Fire and Materials最新文献_第9页

Fuel loads and their composition, and compartment characteristics in educational, office and library buildings 教育、办公和图书馆建筑的燃料负荷及其构成和隔间特征

IF 1.9 4区材料科学

Fire and Materials Pub Date : 2023-09-25 DOI: 10.1002/fam.3178

Namita Nayak, Lakshmi Priya Subramanian

{"title":"Fuel loads and their composition, and compartment characteristics in educational, office and library buildings","authors":"Namita Nayak, Lakshmi Priya Subramanian","doi":"10.1002/fam.3178","DOIUrl":"10.1002/fam.3178","url":null,"abstract":"This paper presents the fire load data in educational, office and library buildings, obtained through an extensive inventory survey. This data collection effort is prompted by a growing need to simulate compartment fires, wherein estimating realistic fire scenarios is essential to assess the level of fire severity in a structure, and consequently the strength of the various structural members at elevated temperatures. The attributes of compartment fires primarily depend upon the fuel load and its composition, compartment dimensions, ventilation characteristics, and construction materials. Despite an acute need, fire load data across the world is scarce and outdated, and does not reflect the change in the type of materials in-use today. The survey data presented in this paper is collected from 108 rooms in 10 educational buildings, 51 rooms in three office buildings, and 13 rooms in a library building. This paper also presents the composition of fire loads and the levels of ventilation in these buildings. The studies show that fire loads can vary significantly depending on the room-use; thereby basing fire load values solely on the overall category of a building may result in either conservative or unsafe design. This study also finds that certain room types (e.g., computer labs) have significant plastic-based fuels, indicating that typical modelling recommendations based on cellulosic fuels for heat release rate, combustion heat, etc. may not always be appropriate. The paper finally examines the statistical distribution that best describes the measured values of the fire load densities.","PeriodicalId":12186,"journal":{"name":"Fire and Materials","volume":"48 2","pages":"208-221"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2023-09-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135864226","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Estimation of heat release rate based on analysis of flame spread behavior in mattresses 基于床垫火焰传播特性分析的放热速率估算

IF 1.9 4区材料科学

Fire and Materials Pub Date : 2023-09-02 DOI: 10.1002/fam.3176

Kye-Won Park, Masayuki Mizuno, Chang-Geun Cho, Jong-Jin Jeong

{"title":"Estimation of heat release rate based on analysis of flame spread behavior in mattresses","authors":"Kye-Won Park, Masayuki Mizuno, Chang-Geun Cho, Jong-Jin Jeong","doi":"10.1002/fam.3176","DOIUrl":"10.1002/fam.3176","url":null,"abstract":"To investigate the fire danger of mattresses, combustion experiments were conducted with a mattress installed at different heights above the floor to better understand their combustion behavior. The installation height was varied because the height of a mattress varies depending on the bed frame, and the combustion behavior is expected to change with the installation height. Experiments with a mattress installed at 0–515 mm above the floor revealed that the fire growth was faster, and the maximum heat release rate (HRR) increased with installation height. In contrast, in a series of experiments where a mattress was installed above a water pool, the flame spread rates and HRR histories were comparable for all installation heights. This demonstrate that the combustion behavior of the mattress was affected by the combustion of the molten mattress material that dropped to the floor, and this effect was influenced by the mattress installation height. Furthermore, we analyzed the HRR per unit area of mattress construction material using cone calorimeter tests to mimic the combustion taking place on the floor. Combining these results with the relation between the length of the burning part of a mattress at the front of flame spread and the HRR, we proposed a model for predicting the HRR history of mattress for a flame ignition at the center of its longitudinal side. The derived predictive model for the HRR history of mattress combustion emphasize that it is necessary to understand factors such as the intense radiant heat from the pool fire.","PeriodicalId":12186,"journal":{"name":"Fire and Materials","volume":"48 2","pages":"180-191"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2023-09-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45559186","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Evolution of the corrosion layer of Q235 steel in simulated fire-scene smoke 模拟火灾现场烟雾中Q235钢腐蚀层的演变

