Fire and Materials最新文献_第7页

Evaluation and Development of a Novel Fire Barrier for Upholstered Furniture Enhancing Passive Fire Protection and the Mitigation of Chemical Exposure 一种新型软垫家具防火屏障的评估与开发，增强被动防火和减少化学物质暴露

IF 2.4 4区材料科学

Fire and Materials Pub Date : 2025-12-12 DOI: 10.1002/fam.70027

Debra D. Harris, Patrick S. Chepaitis, Marilyn Black

{"title":"Evaluation and Development of a Novel Fire Barrier for Upholstered Furniture Enhancing Passive Fire Protection and the Mitigation of Chemical Exposure","authors":"Debra D. Harris, Patrick S. Chepaitis, Marilyn Black","doi":"10.1002/fam.70027","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/fam.70027","url":null,"abstract":"<p>This study evaluates the effectiveness of fire barrier solutions for upholstered furniture to enhance passive fire protection and reduce chemical exposure risks during regular use. Upholstered furniture ignition accounts for 22% of fatalities in reported home fires, often due to rapid flame spread and high heat conditions. Given the substantial fuel load presented by upholstered furniture, implementing targeted fire protection strategies to limit fire growth and spread is critical in helping to reduce fatalities. Research suggests that incorporating a fire barrier between the foam cushion and outer textile can delay foam ignition without requiring added flame retardants. This approach not only improves fire safety but also mitigates concerns about chemical exposure from flame retardants detected in dust, air, and burn emissions. This comparative study assessed upholstered cushions with and without a fire barrier using standardized testing methods, including the Smolder Test, elemental analysis, flame retardant testing, and a small-scale open flame test. Sixteen commercially available barriers were initially evaluated but were eliminated due to deficient performance. A novel fire barrier, developed in collaboration with a fabricator, was tested and found to meet flammability and chemical safety criteria. Full-scale open flame testing of upholstered cushions revealed that those without a fire barrier burned completely, while those with the barrier textile prevented foam combustion, exhibiting only minimal smoldering. These findings demonstrate that using a fire barrier on upholstered furniture offers an effective solution for reducing fire risks without increasing chemical exposure and highlights an integrated approach to improving fire safety and health outcomes in residential environments.</p>","PeriodicalId":12186,"journal":{"name":"Fire and Materials","volume":"50 1","pages":"108-122"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2025-12-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/fam.70027","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146016439","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Exploring the Relationship Between Rescue Service Response Times, Citizen Satisfaction and Ownership of Fire Safety Equipment in Sweden 探讨瑞典救援服务反应时间、市民满意度与消防安全设备拥有率之间的关系

IF 2.4 4区材料科学

Fire and Materials Pub Date : 2025-11-30 DOI: 10.1002/fam.70024

Kenny Turesson, Rebecka Andersen, Finn Nilson, Ebba Henrekson

{"title":"Exploring the Relationship Between Rescue Service Response Times, Citizen Satisfaction and Ownership of Fire Safety Equipment in Sweden","authors":"Kenny Turesson, Rebecka Andersen, Finn Nilson, Ebba Henrekson","doi":"10.1002/fam.70024","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/fam.70024","url":null,"abstract":"<p>This study investigates how rescue service response times and staffing solutions relate to both citizen satisfaction with rescue services and the adoption of individual fire safety measures in Sweden. Data were drawn from Statistics Sweden's satisfaction index, rescue service response times from KOLADA, and survey data from the Swedish Civil Contingencies Agency on ownership of functional smoke detectors and fire extinguishers. Previous research has emphasised trust and confidence as important aspects of risk management, where satisfaction reflects confidence in governance and public services. In Sweden, confidence in public actors is high, yet individuals are increasingly expected to take responsibility for their own safety. Using Statistics Sweden's satisfaction index to measure satisfaction with rescue service, regression analysis controlled for sociodemographic variables, followed by moderation analysis comparing municipalities with full-time or part-time staffed rescue services. Part-time rescue services have, on average, slower response times than full-time services. Survey data on functional smoke detectors and fire extinguisher ownership were used to explore the probability distribution of owning fire safety equipment in relation to the staffing solutions of rescue services. Findings show that longer responses decrease satisfaction in municipalities with full-time staffed rescue services, while response times do not influence satisfaction in municipalities with part-time rescue services, suggesting that expectations differ from those in municipalities with full-time rescue services. However, municipalities with part-time rescue services display higher ownership of fire safety equipment, suggesting compensatory behaviour for slower response times. The study highlights the need for further research on the relationship between satisfaction and responsibility for fire safety.</p>","PeriodicalId":12186,"journal":{"name":"Fire and Materials","volume":"50 1","pages":"123-131"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2025-11-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/fam.70024","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146007829","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Incipient Fires—Definition, Detection and Extinguishment by Laypersons 初发火灾——外行人的定义、探测和扑灭

