Fire and Materials最新文献_第8页

Experimental study on the quantitative evaluation of the thermal stability performance and heat insulation characteristics of fire-fighting foam 消防泡沫热稳定性能和隔热性能定量评价实验研究

IF 1.9 4区材料科学

Fire and Materials Pub Date : 2023-12-11 DOI: 10.1002/fam.3188

Zhengyang Wang, Xuepeng Jiang, Chaojun Yang, Dezheng Wang, Biao Zhou, Wei Wang

{"title":"Experimental study on the quantitative evaluation of the thermal stability performance and heat insulation characteristics of fire-fighting foam","authors":"Zhengyang Wang, Xuepeng Jiang, Chaojun Yang, Dezheng Wang, Biao Zhou, Wei Wang","doi":"10.1002/fam.3188","DOIUrl":"10.1002/fam.3188","url":null,"abstract":"Foam extinguishing agents are crucial for the suppression of flammable liquid fires. Their thermal stability performance and heat insulation characteristics are critical indicators to evaluate the efficiency of the fire-fighting foam. There have been some studies focused on exploring the behavior of fire-fighting foams exposed to radiant heating. However, the decay mechanisms and heat transfer behaviors of the foam at the micro-scale are still unclear and require further clarification. Therefore, in this study, the volume reduction coefficient, falling time of foam column height, and the temperature profiles of the foam layer under the thermal radiation environment of different conditions are discussed. The results indicate that the high temperature generated by the radiative heat flux will accelerate the collapse rate of the foam layer. The stability of the foam structure will be seriously damaged. There is a relationship between heat radiation intensity and foam attenuation coefficient. The empirical model for reflecting the fire-fighting foam collapse process under the fire environment with high heat radiation flux is modified. Moreover, the average collapse rate and temperature difference gradient are used to characterize the thermal stability performance and heat insulation characteristics of the foam. Analysis of the micro-scale foam structure parameters from the foam scans has revealed that the thermal stability performance and heat insulation characteristics of the foam are stronger when the surface tension of the foam is within the range of 17.4–20.4 mN/m.","PeriodicalId":12186,"journal":{"name":"Fire and Materials","volume":"48 3","pages":"353-366"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2023-12-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138574536","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Influence of cooling methods on high-temperature residual mechanical characterization of strain-hardening cementitious composites 冷却方法对应变硬化水泥基复合材料高温残余力学特性的影响

IF 1.9 4区材料科学

Fire and Materials Pub Date : 2023-12-11 DOI: 10.1002/fam.3187

Dhanendra Kumar, Amr A. Soliman, Ravi Ranade

{"title":"Influence of cooling methods on high-temperature residual mechanical characterization of strain-hardening cementitious composites","authors":"Dhanendra Kumar, Amr A. Soliman, Ravi Ranade","doi":"10.1002/fam.3187","DOIUrl":"10.1002/fam.3187","url":null,"abstract":"Residual strength tests are commonly used to characterize the high-temperature mechanical properties of concrete materials. In these tests, the specimens are heated to a target temperature in a furnace and then cooled down to room temperature, followed by mechanical testing at room temperature. This research investigates the influence of the cooling method on the residual strength of Strain Hardening Cementitious Composites (SHCC) after exposure to 400°C and 600°C. Two types of cooling methods — furnace-cooling (within a closed furnace) and water-cooling (immersed in a water tank) — were adopted. Four different SHCC previously investigated by the authors for high-temperature residual mechanical and bond behavior with steel were studied. Two different specimen sizes were tested under uniaxial compression and flexure to characterize the residual compressive strength and modulus of rupture. The effect of the cooling method was prominent for the normalized residual modulus of rupture at 400°C, but not at 600°C. The cooling method had no effect on the normalized residual compressive strength of any material at either of the two temperatures, except one of the SHCC (PVA-SC) at 400°C. Specimen size also had no effect on the normalized residual compressive strength and modulus of rupture irrespective of the cooling method.","PeriodicalId":12186,"journal":{"name":"Fire and Materials","volume":"48 3","pages":"338-352"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2023-12-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138577343","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Effect of flame-retardant melamine and dispersants on the mechanical, thermal, and foaming properties of flexible polyurethane foam 阻燃剂三聚氰胺及分散剂对柔性聚氨酯泡沫塑料力学、热学及发泡性能的影响