IF 1.9 4区材料科学

Fire and Materials Pub Date : 2023-08-31 DOI: 10.1002/fam.3174

Shengyuan Zhang, Yiyue Cao, Peibin Wang, Jing Jin, Liang Deng

{"title":"Evolution of the corrosion layer of Q235 steel in simulated fire-scene smoke","authors":"Shengyuan Zhang, Yiyue Cao, Peibin Wang, Jing Jin, Liang Deng","doi":"10.1002/fam.3174","DOIUrl":"10.1002/fam.3174","url":null,"abstract":"The ability to accurately identify fire patterns is the fundamental requirement for fire investigations. The corrosion layers of steel in fire scenes exhibit three distinct characteristics. First, due to steel's nonflammable nature, steel patterns can be preserved better at the fire site than patterns formed on other combustible materials; second, both the high temperature and the smoke during the fire affect the high-temperature oxidation process; and third, the corrosion layer of steels inevitably undergoes further evolution after the fire because of the subsequent room-temperature corrosion. This study focuses on investigating Q235 steel because of its extensive use in construction and vehicles. The pattern evolution processes of high-temperature oxidation at elevated temperatures in air, polyethylene (PE), and polyvinyl-chloride (PVC) combustion smoke and the corresponding subsequent corrosion at room temperature were systematically investigated from the perspective of macroscopic and microscopic morphology. The results showed that the smoke atmosphere played an important role in the formation of the corrosion layer of Q235 steel. Compared with samples oxidized in air, samples oxidized in PE combustion smoke exhibited a uniform and dense oxide layer on the surface, which inhibited the corrosion at room temperature further. The PVC combustion smoke accelerated the high-temperature oxidation of the sample, and its influence on the subsequent room-temperature oxidation process was closely correlated with the temperature of the high-temperature oxidation. The results of this study provide important references for understanding the formation of the corrosion layer of Q235 steel for fire investigations.","PeriodicalId":12186,"journal":{"name":"Fire and Materials","volume":"48 2","pages":"155-165"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2023-08-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44872460","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Investigation of the synergistic effect of red phosphorus and magnesium hydroxide on the thermal degradation behavior and flame resistance of the intumescent fire-retardant polypropylene system 红磷和氢氧化镁对膨胀型阻燃聚丙烯体系热降解行为和阻燃性能的协同作用研究

IF 1.9 4区材料科学

Fire and Materials Pub Date : 2023-08-30 DOI: 10.1002/fam.3175

Nhung Hac Thi, Truong Cong Doanh, Doan Tien Dat, Ho Thi Oanh, Ha Tran Nguyen, Tuyen Van Nguyen, Quang Vinh Tran, Mai Ha Hoang

{"title":"Investigation of the synergistic effect of red phosphorus and magnesium hydroxide on the thermal degradation behavior and flame resistance of the intumescent fire-retardant polypropylene system","authors":"Nhung Hac Thi, Truong Cong Doanh, Doan Tien Dat, Ho Thi Oanh, Ha Tran Nguyen, Tuyen Van Nguyen, Quang Vinh Tran, Mai Ha Hoang","doi":"10.1002/fam.3175","DOIUrl":"10.1002/fam.3175","url":null,"abstract":"High fire-resistance polypropylene (PP) composites were prepared by using environment-friendly flame retardants including expandable graphite (EG), red phosphorus (RP), and magnesium hydroxide (MH). Synergism between EG, RP, and MH on the thermo-oxidation behavior and flame resistance of PP was found. The incorporation of MH and RP formed highly thermally stable mixtures of magnesium phosphates consisting of Mg3(PO4)2, Mg(PO3)2, and α-Mg2P2O7 at both amorphous and crystalline phases in the burning process. The mixture not only covered the surface of burning materials but also could reinforce the char structure of the PP/EG composites, thereby significantly enhancing the condensed phase flame retardant mechanism of the composites. Mass ratios of the flame retardants were also optimized to obtain the composite with the highest flame retardant efficiency. The result revealed that the combination of EG, RP, and MH in PP at MH/RP mass ratio of 3/2 with only a total additive content of 18 wt.% could make its limiting oxygen index (LOI) increase from 16.8% to 27.2% and the UL-94 rating was improved from none to V-0. In addition, the mechanical properties of the composites were improved via the surface treatment of MH and RP with calcium stearate and silicone oil, respectively.","PeriodicalId":12186,"journal":{"name":"Fire and Materials","volume":"48 2","pages":"166-179"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2023-08-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42144564","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Response to the comments made by Vytenis Babrauskas on “the curious case of the second/end peak in the heat release rate of wood: A cone calorimeter investigation” 对Vytenis Babrauskas关于“木材热释放率第二/末端峰值的奇怪案例:锥形量热计调查”的评论的回应

