Fire and Materials最新文献

{"title":"Physical Changes and Performance at High Temperatures of Cement-Slag Blended Concretes","authors":"Marcin Sundin,&nbsp;Magdalena Rajczakowska,&nbsp;John L. Provis,&nbsp;Hans Hedlund,&nbsp;Andrzej Cwirzen","doi":"10.1002/fam.70010","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/fam.70010","url":null,"abstract":"<p>This study investigates the physical transformations and assesses the performance of blended-cement concretes exposed to temperatures ranging from ambient to 800°C. Three different grades of cement: 32.5, 42.5, and 52.5, with various contents of ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBFS), were employed in this research. The primary focus is on understanding how variations in cement-slag ratios impact the structural characteristics of concretes exposed to elevated temperatures. Through a series of mechanical tests and matrix analysis, we examined the response of concretes incorporating supplementary cementitious materials to high temperatures. The study demonstrated that slag-cement blends exhibit superior mechanical performance compared to the conventional concrete reference sample. Notably, after exposure to 400°C, the compressive strength of the blends showed significant improvement. The results contribute to enhancing the understanding of the thermal behavior and overall performance of environmentally conscious concrete mixes in challenging conditions.</p>","PeriodicalId":12186,"journal":{"name":"Fire and Materials","volume":"49 8","pages":"1155-1171"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2025-09-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/fam.70010","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145450048","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Experimental Study on Temperature Distribution Characteristics of Inclined Tunnel Fire Under the Longitudinal Wind and the Ceiling Multi-Point Centralized Smoke Exhaust Mode","authors":"Peng Hu,&nbsp;Huihang Cheng,&nbsp;Junfeng Chen,&nbsp;Maohua Zhong,&nbsp;Peihong Zhang","doi":"10.1002/fam.70009","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/fam.70009","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Tunnel fire is one of the major challenges that cannot be ignored in the safe operation of tunnels. Considering the structural characteristics of tunnel fires, it is feasible to use longitudinal ventilation coupled with multi-point centralized smoke exhaust in subway tunnel engineering. Combining common slope tunnels, it is of great significance to investigate the ceiling temperature characteristics of such tunnels. Experimental testing was conducted. The results indicate that there is a strong linear relationship between the ceiling maximum temperature and the tunnel slope. A prediction formula for the ceiling maximum temperature of a sloping subway ventilation tunnel with a multi-point centralized smoke exhaust mode has been proposed. Based on the double exponential addition temperature decay model, the decay trend upstream and downstream of the exhaust vent was discussed. The constant coefficient remains basically unchanged; the decay index coefficient is linearly related to the tunnel slope, and the reduction coefficient is linearly related to the smoke exhaust volume. A tunnel ceiling temperature decay model with a multi-point centralized smoke exhaust mode affected by tunnel slope was proposed.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":12186,"journal":{"name":"Fire and Materials","volume":"49 8","pages":"1142-1154"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2025-09-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145449821","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Experimental Study on Smoke Backlayering Length and the Temperature Distribution of Parallel Dual-Fire Scenarios in a Longitudinally Ventilated Horseshoe-Shaped Tunnel","authors":"Linjie Li,&nbsp;Yaoyao Li,&nbsp;Dong Yang,&nbsp;Shuai Liu,&nbsp;Yonggan Sun,&nbsp;Zihe Gao","doi":"10.1002/fam.70005","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/fam.70005","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Highway tunnel fires caused by traffic accidents can lead to multiple simultaneous fires, which are more destructive and difficult to control compared to single fires. This study conducts a series of experimental tests to examine the smoke backlayering length, maximum gas temperature rise beneath the tunnel ceiling, and other critical parameters of dual source fires. The experiments were carried out in a 1:10 reduced-scale model tunnel with longitudinal ventilation, varying burner separation distances and burner dimensions. The results indicate that the smoke backlayering length in dual source fires is influenced by the longitudinal ventilation speed, heat release rate, and burner separation distances, while the maximum temperature rise beneath the ceiling decreases with increasing burner separation distances. A function incorporating burner separation distance and burner dimensions was proposed to predict the smoke backlayering length, based on the prediction model for a single fire source and the experimental data for dual fire sources. Additionally, based on the single fire source theory, a prediction model for the maximum temperature rise beneath the ceiling with dual fire sources was established. These findings provide a theoretical basis for risk prevention in tunnel fires involving multiple fire sources.