IF 2.4 4区材料科学

Fire and Materials Pub Date : 2025-11-29 DOI: 10.1002/fam.70025

Sarah-K. Hahn, Tanja Gnutzmann, Marion Meinert, Anja Hofmann-Böllinghaus, Dirk Oberhagemann, Ulrich Krause

引用次数: 0

Prediction of Ignition Possibility of Self-Regulating Heating Cable Using Current Signature Analysis 基于电流特征分析的自调节加热电缆着火可能性预测

IF 2.4 4区材料科学

Fire and Materials Pub Date : 2025-11-16 DOI: 10.1002/fam.70022

Dong-Young Lim, Young-Cheon Yu, Seung-Wook Jee

{"title":"Prediction of Ignition Possibility of Self-Regulating Heating Cable Using Current Signature Analysis","authors":"Dong-Young Lim, Young-Cheon Yu, Seung-Wook Jee","doi":"10.1002/fam.70022","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/fam.70022","url":null,"abstract":"<p>A self-regulating heating cable (SRHC), which has the advantages of ease of use and economic feasibility, is widely used in various industrial processes to prevent the freezing of pipes and maintain temperature. However, if the SRHC, a heating element, loses its temperature control ability due to internal and external factors, it may ignite and cause a fire. Various sensors can be used to prevent these problems; however, there is a limit to their use because they are ineffective and expensive. In this study, we attempted to solve this problem by applying electrical signature analysis technology, which is widely used for diagnosing electric equipment, to SRHC. We attempted to predict the fire and detect the cause by acquiring and analyzing the current supplied to the SRHC. Current values were acquired from SRHCs that are experiencing series arc faults, local heating, or tracking phenomena, which are known as the causes of fires in SRHC, and these data were analyzed to predict the fire and to determine the cause. In particular, in order to maintain the economic advantage of the SRHC system, a signal processing method that can achieve the above objective from an electrical signal obtained at a low sampling frequency was proposed. In addition, the difference between signal waveforms of two consecutive cycles was used to analyze in order to minimize the impact of the SRHC's used environment or manufacturers. As a result, it was possible to predict the fire and detect the cause of the fire of the SRHC only with the frequency distribution table which is made of 83 data points acquired and processed with a low sampling frequency of 5 kHz.</p>","PeriodicalId":12186,"journal":{"name":"Fire and Materials","volume":"50 1","pages":"94-107"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2025-11-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/fam.70022","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146016360","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

A Method Based on Dimensional Analysis to Estimate the Quasi-Steady-State Fire Heat Release Rate in a Compartment With Ceiling Vent 基于量纲分析的顶棚通风室内准稳态火灾放热率估算方法

IF 2.4 4区材料科学

Fire and Materials Pub Date : 2025-11-06 DOI: 10.1002/fam.70021

Dandugula Nandini, Seik Mansoor Ali, John Arul

{"title":"A Method Based on Dimensional Analysis to Estimate the Quasi-Steady-State Fire Heat Release Rate in a Compartment With Ceiling Vent","authors":"Dandugula Nandini, Seik Mansoor Ali, John Arul","doi":"10.1002/fam.70021","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/fam.70021","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Compartments with ceiling vents find application in commercial buildings, ship cabins and nuclear facilities. Fire development in such compartments is characterised by the accumulation of hot gases at the ceiling level. Flow through the vent is complex in nature, wherein the effects of both buoyancy and pressure-driven flow become important. In the present work, a set of dimensionless groups is developed by the systematic application of the Buckingham Pi theorem for analysing quasi-steady-state fire in a ceiling-vented compartment. The dimensionless groups are then used to develop a procedure for estimating heat release rate (HRR) and heat losses through the compartment boundaries and vent. A sample calculation is presented to show the application of the dimensionless groups. It is shown that heat losses through the compartment boundaries can be estimated without explicit knowledge of the convection and radiation heat transfer coefficients. The overall heat transfer coefficient for heat flow through the solid boundaries of the compartment is obtained as part of the calculation procedure. The estimated HRRs are compared with CFD predictions for heptane and ethanol pool fires in compartments of volume 0.75 and 17 m<sup>3</sup> having ceiling vents of different sizes. The results are found to agree within ±20%.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":12186,"journal":{"name":"Fire and Materials","volume":"50 1","pages":"79-93"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2025-11-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146016269","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Wildfire Smoke and Firefighter Safety: A Review of Toxic Particle Exposure, Clothing Performance and Health Implications 野火烟雾和消防员安全：有毒颗粒暴露、服装性能和健康影响的综述