IF 1.9 4区材料科学

Fire and Materials Pub Date : 2023-08-01 DOI: 10.1002/fam.3149

Ellinor Sanned, Rhoda A. Mensah, Michael Försth, Oisik Das

{"title":"Response to the comments made by Vytenis Babrauskas on “the curious case of the second/end peak in the heat release rate of wood: A cone calorimeter investigation”","authors":"Ellinor Sanned, Rhoda A. Mensah, Michael Försth, Oisik Das","doi":"10.1002/fam.3149","DOIUrl":"10.1002/fam.3149","url":null,"abstract":"We highly appreciate the comments by Vytenis Babrauskas on our recently published article entitled, “The curious case of the second/end peak in the heat release rate of wood: A cone calorimeter investigation” by Sanned et al.We agree with Vytenis Babrauskas regarding the multiple processes involved in the thermal degradation of wood. However, these processes are quite universal when wood burns, and the focus of our article was how the back-face material affects the timing and intensity of the end peak of the heat release in a cone calorimeter. To the awareness of the authors, until now, there has been no study that systematically elucidated the effect of the substrate of the wood-specimen on the end peak in a cone calorimeter. In particular, we have revealed, through experiments, that the thermal boundary condition on the rear side of the wood specimen is critical for the amplitude of the end peak of heat release. In addition, we also observed that the thickness of the specimen affected the time for the occurrence of the end peak.We do acknowledge that other effects, such as char cracking and time-dependent heat of combustion, may influence the end peak, but our main message is that the thermal boundary conditions and the thickness of the tested specimen are very important for both the amplitude and time of occurrence of the end peak of heat release in a cone calorimeter.In the future, it would be interesting to investigate a material where most of the heat release occurs due to just one reaction.","PeriodicalId":12186,"journal":{"name":"Fire and Materials","volume":"47 5","pages":"735"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2023-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/fam.3149","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45701466","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Review of the charring rates of different timber species 不同木材炭化率的研究进展

IF 1.9 4区材料科学

Fire and Materials Pub Date : 2023-07-26 DOI: 10.1002/fam.3173

Julie Liu, Erica C. Fischer

{"title":"Review of the charring rates of different timber species","authors":"Julie Liu, Erica C. Fischer","doi":"10.1002/fam.3173","DOIUrl":"10.1002/fam.3173","url":null,"abstract":"During a fire, the load-carrying cross section of timber members will reduce due to charring. This article summarizes experimental investigations into the charring rate of different timber species under standard fire conditions, identifies material properties that contribute to the variations of char rates across the different species, and evaluates the applicability of prescribed charring rates to solid timber, cross-laminated timber (CLT), and glulam exposed to standard fires. Data from the literature showed that density had the greatest impact on charring rate. The charring rate of timber decreased with increasing density, particularly timber densities >700 kg/m3. Prescribed charring rates from current design standards provide reasonable estimates of the average charring rate of timber with densities <700 kg/m3 exposed to standard fire curves. A linear charring rate of 0.65 mm/min was found to be suitable for CLT and glulam exposed to a standard fire for up to 180 min if the CLT did not experience char fall-off. The National Design Specification nonlinear charring model may underestimate the char depth of glulam exposed to standard fire curves for longer than 60 min; however, the percent underestimation was small and limited data was available. The review demonstrated the need for data on the char depths of glulam and CLT exposed to standard fire curves for longer than 60 min and particularly for longer than 120 min.","PeriodicalId":12186,"journal":{"name":"Fire and Materials","volume":"48 1","pages":"3-15"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2023-07-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49425330","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Study on the key parameters of vehicle fires for the growth stage in road tunnels 公路隧道车辆火灾生长阶段关键参数研究