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":12186,"journal":{"name":"Fire and Materials","volume":"49 7","pages":"1099-1108"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2025-09-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145248513","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Altitude Effects on Ejected Flames in Façade Calibration Tests: Experimental and Numerical Investigation","authors":"Xukun Sun,&nbsp;Hideki Yoshioka,&nbsp;Takafumi Noguchi,&nbsp;Yuhei Nishio,&nbsp;Biao Zhou","doi":"10.1002/fam.70012","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/fam.70012","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Ejected flames from a compartment opening pose a significant fire hazard to building fire safety, serving as a trigger of rapid façade flame spread. Although extensively studied under standard altitude conditions, their fire behavior under subatmospheric pressure remains to be further explored. This study investigates the altitude effect on ejected flames through a combination of large-scale experiments and Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) modeling. JIS A 1310 calibration tests were conducted at HRRs (Heat Release Rates) ranging from 600 to 900 kW, revealing that the flame turning point is minimally affected by input HRR for apparent flame ejection. Subsequently, CFD modeling is validated by utilizing measured temperatures across horizontal distances of 0–0.8 m from the façade centerline and vertical heights of 0–2.6 m above the upper edge of the opening. Extending the validated modeling conditions, the altitude effect on façade flames under varied HRRs and opening factors is clarified. Results indicate that subatmospheric pressures contribute to the expansion of flame temperature distributions with lower inner flame temperatures, attributed to reduced oxygen entrainment mass flow rates caused by decreased air density. Among the opening configurations, horizontal openings pose a higher fire hazard. An improved Yokoi-Lee model introducing the HRR factor <span></span><math>\u0000 \u0000 <semantics>\u0000 \u0000 <mrow>\u0000 \u0000 <msubsup>\u0000 \u0000 <mi>Q</mi>\u0000 \u0000 <mi>p</mi>\u0000 \u0000 <mo>′</mo>\u0000 </msubsup>\u0000 </mrow>\u0000 </semantics>\u0000 </math> is developed to account for fuel combustion outside the chamber induced by variations in input HRR, opening factors, and atmospheric pressure.</p>","PeriodicalId":12186,"journal":{"name":"Fire and Materials","volume":"49 8","pages":"1189-1204"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2025-09-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/fam.70012","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145450026","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Numerical Simulation Study of Methane–Air Explosion Suppression by Nonpremixed Nitrogen in a Closed Tube","authors":"Qiuju Ma,&nbsp;Runzhi Li,&nbsp;Zhaokun Zhang,&nbsp;Jianhua Chen,&nbsp;Yiyan Zhang","doi":"10.1002/fam.70011","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/fam.70011","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>To study the explosion suppression mechanism of nonpremixed inert gas, this paper uses CFD software Simtec to simulate the suppression process of methane explosion by nonpremixed nitrogen in a square tube. The closed square tube includes three sections: ignition section, suppression section, and combustible gas mixture section. The results show that the critical explosion suppression length increases first and then decreases with the increase of methane concentration. When the methane concentration is 11%, the critical explosion suppression length is the biggest, which is 1.6 m. With the increase of the length of the suppression section, the overpressure curve first changes from a high-pressure single peak to a double peak and finally to a low-pressure single peak. After ignition, the nitrogen in the suppression section moves to the right with the flame under the driving effect of thermal expansion of combustion products. When the flame propagates near the suppression section, the nitrogen section stops moving right. Then, under the disturbance of the explosion wave, the suppression section is stretched. When the length of the suppression section is less than the critical explosion suppression length, the flame passes through the suppression section to ignite the combustible mixture, causing a secondary explosion. If the suppression length is greater than the critical explosion suppression length, the flame will gradually extinguish in the suppression section. The feasibility of suppression explosion by nonpremixed inert gas was verified, and the suppression mechanism of nonpremixed inert gas is inertial isolation rather than dilution.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":12186,"journal":{"name":"Fire and Materials","volume":"49 8","pages":"1172-1188"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2025-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145449735","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Experimental and Mechanistic Study on the Flame Propagation Behaviors of Corn Starch Deflagration Inhibited by Different Powder Inhibitors","authors":"Song Lin,&nbsp;Yanting Cao,&nbsp;Zhentang Liu,&nbsp;Yunhao Li,&nbsp;Jifa Qian,&nbsp;Kai Zheng,&nbsp;Juncheng Jiang,&nbsp;Xiaomeng Chu","doi":"10.1002/fam.70013","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/fam.70013","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>This paper investigates the inhibitory effects and mechanisms of different powder inhibitors on corn starch explosion flame propagation. The results indicate that ABC powder exhibits the strongest suppression effect, followed by Al(OH)₃ powder and dolomite powder. Increasing the inerting ratio progressively suppresses the flame acceleration characteristics of corn starch explosion. The addition of 25 wt.