Fire and Materials最新文献

{"title":"The Reaction-to-Fire Performance of Intumescent Coating After Ageing by Thermal and Moisture Exposure","authors":"Anna Sandinge,&nbsp;Per Blomqvist,&nbsp;Lars Schiøtt Sørensen,&nbsp;Anne Dederichs","doi":"10.1002/fam.70047","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/fam.70047","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Materials and products age with time and their properties change. It is known that, for example, the mechanical strength may be deteriorated from ageing. To understand the ageing effect on the fire behaviour of materials and products is important to maintain the safety level of the construction or application. In this study, three different sandwich panels with intumescent coatings were selected for a study to evaluate the effect of accelerated ageing on reaction-to-fire properties. The accelerated ageing methods used were thermal exposure in 90°C and moisture exposure in 40°C and 90% RH. Samples were collected from ageing chambers after 1, 2 and 4 weeks. The reaction-to-fire properties were evaluated using the ISO 5660-1 cone calorimeter and the smoke density chamber, EN ISO 5659-2, with FTIR analysis of gas composition. The results show that ageing has an effect on the fire behaviour. Fire properties such as heat release rate and smoke production were unchanged or actually improved. Generally, the time to ignition was longer for the aged samples. The smoke density was affected as well as the smoke toxicity.</p>","PeriodicalId":12186,"journal":{"name":"Fire and Materials","volume":"50 3","pages":"318-333"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2026-03-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/fam.70047","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147618129","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"","authors":"","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":12186,"journal":{"name":"Fire and Materials","volume":"50 4","pages":"370-393"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2026-02-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148091597","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"","authors":"","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":12186,"journal":{"name":"Fire and Materials","volume":"50 4","pages":"339-354"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2026-02-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148073314","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Regression and ANN-Based Prediction of Fire Temperature Curves for Single-Vehicle Fires in Underground Parking Structures","authors":"Khaliunaa Darkhanbat,&nbsp;Inwook Heo,&nbsp;Doohee Lee,&nbsp;Kang Su Kim,&nbsp;Seung-Ho Choi","doi":"10.1002/fam.70040","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/fam.70040","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Vehicle fires in underground parking structures can cause rapid temperature rises, posing significant threats to both structural integrity and occupant safety. This study develops predictive models for quantitatively estimating fire temperatures in single-vehicle fire scenarios within underground parking structures. A total of 25 single-vehicle fire test datasets were collected, and the maximum heat release rate, time to reach maximum heat release rate, and duration of maximum heat release rate were analyzed for each vehicle type. Based on the analysis results, various fire scenarios were constructed, and fire simulations were performed to derive time–temperature curves for each fire scenario. From the simulated curves, regression-based and artificial neural network (ANN)-based prediction models were developed to estimate the peak temperature and the temperature at the end of combustion for each fire scenario, using heat release rate as input variables. The predictive performance of both models was validated against the fire simulation results, with coefficients of variation below 0.2 and coefficients of determination above 0.84, indicating high accuracy. Furthermore, to examine the applicability of the proposed time–temperature curves to structural fire analysis, nonlinear finite element analysis of reinforced concrete beams was performed for fire resistance assessment. The results showed that the structural fire behavior predicted using the regression and ANN-based curves closely matched that obtained using fire simulation-based curves. The proposed temperature prediction models are expected to be effective tools for estimating thermal loads and evaluating the fire safety of structures subjected to single-vehicle fires in underground parking facilities.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":12186,"journal":{"name":"Fire and Materials","volume":"50 2","pages":"174-192"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2026-01-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146224555","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Thermal Characterisation of Millet to Develop Sustainable Intumescent Passive Fire Protection Systems","authors":"Z. S. Vermeulen,&nbsp;M. H. B. Mat Kiah,&nbsp;N. V. Flores Quiroz,&nbsp;R. S. Walls","doi":"10.1002/fam.70048","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/fam.70048","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Intumescent paints, coatings, or sealants are a popular form of passive protection in the fire industry. However, the impact of their toxicity and constituent synthetic chemical ingredients is an important consideration for sustainability. This research experimentally studied an agricultural grain, known as millet, quantifying