IF 1.9 4区材料科学

Fire and Materials Pub Date : 2023-07-22 DOI: 10.1002/fam.3172

Pai Xu, Daiqiang Zhu, Liangliang Li, Kai Chen, Beibei Lin, Linjie Li

{"title":"Study on the key parameters of vehicle fires for the growth stage in road tunnels","authors":"Pai Xu, Daiqiang Zhu, Liangliang Li, Kai Chen, Beibei Lin, Linjie Li","doi":"10.1002/fam.3172","DOIUrl":"10.1002/fam.3172","url":null,"abstract":"As the golden period for evacuation and rescue in road tunnel fires, the fire growth stage is indispensable for security. The key parameters of this stage must be clearly defined, including the maximum heat release rate (HRR), growth time, and growth coefficient. Based on the squared model, the correlations between the key parameters are investigated according to the existing fire tests of vehicle-related materials and actual vehicles or mock-ups. The maximum HRR and the growth coefficient of different types of vehicles are obtained. The results show that the maximum HRR is linearly related to the growth coefficient in the fire tests of vehicle-related materials. And it is logarithmically related in the fire tests of actual vehicles or mock-ups. The growth coefficient and growth time represent the possibility of a disaster. The larger the growth coefficient is or the shorter the growth time is, the greater the possibility is. The maximum HRR in a fire is 2 ~ 10 MW for a car, 10 ~ 50 MW for a bus, and 50 ~ 200 MW for a heavy goods vehicle. The growth coefficient in a fire is 0.003 ~ 0.013 kW/s2 for a car, 0.05 ~ 0.15 kW/s2 for a bus, and 0.2 ~ 0.3 kW/s2 for a heavy goods vehicle. The corresponding fire growth types are slow and medium, fast, fast, and ultra-fast, respectively. This study is beneficial for the establishment of the fire growth model and the setting of emergency response time.","PeriodicalId":12186,"journal":{"name":"Fire and Materials","volume":"48 1","pages":"128-137"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2023-07-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47092128","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Fire behavior of pressure-sensitive adhesive tapes and bonded materials 压敏胶带和粘合材料的防火性能

IF 1.9 4区材料科学

Fire and Materials Pub Date : 2023-07-15 DOI: 10.1002/fam.3171

Vitus Hupp, Bernhard Schartel, Kerstin Flothmeier, Andreas Hartwig

{"title":"Fire behavior of pressure-sensitive adhesive tapes and bonded materials","authors":"Vitus Hupp, Bernhard Schartel, Kerstin Flothmeier, Andreas Hartwig","doi":"10.1002/fam.3171","DOIUrl":"10.1002/fam.3171","url":null,"abstract":"Pressure-sensitive adhesive tapes are used in several industrial applications such as construction, railway vehicles and the automotive sector, where the burning behavior is of crucial importance. Flame retarded adhesive tapes are developed and provided, however, often without considering the interaction of adhesive tapes and the bonded materials during burning nor the contribution of the tapes to fire protection goal of the bonded components in distinct fire tests. This publication delivers an empirical comprehensive knowledge how adhesive tapes and their flame retardancy effect the burning behavior of bonded materials. With a special focus on the interaction between the single components, one flame retarded tape and one tape without flame retardant are examined in scenarios of emerging and developing fires, along with their bonds with the common materials wood, zinc-plated steel, mineral wool, polycarbonate, and polymethylmethacrylate. The flame retardant significantly improved the flame retardancy of the tape as a free-standing object and yielded a V-2 rating in UL 94 vertical test and raised the Oxygen Index by 5 vol.%. In bonds, or rather laminates, the investigations prove that the choice of carrier and substrates are the factors with the greatest impact on the fire properties and can change the peak of heat release rate and the maximum average rate of heat emission up to 25%. This research yielded a good empirical overall understanding of the fire behavior of adhesive tapes and bonded materials. Thus, it serves as a guide for tape manufacturers and applicants to develop tapes and bonds more substrate specific.","PeriodicalId":12186,"journal":{"name":"Fire and Materials","volume":"48 1","pages":"114-127"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2023-07-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/fam.3171","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48523797","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Quenched-and-tempered high-strength steels at elevated temperatures: Mechanical properties and effects of plate thickness 高温淬火和回火高强度钢:机械性能和板厚的影响