IF 1.9 4区材料科学

Fire and Materials Pub Date : 2023-12-06 DOI: 10.1002/fam.3185

Yu Yeong Jeon, Euy Sik Jeon, Young Shin Kim

{"title":"Effect of flame-retardant melamine and dispersants on the mechanical, thermal, and foaming properties of flexible polyurethane foam","authors":"Yu Yeong Jeon, Euy Sik Jeon, Young Shin Kim","doi":"10.1002/fam.3185","DOIUrl":"10.1002/fam.3185","url":null,"abstract":"The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of adding flame-retardant melamine and five different dispersants on the precipitation, foaming, mechanical, and thermal properties of flexible polyurethane foam (FPUF). Precipitation experiments were conducted to analyze the effect of dispersant on the separation of flame retardant and polyol, and the foaming characteristics of polyurethane (PU) foam after adding dispersant were analyzed. The effect of adding a dispersant on mechanical strength was characterized by measuring tensile strength, tearing strength, and hardness, and scanning electron microscopy analysis was performed to analyze morphological characteristics. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) was performed to analyze the thermal properties of PU foam. A horizontal flame test, limiting oxygen index test, and cone calorimeter tests were conducted to examine the flame retardancy of PU foam with flame retardant melamine and dispersant added. The dispersant ANTI-TERRA-U is a solution of a salt of unsaturated polyamine amides and low-molecular acidic polyesters. And, the dispersant BYK-220S is a solution of a low molecular weight, unsaturated acidic polycarboxylic acid polyester with a polysiloxane copolymer. The dispersants ANTI-TERRA-U and BYK-220S improved the density, tensile strength, tear strength, and hardness of FPUF. TGA of the top and bottom portions of the foam showed less weight difference for samples containing dispersants, indicating better homogeneity due to improved dispersibility. Therefore, we conclude that dispersants are beneficial additives to improve the mechanical properties and dispersibility of PU foam.","PeriodicalId":12186,"journal":{"name":"Fire and Materials","volume":"48 3","pages":"311-323"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2023-12-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138493132","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Study on the influence of air supply and smoke exhaust on full transverse exhaust of long highway tunnel 送风和排烟对高速公路长隧道全横向排烟的影响研究

IF 1.9 4区材料科学

Fire and Materials Pub Date : 2023-11-06 DOI: 10.1002/fam.3184

Min Peng, Yun Zhou, Yuyang Ming, Chunxiao Song, Kun He, Zhenkun Wu, Guoqing Zhu

{"title":"Study on the influence of air supply and smoke exhaust on full transverse exhaust of long highway tunnel","authors":"Min Peng, Yun Zhou, Yuyang Ming, Chunxiao Song, Kun He, Zhenkun Wu, Guoqing Zhu","doi":"10.1002/fam.3184","DOIUrl":"10.1002/fam.3184","url":null,"abstract":"This study investigated the efficacy of the full transverse exhaust method for smoke extraction in tunnel fires. It examines factors such as the number and layout of air supply and exhaust outlets, analyzing their impact on smoke spread, tunnel temperature, visibility, and airflow. The results demonstrate that the full transverse exhaust method effectively controls smoke emissions in raised highway tunnels. It limits smoke spread, reduces tunnel temperature, and effectively controls the fire-affected area. The number and layout of outlets significantly influence smoke dispersion, with fewer exhaust outlets providing better smoke control and optimizing the tunnel environment. However, insufficient outlets disrupt gas flow stability. The position of exhaust outlets affects smoke distribution, and caution is advised to prevent directing fresh air flow toward the fire. Opening an equal number of exhaust outlets on one side of the fire source yields superior smoke extraction results, reducing tunnel ceiling temperatures and minimizing risks to personnel and structures. Though stabilization may take longer, this configuration proves advantageous. The study offers valuable insights and practical guidelines for implementing the full transverse smoke control method in real-world scenarios.","PeriodicalId":12186,"journal":{"name":"Fire and Materials","volume":"48 3","pages":"299-310"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2023-11-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135684833","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Exhaust flow calibration for a large-scale calorimetry system using tracer gas dilution 利用示踪气体稀释校准大型量热系统的排气流量

IF 1.9 4区材料科学

Fire and Materials Pub Date : 2023-11-05 DOI: 10.1002/fam.3183

Rodney A. Bryant

引用次数: 0

Flame-retardant composite derived from polyurethane/wood-fiber 由聚氨酯/木质纤维制成的阻燃复合材料