% ABC powder significantly inhibits flame propagation, reducing the average flame propagation velocity by 83.6% and the maximum propagation velocity by 91.7% compared to the uninhibited condition. Compared to Al(OH)₃ and dolomite powder, ABC powder has a lower initial thermal decomposition temperature, a broader pyrolysis temperature range, and greater endothermic efficiency. The thermophysical properties of the powder inhibitors show good consistency with their explosion suppression effectiveness. The inhibitors generate NH₃, H₂O, SO₂, and N₂, which effectively reduce both the laminar burning velocity and heat release rate of corn starch pyrolysis gases. The competition between H + O₂ = O + OH and H + CH₃(+M) = CH₄(+M) dominates the combustion reactions of pyrolytic gases from corn starch. The CO₂, H₂O, and NH₃ generated by the thermal decomposition of inhibitors do not alter the fundamental reactions governing combustion. However, the generated SO₂ introduces two additional key inhibitory elementary reactions: H + SO₂(+M) = HOSO(+M) and H + O₂(+M) = HO₂(+M).</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":12186,"journal":{"name":"Fire and Materials","volume":"49 8","pages":"1205-1216"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2025-08-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145450088","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"An Alternative Fuel Source to Wood Cribs in Large Tests of Fire Performance of Façades—A Feasibility Study Using Propane Gas Diffusion Burners","authors":"Johan Sjöström,&nbsp;Alastair Temple,&nbsp;Johan Anderson,&nbsp;Octavian Lalu,&nbsp;Roman Chiva","doi":"10.1002/fam.70007","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/fam.70007","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Large test methods of the fire performance of façades in which a full façade is exposed to flaming impingement from what resembles the external plume from a post-flashover fire are common for assessing regulatory compliance of façade systems. Unlike many other fire performance tests, this type of testing is only marginally harmonised internationally, and test methods vary greatly in size, fuel sources and assessment criteria. Many European regulatory systems, including the proposed future pan-European method, define fuel sources of several 100 kg of wood cribs. While wood cribs are historically reliable, they also induce problems for harmonisation between countries and regulations. This paper provides raw data of the exposure to an incombustible façade using the proposed European façade test method with wood cribs. We also show that one can obtain similar thermal exposure using propane gas burners by tailoring the test setup dimensions. The use of gas burners improved repeatability and can allow for lower total heights of the test elements.</p>","PeriodicalId":12186,"journal":{"name":"Fire and Materials","volume":"49 8","pages":"1129-1141"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2025-08-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/fam.70007","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145449959","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Fire Testing as a Tool in Fire Safety Engineering: A Norwegian Perspective","authors":"Lei Jiang,&nbsp;Davood Zeinali,&nbsp;Anne Steen-Hansen,&nbsp;Mikael Bergius,&nbsp;Tian Li","doi":"10.1002/fam.70006","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/fam.70006","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Fire testing has long been used to assess the performance of building products and construction materials under fire exposure. In addition to the widespread use of standard tests for fire safety certification, the application of non-standard and customized fire tests has received attention. Such tests can provide important knowledge for developing novel materials, products, and constructions, offering extended information needed to develop fire safety designs for buildings. In this paper, the importance of fire testing is highlighted, and guidance is provided on how to plan non-standard tests for use in fire safety designs along with examples. It is found that while many results are available from fire tests in the literature, recommendations are rarely provided on how to perform non-standard fire tests, especially on the crucial planning step. The paper discusses experiences from an accredited fire lab on the planning of fire testing, and three specific examples of fire tests are presented to illustrate the concept applied in a Norwegian framework. These examples demonstrate that many construction projects can benefit from fire testing by way of fire performance evaluations that can lead to an improved design of construction details. Stakeholders such as manufacturers, consultants, and investigators who may tackle fire safety problems via fire testing are the target audience for this paper.</p>","PeriodicalId":12186,"journal":{"name":"Fire and Materials","volume":"49 7","pages":"1109-1123"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2025-08-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/fam.70006","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145248562","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Characteristics of Short Circuit and Combustion in Electrical Cables Under Various External Heat Fluxes","authors":"Xiao-Kun Chen,&nbsp;Ye Sun,&nbsp;Yang Li,&nbsp;Yan-Ni Zhang,&nbsp;Huai-Bin Wang,&nbsp;Hui-Fei Lyu,&nbsp;Yi-Tong Zhao","doi":"10.1002/fam.70004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/fam.70004","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>The insulation of electrical cables, exposed to external heat in a high-temperature environment, undergoes thermal decomposition and carbonization, resulting in the loss of insulation performance. Cables without insulation protection were prone to short circuits. Short circuits were one of the common ignition sources in electrical fires. However, research on the ignition of energized wires