its unusual intumescent behaviour. It swells to approximately three times its size, forming a low conductivity char layer, making it an ideal base for potential biomass passive protection systems. The grain was analysed through three experimental methods, namely, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), hot stage analysis (HS), and cone calorimetry (CC), with consideration of the physical characteristics and thermal resistance development. Physical and chemical decomposition phenomena driving the intumescent behaviour were identified. TGA found millet to have four distinct thermal degradation stages, with similar behaviour for both whole and ground millet in air. This signifies that the grains' behaviour can be predicted independent of the implemented form. HS identified the visual decomposition stages of the grain, as well as gases and compounds released which potentially drive intumescence, with accelerated release from 180°C to 350°C, and initial and maximum expansion at 300°C and 330°C, respectively. Both whole and ground millet provided improved thermal resistance to the substrate in the CC, through formation of an expanded lattice-like structure with micro-scale openings. This demonstrates good potential for millet to provide protection to structural members in a fire.</p>","PeriodicalId":12186,"journal":{"name":"Fire and Materials","volume":"50 2","pages":"204-215"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2026-01-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/fam.70048","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146224324","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Experimental Analysis of Fire Behavior in Pine Forests and Agricultural Fields: Large-Scale Tests Conducted Within the European TREEADS Project","authors":"Andrea Klippel,&nbsp;Anja Hofmann-Böllinghaus,&nbsp;Kira Piechnik,&nbsp;Lukas Heydick,&nbsp;Hongyi Wu,&nbsp;Florian Köhler,&nbsp;Benjamin Klaffke","doi":"10.1002/fam.70045","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/fam.70045","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Two large-scale experiments investigated fire spread mechanisms in vegetation ground fires in a pine forest and an agricultural field within the European TREEADS project. The tests, conducted in Saxony-Anhalt and Brandenburg, targeted regions with dry, sandy soils and extensive pine stands and aim to improve suppression strategies and wildfire research. The forest experiment was conducted on a 16 × 22 m plot with line ignition using a gasoline-diesel mix. Fire spread was documented with drone-based video and infrared imaging. Ninety-six thermocouples and two gas sensors were mounted on trees, and a mobile FTIR spectrometer enabled real-time smoke analysis. A tilled and foam-treated strip prevented uncontrolled spread. Under stable weather conditions (23°C, light wind, low soil moisture), a consistent temperature rise and distinct combustion phases were observed. Smoldering dominated in areas with mosses, grasses, and deadwood, with intermittent flaming, limited flame heights (&lt; 0.5 m), and substantial smoke production. Peak temperatures exceeded 500°C, and CO concentrations reached 238 ppm, though wind turbulence complicated gas sampling. The second experiment on a cut agricultural field near Nauen involved burning approximately 700 m² using a 20 m ignition line aligned with wind direction. Drone-based infrared monitoring captured rapid spread on the stubble surface. The results underscore the variability and measurement challenges of outdoor fires and highlight the necessity of continued large-scale experiments to support physical and numerical wildfire modeling. These findings provide essential empirical data for evaluating vegetation-specific burning behavior, improving sensor deployment strategies, and refining validation approaches for next-generation wildfire spread models under central European fuel and weather conditions, and supporting decision-making in wildfire management.</p>","PeriodicalId":12186,"journal":{"name":"Fire and Materials","volume":"50 2","pages":"193-203"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2026-01-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/fam.70045","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146224553","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Scoping Review and Bibliometric Analysis on Smart Firefighting in Buildings and Infrastructures","authors":"José Antonio Morales Mere,&nbsp;Nils Johansson,&nbsp;Enrico Ronchi","doi":"10.1002/fam.70035","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/fam.70035","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Smart Firefighting is a concept that has emerged within the fire engineering and fire science disciplines in recent years. It can enable informed decision making and improved fire safety. However, its scope, definition, outcomes, and value to emergency management remain unclear. To investigate this, a scoping review and a bibliometric analysis were conducted, following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses extension for scoping reviews guidelines. After the systematic screening process, 71 publications were selected for full review with the main goal of identifying relevant information. A bibliographic coupling analysis resulted in the identification of two main literature clusters related to (1) Understanding fire behavior and (2) Applying computational methods. The information obtained was classified in categories to obtain implicit or explicit definitions, research objectives, research methodologies, scientific domains, infrastructure domains, and emergency management phases. A definition of Smart Firefighting has therefore been suggested as: “the process of understanding and managing the fire safety information to support emergency management.” This is considered to be a cornerstone for emergency management. Smart Firefighting can be used to identify critical scenarios, estimate outcomes, and define the required know-how for initial and contingency strategies. This work concludes that the outcome of Smart Firefighting during different emergency management phases is strongly dependent on the availability and accessibility of fire safety information and the ability of responders to interpret it and their willingness to use it.