IF 2.4 4区材料科学

Fire and Materials Pub Date : 2025-11-02 DOI: 10.1002/fam.70020

MD. Momtaz Islam, Sumit Mandal, Habeeb H. Al-Mashala, Elijah G. Schnitzler, Adriana Petrova, Robert J. Agnew, Lynn M. Boorady

{"title":"Wildfire Smoke and Firefighter Safety: A Review of Toxic Particle Exposure, Clothing Performance and Health Implications","authors":"MD. Momtaz Islam, Sumit Mandal, Habeeb H. Al-Mashala, Elijah G. Schnitzler, Adriana Petrova, Robert J. Agnew, Lynn M. Boorady","doi":"10.1002/fam.70020","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/fam.70020","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>In recent years, wildfires have escalated into a global crisis, with the United States witnessing a particularly alarming increase in both frequency and severity. Wildfires generate substantial amounts of smoke containing a wide range of toxic and carcinogenic substances, posing significant exposure risks to firefighters during suppression operations. While previous studies have explored individual aspects of smoke toxicity, firefighter exposure and the performance of wildland firefighters' personal protective clothing (PPC), comprehensive reviews integrating toxicological insights with PPC material-specific factors are notably lacking. This review critically examines the exposure risks of wildland firefighters to smoke particles and their toxic components, including polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), which are generated from the incomplete combustion of biomass during wildfires. A significant public health concern arises from the elevated cancer risk among wildland firefighters, attributed to their recurrent exposure to these hazardous substances during fire suppression activities. An analysis of potential carcinogenic exposure pathways reveals that dermal absorption plays a predominant role, with PAHs and other substances accumulating on and penetrating protective gear. Furthermore, the factors affecting the efficacy of firefighter protective clothing in mitigating carcinogenic exposure are evaluated. The filtration efficiency of toxic particles correlates with the pore size of the fabric, while the accumulation of these particles is affected by the surface texture. The findings of this study underscore the critical need to optimize the properties of the materials and to develop advanced fabrics with self-cleaning or decontaminating surfaces to reduce exposure to hazardous substances during wildfire response efforts.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":12186,"journal":{"name":"Fire and Materials","volume":"50 1","pages":"64-78"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2025-11-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146007440","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Performance of Mortar Containing Recycled Fine Aggregates From Fire-Exposed Concrete 含火暴露混凝土再生细骨料砂浆的性能研究

IF 2.4 4区材料科学

Fire and Materials Pub Date : 2025-10-27 DOI: 10.1002/fam.70018

Miao Wang, Yi Xu, Shuang Lu, Xiaocong Yang

引用次数: 0

Curing Regimes and Fly Ash Effects on UHPCM Properties Post High-Temperature Exposure 高温暴露后固化制度和粉煤灰对超高压pcm性能的影响

IF 2.4 4区材料科学

Fire and Materials Pub Date : 2025-10-09 DOI: 10.1002/fam.70016

Danying Gao, Wei Zhang, Jiyu Tang, Yixuan Tian, Aofei Guo, Lin Yang, Liangping Zhao

{"title":"Curing Regimes and Fly Ash Effects on UHPCM Properties Post High-Temperature Exposure","authors":"Danying Gao, Wei Zhang, Jiyu Tang, Yixuan Tian, Aofei Guo, Lin Yang, Liangping Zhao","doi":"10.1002/fam.70016","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/fam.70016","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>To promote the application of fly ash (FA) in UHPC at elevated temperatures and achieve green development in the construction industry. In this study, the effects of curing regimes and FA on the evolution of compressive properties, hydrates, and microstructure of ultra-high performance cementitious materials (UHPCM) at elevated temperatures were systematically investigated by macroscopic mechanical performance testing and microscopic analysis. The results indicated that the combination of steam curing and dry-hot air curing could accelerate the secondary hydration to significantly enhance the compressive strength of UHPCM. As the FA content increased from 0% to 15%, the residual compressive strength at elevated temperatures was improved, the specimen cracks reduced in size, and the mass loss rate decreased after elevated temperatures. The mechanism of FA improving the fire resistance of UHPCM is that the secondary hydration reaction of FA was intensified by thermal curing, especially the suitable dry-hot air curing, to generate more stable calcium silicate hydrates, which filled the internal defects. This process had been well verified by analyzing the samples through X-ray diffractometer (XRD) and scanning electron microscope (SEM). Furthermore, as the exposure temperature increased, the residual strength of UHPCM initially increased and then decreased, reaching a maximum of 217.4 MPa at 400°C. Finally, based on the analysis of the test results, a compressive strength model of UHPCM at elevated temperatures was established considering the influence of FA content.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":12186,"journal":{"name":"Fire and Materials","volume":"50 1","pages":"23-37"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2025-10-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146002169","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Synergistic Effects of Mechanical Load and Water Content on Fire Behavior of Compressed Earth Bricks 力学载荷和含水率对压缩土砖耐火性能的协同效应

