coal Spontaneous Combustion Retardation","authors":"Yunfei Liu, Siwei Wang, Bobo Shi","doi":"10.1002/fam.70000","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/fam.70000","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>This paper investigated a slag composite high-efficiency fire extinguishing material to recycle power plant slag waste and apply it to prevent and control spontaneous coal combustion fires. The composite uses power plant slag as a base material, sodium carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) as a polymer, and AlCit solution formulated with polyaluminum chloride and citric acid as a cross-linking agent. X-ray diffractometer (XRD) and scanning electron microscope (SEM) were used to analyze slag composition and morphology. Experiments investigated the effects of composites on coal microactive groups, rheological properties, and inhibition characteristics against coal spontaneous combustion. Analyses showed composites could effectively reduce activities of aromatic hydrocarbons, <span></span>OH groups, aliphatic hydrocarbons, and oxygenated functional groups in coal samples, with prominent inhibition of oxygenated functional groups and <span></span>OH reactive groups. Experimental results showed composite samples exhibited a shear thinning phenomenon of yield-pseudoplastic fluid, and viscosity gradually increased with time. Viscosity increase rates of samples were 9.20%, 17.35%, and 30.75% for each 5-min interval. Composites could delay the time when coal samples enter the rapid oxidation stage, and the crossing point temperature of coal samples increased from 152°C to 180°C. Composites had an inhibitory effect on coal oxygen reaction, and in programmed warming experiments, the temperature at which the residual mass of coal samples began to increase increased from 179°C to 202°C. The slag composite high-efficiency fire extinguishing material provides reference value for the combination of slag waste and mine fire extinguishing technology.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":12186,"journal":{"name":"Fire and Materials","volume":"49 7","pages":"1014-1025"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2025-06-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145248498","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Performance-Based Approach for Classifying the Degree of Combustibility of Building Products 基于性能的建筑产品可燃度分类方法

IF 2.4 4区材料科学

Fire and Materials Pub Date : 2025-06-14 DOI: 10.1002/fam.3309

Amirouche Sadaoui, Christian Dagenais, Pierre Blanchet

{"title":"Performance-Based Approach for Classifying the Degree of Combustibility of Building Products","authors":"Amirouche Sadaoui, Christian Dagenais, Pierre Blanchet","doi":"10.1002/fam.3309","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/fam.3309","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Managing fire behaviour of building products is crucial to provide fire safety. In North America, the classification of building products according to their fire risk is based on a binary system, with products designated as either noncombustible or combustible through a vertical tube furnace test. For products that are classified as combustible, legislators require a comparative flame spread rating based on the Steiner tunnel test to differentiate the fire risks associated with the products' combustibility. However, these standardized test methods do not indicate the fire properties and dynamics of the building products, such as the heat release rate. This paper presents an alternative approach to classifying building products based on fire-dynamic quantities from cone calorimeter tests. The fire risk model results were compared with the Steiner tunnel classifications and predictive approaches for room corner tests and European Euro class. The fire risk model facilitates the classification of building products according to their degree of combustibility based on engineering variables related to fire dynamics. In addition, the model results offer a reasonable indication of fire performance at intermediate and large scales.</p>","PeriodicalId":12186,"journal":{"name":"Fire and Materials","volume":"49 7","pages":"986-1013"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2025-06-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/fam.3309","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145248437","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Influence of Sidewall Effects on Ejected Flame During Facade Calibration Tests: Experimental Analysis and Findings 外墙校正试验中侧壁效应对喷出火焰的影响：实验分析与发现

IF 2.4 4区材料科学

Fire and Materials Pub Date : 2025-06-01 DOI: 10.1002/fam.3307

Xukun Sun, Hideki Yoshioka, Takafumi Noguchi, Yuhei Nishio, Yoshifumi Ohmiya, Tetsuya Hayakawa, Biao Zhou