IF 1.9 4区材料科学

Fire and Materials Pub Date : 2023-10-27 DOI: 10.1002/fam.3182

Xuanye Wang, Beibei Wang, Jingmeng Sun, Lei Yu, Guochao Yang, Hongwu Guo

{"title":"Flame-retardant composite derived from polyurethane/wood-fiber","authors":"Xuanye Wang, Beibei Wang, Jingmeng Sun, Lei Yu, Guochao Yang, Hongwu Guo","doi":"10.1002/fam.3182","DOIUrl":"10.1002/fam.3182","url":null,"abstract":"Wood–plastic composites (WPCs) are facing fire hazard when they are used in construction and furniture and need to be treated with fire protection. In this work, polyurethane (PU) was applied to derive simultaneously flame-retardancy-improved and mechanically strengthened wood-polyurethane composites (WPUCs). It was constructed with ammonium polyphosphate (APP) and PU by a simple way. The results showed that a decrease in smoke production in the Cone Calorimeter Test was measured. When the mass of APP is 18% of PU, limiting oxygen index can reach 31.2%. In the combustion test, the peak of heat release rate and total smoke production for WPUCs were, respectively, decreased by 42.1% and 89.7% in the presence of the above ratio of APP and PU. In addition, the results of the functional group test show that PU contains highly reactive -NCO which is bonded to the -OH and moisture in the wood fiber, resulting in improvement of physical and mechanical properties. The mechanism for the flame retardancy of WPUCs revealed that polyphosphoric acid produced by APP pyrolysis catalyzed PU into the char, and PU was arched by the resulting gases such as NH3 to form the tiny spherical structure, which worked in blocking heat and the exchange of substances. WPUCs with APP prepared by this method are shown to have improved results, and, therefore, it is expected to provide a new strategy for the preparation of flame-retardant WPCs.","PeriodicalId":12186,"journal":{"name":"Fire and Materials","volume":"48 2","pages":"273-285"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2023-10-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136261772","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Intumescent fire-retardant performance and small-scale reaction mechanism on banana/bio-epoxy composites 香蕉/生物环氧复合材料的膨胀阻燃性能和小规模反应机理

IF 1.9 4区材料科学

Fire and Materials Pub Date : 2023-10-18 DOI: 10.1002/fam.3181

Asih Melati, Abdelhakim Settar, Khaled Chetehouna, Léo Foucault, Mounir Sahli, Christophe Baudron

{"title":"Intumescent fire-retardant performance and small-scale reaction mechanism on banana/bio-epoxy composites","authors":"Asih Melati, Abdelhakim Settar, Khaled Chetehouna, Léo Foucault, Mounir Sahli, Christophe Baudron","doi":"10.1002/fam.3181","DOIUrl":"10.1002/fam.3181","url":null,"abstract":"The present work deals with the thermal degradation, the physical characterization, and kinetic mechanisms of green epoxy resin-based biocomposites (BC) reinforced by banana leaf fiber (BLF). The two main samples have been manufactured using the vacuum bag resin transfer molding method. The first, BLF-based BC, is used as a control sample, while the second sample is coated with 6% wt. of intumescent fire retardant (IFR), which contains APP and boric acid. The effect of IFR coating has been investigated using thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) under inert and oxidative atmospheres and kinetic studies of model-free and model-based approaches have been applied for predicting the kinetic parameters of thermal degradation reactions. The TGA results show that the IFR coating delays the thermal degradation around 13–20 K of BLF-based BC materials, which leads to an increase of 8% in the char residue under inert atmosphere. In addition, the sample has been characterized by SEM, EDS, and FTIR analysis (before and after the TGA test). The effectiveness of the IFR protective role is displayed on the SEM micrographs by showing the hole of the char enclosed and built the foam layer. The kinetic parameters from model-free and model-based curve fitting of BLF-based BC and BLF-based BC-coated IFR are obtained, while the effect of IFR on the kinetic parameter increased the activation energy (model-free and model-based) under inert atmosphere. The fitting methods and optimization procedure gave excellent results for kinetic parameters, showing a particularly good correspondence with the TGA experimental data.","PeriodicalId":12186,"journal":{"name":"Fire and Materials","volume":"48 2","pages":"248-272"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2023-10-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135885054","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Study on the inhibitory effect of DL-malic acid on the phase structure and combustion characteristics of coal DL-苹果酸对煤的相结构和燃烧特性的抑制作用研究