IF 2.4 4区材料科学

Fire and Materials Pub Date : 2025-09-11 DOI: 10.1002/fam.70015

Rafik Abdallah, Hassan Alaa Eddine, Sourour Elleuch, Hélène Carré

{"title":"Synergistic Effects of Mechanical Load and Water Content on Fire Behavior of Compressed Earth Bricks","authors":"Rafik Abdallah, Hassan Alaa Eddine, Sourour Elleuch, Hélène Carré","doi":"10.1002/fam.70015","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/fam.70015","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Earthen construction materials offer environmental benefits and strong thermal, hygric, and mechanical properties, but their fire behavior is not well understood, limiting their use. This study examines how external load and water content affect, simultaneously, the fire behavior of compressed earth bricks. Three types of bricks were tested: unstabilized bricks compacted at 5 and 50 MPa, and cement-stabilized bricks with 3.5% cement compacted to Proctor level (the compaction necessary to achieve the material's maximum dry density at its optimum water content). These bricks were equalized at 0%, 75%, and 100% relative humidity, then exposed to the time–temperature curve defined in ISO 834-1 while subjected to loads from 0 to 2.5 MPa. Results showed that at 0% and 100% RH, all materials were thermally stable regardless of load. At 75% RH, SW50 and SWC3.5 became thermally unstable with increased load, at different intensities, while SW5 remained stable. Increased loading affected crack opening/closure, internal pore pressure, and vapor permeation in SW50 and SWC3.5. In contrast, SW5's stability was unaffected by load or crack behavior. Further load-bearing capacity tests conducted on the thermal stable samples confirmed prior hypotheses about the interrelated thermo-hydro-mechanical coupling in the behavior of earthen materials at high temperatures.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":12186,"journal":{"name":"Fire and Materials","volume":"50 1","pages":"38-47"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2025-09-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146007412","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

The Impact of Fire Safety Education on Fire Safety Perception Among Residential College Students in a Higher Learning Institution: A Case Study 消防安全教育对高校住校大学生消防安全认知的影响：个案研究

IF 2.4 4区材料科学

Fire and Materials Pub Date : 2025-09-09 DOI: 10.1002/fam.70014

Amira Shahirah Mohd Shawal, Azizan Ramli, Mohd Fadzil Mohd Idris, Rindang Diannita, Mohd Marzuki Mohamed

{"title":"The Impact of Fire Safety Education on Fire Safety Perception Among Residential College Students in a Higher Learning Institution: A Case Study","authors":"Amira Shahirah Mohd Shawal, Azizan Ramli, Mohd Fadzil Mohd Idris, Rindang Diannita, Mohd Marzuki Mohamed","doi":"10.1002/fam.70014","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/fam.70014","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>The primary purpose of student residential colleges is to serve as a secure and well-equipped place to reside while adhering to established safety standards and regulations. Fire safety ought to incorporate a comprehensive and harmonized array of measures, encompassing continuous fire safety education and awareness initiatives. This study aims to investigate the correlation between individuals' educational background and their perception of fire safety, encompassing their awareness and understanding of fire safety measures. The study focuses specifically on the residents of a college dormitory. The present study employed a quantitative methodology. Data collection is conducted using a closed-ended questionnaire. The quantitative methodology comprises four primary components: Section A pertains to demographic information, Section B focuses on educational background, Section C assesses the level of fire safety awareness, and Section D assesses the level of fire safety knowledge. The results of the hypothesis testing indicate a statistically significant inverse relationship between individuals' perception of fire safety and their participation in fire safety educational activities. The aggregate score regarding the perception of fire safety is relatively high. This study holds significance for professionals engaged in the field of fire safety engineering and regulations, as it will assist them in enhancing their preparedness for conducting effective fire hazard and risk assessments.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":12186,"journal":{"name":"Fire and Materials","volume":"50 1","pages":"48-55"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2025-09-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146007296","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0