{"title":"Influence of Sidewall Effects on Ejected Flame During Facade Calibration Tests: Experimental Analysis and Findings","authors":"Xukun Sun, Hideki Yoshioka, Takafumi Noguchi, Yuhei Nishio, Yoshifumi Ohmiya, Tetsuya Hayakawa, Biao Zhou","doi":"10.1002/fam.3307","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/fam.3307","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The inclusion of sidewalls is a typical architectural feature in building façades, which has raised significant concerns about their potential to accelerate flame spread, particularly with the increasing prevalence of high-rise buildings. This paper presents an experimental investigation and analysis of façade flame with a single sidewall. Experiments were conducted by employing a large-scale façade calibration test, following the standard of JIS A 1310 with additional sidewall configurations. The distance between a sidewall and a façade opening was parametrically changed. A propane burner located at the rear center of the combustion chamber provides a quasi-steady heat release rate (HRR) ranging from 600 to 900 kW. It is found that the flame height is more affected by sidewall distances when the HRR is sufficiently larger than the outflow HRR. Combined with flame and façade temperatures, a sidewall distance of 0.2 m is considered crucial for the performance of fire loads in the case of sidewall façades with square openings. The temperature of the flame trajectory is characterized by the neutral plane (NP)-adapted Yokoi model, with improved convergence under varied HRRs and sidewall distances.</p>","PeriodicalId":12186,"journal":{"name":"Fire and Materials","volume":"49 7","pages":"977-985"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2025-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/fam.3307","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145248469","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Comparative Analysis of Flame Retardant and Mechanical Properties of Different Resin-Based Fiber-Reinforced Composites 不同树脂基纤维增强复合材料阻燃性能及力学性能的对比分析

IF 2.4 4区材料科学

Fire and Materials Pub Date : 2025-05-31 DOI: 10.1002/fam.3306

Shubham Agnihotri, Javed N. Sheikh, S. P. Singh, B. K. Behera

{"title":"Comparative Analysis of Flame Retardant and Mechanical Properties of Different Resin-Based Fiber-Reinforced Composites","authors":"Shubham Agnihotri, Javed N. Sheikh, S. P. Singh, B. K. Behera","doi":"10.1002/fam.3306","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/fam.3306","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>The need for flame-retardant materials with good mechanical properties is rapidly growing across numerous sectors, such as construction, automobile, and aerospace industries. In this research, a comprehensive study has been conducted focusing on flame retardant and mechanical characteristics of distinct resin-based fiber-reinforced composites. Glass and sisal fiber-based woven fabrics have been used as reinforcements in four different types of resin matrices, such as epoxy, vinyl ester, unsaturated polyester, and phenolic resins. The developed composites were systematically evaluated for their flame-retardant properties using limiting oxygen index (LOI), vertical flammability, and cone calorimetry tests, with a focus on assessing the inherent flame resistance of the resins without the incorporation of flame-retardant additives. In parallel, the mechanical behavior of the composites was examined through tensile and flexural testing to determine the combined effects of fiber type and resin matrix. The findings demonstrate that different resin-based composites provide an optimal balance between flame retardancy and mechanical strength, making them suitable for applications requiring both fire safety and structural reliability. The insights gained from this research contribute to the development of new composite materials with enhanced fire performance without compromising mechanical performance.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":12186,"journal":{"name":"Fire and Materials","volume":"49 6","pages":"960-972"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2025-05-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144935458","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Experimental Study on the Isolation Effect of Air Curtain System in Bifurcation Tunnel Fire 风幕系统对分岔隧道火灾隔离效果的实验研究

IF 2.4 4区材料科学

Fire and Materials Pub Date : 2025-05-16 DOI: 10.1002/fam.3299

Tao Li, Wenxuan Zhao, Jianing Yuan, Chun Mi, Yunping Yang, Chunxiang Wang, Zhengquan Chen, Longfei Chen, Yuchun Zhang

{"title":"Experimental Study on the Isolation Effect of Air Curtain System in Bifurcation Tunnel Fire","authors":"Tao Li, Wenxuan Zhao, Jianing Yuan, Chun Mi, Yunping Yang, Chunxiang Wang, Zhengquan Chen, Longfei Chen, Yuchun Zhang","doi":"10.1002/fam.3299","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/fam.3299","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>The complexity of urban tunnel structure increases the risk of tunnel fire, and the air curtain system plays an important role in controlling the spread of fire smoke and ensuring the safety of personnel. Based on theoretical analysis and tunnel model experiments, the isolation effect of different air curtain jet conditions on high-temperature fire smoke in bifurcated tunnel was studied. The results show that the air curtain system can effectively isolate the high-temperature smoke. For different firepower, compared to angle and thickness, wind speed has the best control effect on high-temperature smoke. The control effect of air curtain thickness takes second place. The effect of angle change is the least obvious. Meanwhile, based on the analysis of experimental results, it was found that when the air curtain parameters are selected as wind speed of 2.5 m/s, angle of 15°, and thickness of 0.16 m, the air curtain system has better smoke prevention efficiency. Finally, dimensionless analysis yielded a power law equation relating upstream temperature rise, firepower, and wind speed. This supports theoretically analyzing the air curtain's smoke prevention effect.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":12186,"journal":{"name":"Fire and Materials","volume":"49 6","pages":"866-877"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2025-05-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144935492","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Fire Risks in Using Paraffin as Neutron Radiation Shielding Material 石蜡作为中子辐射屏蔽材料的火灾危险性