IF 1.9 4区材料科学

Fire and Materials Pub Date : 2023-07-04 DOI: 10.1002/fam.3170

Ming-Xiang Xiong, Hui Xiang, Minfeng Yang, Shenchun Xu

{"title":"Quenched-and-tempered high-strength steels at elevated temperatures: Mechanical properties and effects of plate thickness","authors":"Ming-Xiang Xiong, Hui Xiang, Minfeng Yang, Shenchun Xu","doi":"10.1002/fam.3170","DOIUrl":"10.1002/fam.3170","url":null,"abstract":"High-strength steels can be used in civil structures that demand high strength/weight ratios, but their advantages may be weakened by fire. For this reason, this study has been concerned with the mechanical properties of a type of quenched-and-tempered high-strength steel at elevated temperatures up to 800°C, the steel grade is S690. A standard axial tensile test was conducted on plate specimens with a reduced section. The test results demonstrated that the stress–strain curves of S690 steel at elevated temperatures had no distinctive yield plateau but post-yield hardening, the effective yield strengths and elastic modulus deteriorated dramatically with the increasing temperature due to microstructure changes. Besides, this study also investigated the effects of steel plate thickness on said temperature-dependent mechanical properties. The plate thicknesses are 8 and 12 mm nominally. The comparisons showed that, different from the trend at room temperature where the thinner steel plates usually have higher strength than their thicker counterparts, the thinner plates exhibited lower strengths at elevated temperatures, this implies that with the same cross-sectional area, a steel member formed by thinner plates would have a lower cross-sectional load-carrying capacity under fire.","PeriodicalId":12186,"journal":{"name":"Fire and Materials","volume":"48 1","pages":"102-113"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2023-07-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45499584","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

A simple and economical fire test setup for examining the fire retardancy/extinguishing ability of water additive fire-retardant materials on class A fires 一个简单而经济的防火测试装置，用于检查水添加剂阻燃材料在A类火灾中的阻燃/灭火能力

IF 1.9 4区材料科学

Fire and Materials Pub Date : 2023-07-04 DOI: 10.1002/fam.3169

Sravan Bokka, Pranav Ameta, Srungarpu Nagabhusan Achary, Anirban Chowdhury

{"title":"A simple and economical fire test setup for examining the fire retardancy/extinguishing ability of water additive fire-retardant materials on class A fires","authors":"Sravan Bokka, Pranav Ameta, Srungarpu Nagabhusan Achary, Anirban Chowdhury","doi":"10.1002/fam.3169","DOIUrl":"10.1002/fam.3169","url":null,"abstract":"A portable lab scale test setup (1 × 1 × 0.72 m3) with apparatus and procedure has been illustrated to test the fire extinguishability of fire retardant materials (FRMs) as water additives on class A fires. The main objective was to use selected commercial, eco-friendly FRM powders such as hydroxides, carbonates, and clays as water additive-based fire extinguishing agents for suppressing solid fires. FRM powders, namely, Mg(OH)2, Ca(OH)2, CaCO3, and MMT-Clay were added to water and were mist sprayed on a wooden fire (class A) to test their fire-suppressing ability. A comparison involving tests with only water (without any additives) was also recorded. The solutions made with FRM additives in water showed promising results in suppressing the fire in comparison to systems with only water as an extinguishing agent. Heat sink materials, such as hydroxides and clays depicted commendable performances in retarding the burning process and almost doubled the capability of fire suppression with low loading. Their heat-absorbing nature resisted the increase in temperature and slowed down the burning process causing an increase in the total burning time of the crib and avoiding reignition. Whereas, carbonates (CaCO3) showed a faster flame out by the release of CO2 gas, which diluted the oxygen content in the surroundings. The article concludes with a discussion of the requirements for the ideal water mist additive-based fire extinguishing agent and a recommendation that future work include validation of the laboratory-scale method based on a comparison with full-scale suppression data for the same additives.","PeriodicalId":12186,"journal":{"name":"Fire and Materials","volume":"48 1","pages":"93-101"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2023-07-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46933678","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0