IF 1.9 4区材料科学

Fire and Materials Pub Date : 2023-10-17 DOI: 10.1002/fam.3180

Qingqing Sun, Huiyong Niu, Yanxiao Yang, Siwei Sun

{"title":"Study on the inhibitory effect of DL-malic acid on the phase structure and combustion characteristics of coal","authors":"Qingqing Sun, Huiyong Niu, Yanxiao Yang, Siwei Sun","doi":"10.1002/fam.3180","DOIUrl":"10.1002/fam.3180","url":null,"abstract":"DL-malic acid (DMA), as a recognized antioxidant inhibitor and chelating agent in the food and chemical industries, has good application prospects in coal fire prevention and control. This paper investigates the impact of a DMA solution on the surface properties and phase structure of coal through a range of analytical techniques, including electron microscope scanning, particle size analysis, and x-ray diffraction. The thermal behavior characteristics of DMA-treated coal were analyzed using thermogravimetric experiments. The results show that after adding malic acid, the particle size of coal sample is reduced, the sphericity and roundness are reduced, and the pore size is increased. The hydroxyapatite and calcite components in coal were dissolved and consumed, and the calcite components were gradually depleted with the increase of DMA concentration. The flocculent structure produced by the condensation of the crushing residue and broken small particles are attached to the internal pores of coal, which reduced the coal oxygen contact sites and increases the content of the sealed solution, resulting in the increase of the thermal characteristic temperature of the coal and the inhibition of the oxidation heat generation process. DMA has obvious inhibitory effect on fresh coal and oxidized coal, and the inhibitory effect is stronger on high-temperature oxidized coal. Therefore, DMA can be effectively applied to the prevention and control of spontaneous combustion of residual coal in goaf. The research results provide a reference for the research of coal fire prevention technology and the preparation of environmentally friendly flame retardant materials.","PeriodicalId":12186,"journal":{"name":"Fire and Materials","volume":"48 2","pages":"238-247"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2023-10-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135995983","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Investigation of the flame properties and fire behavior of carbon-reinforced PEKK, BMI and phenolic composites impacted by Jet-A1/air flames 研究碳纤维增强 PEKK、BMI 和酚醛复合材料在 Jet-A1/air 火焰冲击下的火焰特性和燃烧行为

IF 1.9 4区材料科学

Fire and Materials Pub Date : 2023-10-06 DOI: 10.1002/fam.3179

R. Ogabi, B. Manescau, K. Chetehouna, S. Senave

引用次数: 0

Examining the fire risk in London dwellings using the London Fire Brigade Incident database 利用伦敦消防队事故数据库研究伦敦住宅的火灾风险

IF 1.9 4区材料科学

Fire and Materials Pub Date : 2023-09-25 DOI: 10.1002/fam.3177

Matthew Bonner, Leonardo Caracci, Guillermo Rein

{"title":"Examining the fire risk in London dwellings using the London Fire Brigade Incident database","authors":"Matthew Bonner, Leonardo Caracci, Guillermo Rein","doi":"10.1002/fam.3177","DOIUrl":"10.1002/fam.3177","url":null,"abstract":"Analysis of the Fire Brigade's database of fires in London between 2009 and 2020 provided insight into the level of fire safety in the city and how it varies across different types of dwellings and different levels of protection. Regarding the number of fires, fatalities, and injuries, fire safety in London has significantly improved on average over these years. However, average trends cannot analyze catastrophic fires with multiple fatalities, like at Grenfell Tower in 2017, as these events are too rare to form a suitable sample size. Dwelling fires are the most lethal in London: despite accounting for only 28% of fires, they lead to 87% of fatalities and 83% of injuries. The odds of a dwelling fire becoming fatal in London fell from 1 in 174 in 2009 to 1 in 208 in 2019, a decrease of 16%. The total number of fires has decreased over this period, and the number of fires where an alarm was raised has increased, suggesting that the prevention and detection layers of fire safety have improved, while our analysis suggests that the level of protection from the compartmentation and evacuation layers has remained constant over time. An analysis of the different layers of fire protection suggests that compartmentation was the most impactful layer, with a failure in compartmentation increasing the odds of a fire being fatal by 1.5 to 5 times. Overall, this analysis shows that the fire hazard to Londoners in general is low and the lowest since 2009; however, there is still a threat that should not be understated.","PeriodicalId":12186,"journal":{"name":"Fire and Materials","volume":"48 2","pages":"192-207"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2023-09-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/fam.3177","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135864631","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0