IF 2.4 4区材料科学

Fire and Materials Pub Date : 2025-05-11 DOI: 10.1002/fam.3305

Dan Madsen, Fredrik Jörud, Patrick van Hees, Bjarne Paulsen Husted

{"title":"Fire Risks in Using Paraffin as Neutron Radiation Shielding Material","authors":"Dan Madsen, Fredrik Jörud, Patrick van Hees, Bjarne Paulsen Husted","doi":"10.1002/fam.3305","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/fam.3305","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Safety in general and fire safety in particular are key concerns in neutron-based research facilities, and the choice of the material that is used to stop neutron radiation is critical in this respect. Borated paraffin has been used at existing research facilities and could potentially be used at new facilities. However, a literature search resulted in very little information about the fire properties of borated paraffin. This was the motivation for the study discussed in this article. Two types of fire tests were performed. The Cone Calorimeter was used to obtain heat release rate characteristics of regular paraffin and borated paraffin. The results from standard Cone Calorimeter tests on specimens in the horizontal orientation show that borated paraffin with 4.5% boron has a heat release rate per unit area that is a factor of 3–5 lower than regular paraffin. The second type of test involved exposure of a small mock-up of a section of a hollow steel wall filled with borated paraffin exposed on one side to the standard ISO 834 temperature–time curve. During the first 20 min of the test, the borated paraffin in contact with the steel plate on the exposed side melted. Pressure from boiling water in the resulting cavity was relieved by pushing the molten paraffin to the unexposed side, where it exited through cracks in the unexposed surface of the wall section. The test confirmed the hypothesis of pressure release by molten paraffin.</p>","PeriodicalId":12186,"journal":{"name":"Fire and Materials","volume":"49 6","pages":"951-959"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2025-05-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/fam.3305","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144934840","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Investigating Wood Crib Fire Behavior in Firefighting Training Compartment: An Experimental Analysis of Fuel–Air Ratios 消防训练舱内木槽火灾行为研究：燃料-空气比的实验分析

IF 2.4 4区材料科学

Fire and Materials Pub Date : 2025-05-11 DOI: 10.1002/fam.3298

Seyed Ahmad Kebriyaee, Mohammad Moghiman, Hamid Niazmand, Seyedeh Mohadeseh Miri

{"title":"Investigating Wood Crib Fire Behavior in Firefighting Training Compartment: An Experimental Analysis of Fuel–Air Ratios","authors":"Seyed Ahmad Kebriyaee, Mohammad Moghiman, Hamid Niazmand, Seyedeh Mohadeseh Miri","doi":"10.1002/fam.3298","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/fam.3298","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Understanding fire behavior during critical stages such as flashover and fully developed fire is crucial for firefighter training and safety. This empirical research investigates the influence of fuel–air ratio variations on the occurrence of flashover, the formation of fully developed fire stages, and the temperature dynamics of the upper gas layer. Wooden pallets are utilized as the fuel source in experiments conducted under controlled ventilation conditions. Five different fuel–air ratios ranging from 0.2 to 1.2 are examined, revealing significant insights. The findings of this study highlight the importance of fuel–air ratio adjustments in shaping fire behavior within controlled environments, such as firefighter training compartments. As a result, increasing the fuel-air ratio substantially extends the fully developed fire stage's duration. Moreover, the experimental findings indicate that a minimum fuel-to-air ratio of 0.545 is necessary to initiate a flashover, and fuel-air ratio escalation accelerates the flashover onset. Fuel–air ratios of 0.73 and higher caused the upper layer of gas in the chamber to reach a temperature exceeding 800°C for more than 180 s. These insights are instrumental in enhancing our understanding of fire dynamics and devising more effective firefighting strategies and safety protocols.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":12186,"journal":{"name":"Fire and Materials","volume":"49 6","pages":"849-865"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2025-05-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144934841","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0