by arcs was not clarified. In this study, the standardized cone heater was used to simulate high-temperature conditions in order to investigate the occurrence of short circuits in energized cables within a high-temperature environment, as well as the characteristics and correlations of the combustion. The intensity of thermal exposure was accurately controlled through adjustments to the heat flux emitted by the cone heater. The short circuits in thermally exposed cables could be classified as a single arc or multiple arcs based on the fluctuations observed in voltage and current upon the occurrence of an arc. The results indicated that the minimum heat flux leading to a short circuit was 22 kW/m². A short-circuit arc became inevitable once the heat flux surpassed 25 kW/m². Notably, when the heat flux exceeded 26 kW/m², the probability of multiple short circuits within the conductor escalated significantly, reaching 83.7%. Compared to a single arc, multiple arcs exhibited a shorter initial occurrence time, a longer duration, and a higher probability of igniting cable insulation. The spread distance of combustion due to multiple arcs was primarily concentrated within the range of 23–28 cm. Furthermore, the maximum and minimum arc energies generated by multiple arcs were approximately three times higher than those generated by a single arc, respectively. This research provided valuable information for evaluating the fire hazards associated with different short circuits and determining the fire causes.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":12186,"journal":{"name":"Fire and Materials","volume":"49 7","pages":"1088-1098"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2025-08-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145248428","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Editorial on Special Issue on Wildland–Urban Interface (WUI) Fires","authors":"Samuel L. Manzello,&nbsp;Anja Hofmann","doi":"10.1002/fam.3308","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/fam.3308","url":null,"abstract":"&lt;p&gt;Particularly sought after were studies that aim to bridge the gap between current building codes, standards, and regulations, and the latest scientific advancements in wildland fire and WUI fire research. In addition to posting on the website, the help of experts in this topical area was enlisted to help spread the word via social media channels.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;In total, 25 papers were accepted as part of this special issue. Contributed papers came from all across the globe and included Algeria, Australia, Brazil, China, France, Germany, Japan, Poland, Norway, New Zealand, Spain, Sweden, and the United States of America. The global coverage of contributed papers demonstrated the growing nature of the WUI fire problem.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;The first paper in the special issue discusses the efforts in ISO TC 92 Fire Safety to standardize a global approach to large outdoor fires, including WUI fires [&lt;span&gt;1&lt;/span&gt;]. The paper highlights that although ISO TC92 has been around for several decades, there has only recently been a shift from fires that occur inside buildings to large outdoor fires.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;In recent times, several devastating WUI fires have been initiated by powerline issues. Babrauskas presents a discussion on powerline clearance regulations and the relation to WUI fires in the United States of America [&lt;span&gt;2&lt;/span&gt;]. In the paper, it is argued to improve powerline regulations in the future to help lessen the initial ignition risk from this type of infrastructure. Xu and co-workers also discuss complications with powerlines in WUI fires [&lt;span&gt;3&lt;/span&gt;].&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;WUI fire damage assessments were reported from 2016 to 2023 in Norway by Mikalsen et al. [&lt;span&gt;4&lt;/span&gt;]. It was found that the spring season and direct flame contact are the primary contributors to vegetation fires that damage buildings in Norway.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;WUI fires have a significant impact on the ecosystem. In the paper by Liu and Zhou [&lt;span&gt;5&lt;/span&gt;], a discussion is presented on the impact of local water ecosystems due to an increasing WUI fire threat in China. The results of their investigation suggest the need to improve understanding of the impacts of wildland fires on water and soil resources in China in the aftermath of these fires.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Elevated temperatures in the soil and radiant heat flux from WUI fires can be a threat to infrastructure. Wang and Zhou [&lt;span&gt;6&lt;/span&gt;] provide a modeling discussion on radiant heat flux that a simulated wildland fire front would expose fuel tanks located in a WUI community. In many countries, propane gas tanks are stored above ground and there have been cases where WUI fire exposure has resulted in ruptures and secondary fires from these tanks. The work of Janssen [&lt;span&gt;7&lt;/span&gt;] presented a simplified model to understand potential damage from water pipes located underground during WUI fire exposures.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Smoke and particulates emitted during WUI fire disasters are an important research topic because the pollutants may vary depending on the type of fue","PeriodicalId":12186,"journal":{"name":"Fire and Materials","volume":"49 5","pages":"509-511"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2025-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/fam.3308","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144751215","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}