</p>","PeriodicalId":12186,"journal":{"name":"Fire and Materials","volume":"50 2","pages":"145-173"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2026-01-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/fam.70035","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146217508","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"First Repeatability and Reproducibility Indicators for the ISO 13785-1/NPR 6999 Intermediate-Scale Façade Test","authors":"Eric Guillaume,&nbsp;Guillaume Le-Goff,&nbsp;Bauke Knottnerus,&nbsp;Talal Fateh","doi":"10.1002/fam.70034","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/fam.70034","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>This short communication reports the preliminary repeatability and reproducibility (R&amp;R) results for the intermediate-scale façade test in accordance with ISO 13785-1/NPR 6999. A three-laboratory round-robin was conducted on two cladding systems (a phenolic foam system, K15B, and a wood panel), and complemented by an intra-laboratory repeatability series on a second phenolic formulation (K15N). Three output metrics were assessed: the 60-s running-average peak heat release rate (HRR_{60s av, max}) and total heat released at 5 and 30 min (THR₅, THR₃₀). Data were treated under the ISO 5725 and ISO 13528 frameworks with a limited dataset; inter-laboratory standard deviations were pooled across sites, Z-scores were used to screen for outliers, and, where multi-site repeats were not feasible, the within-site repeatability standard deviation was proxied by a single intralaboratory series. Across both products, THR-based metrics exhibited lower repeatability than HRR_{60s av, max}, with repeatability consistently tighter than inter-laboratory reproducibility, and no |<i>Z</i>| ≥ 2 observations. Reproducibility is better for HRR_{60s av, max}, but further data will be required to refine these trends. Practical guard bands derived from the pooled coefficients of variation are proposed to support method qualification and acceptance criteria. The findings also inform the ongoing revision of ISO 13785-1, which now contemplates explicit HRR measurement, and highlight the role of intermediate-scale testing as a cost-effective bridge between small-scale screening and full-scale façade performance assessment, providing a tool for extensions of applications. Limitations due to small sample sizes are noted, and recommendations are given for future r&amp;R campaigns.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":12186,"journal":{"name":"Fire and Materials","volume":"50 2","pages":"216-223"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2025-12-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146217596","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Deriving the Charring Rate of a Wood Fibre Insulation Board by Exposure to the ISO 834 Standard Fire","authors":"Joel Philippe Karolin,&nbsp;Mohammad Rahiminejad,&nbsp;Karim Ghazi Wakili,&nbsp;Luis Miguel Olaechea,&nbsp;Christoph Renfer","doi":"10.1002/fam.70030","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/fam.70030","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Wood fibre insulation boards (WFIB) are widely used combustible building materials, commonly applied in energy-efficient construction for their thermal and hygric performance. The present study investigates the behaviour of the most common type of wood fibre insulation when exposed to the ISO 834 standard fire. The transient temperature profiles within the material have been measured by means of several thermocouples positioned at different depths of the sample, that is at different distances from the fire-exposed surface. These temperatures were registered during an exposure time of 60 min. Evaluating the data resulted in the determination of the charring rate, which has been compared to that of other wood-based building products available in literature. To get a broader view of these boards' reaction to fire, Helium Pycnometry, Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA) and Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) have been conducted as well. An average value of 2.6 mm/min was found for the charring rate of this wood fibre insulation board.</p>","PeriodicalId":12186,"journal":{"name":"Fire and Materials","volume":"50 2","pages":"135-144"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2025-12-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/fam.70030","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146224345","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Research on Mechanical Response and Damage Thickness of Immersed Tube Tunnel Structure Exposed to High Fire Temperature","authors":"Tian Kun,&nbsp;Jiang Shuping,&nbsp;Xu Pai","doi":"10.1002/fam.70017","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/fam.70017","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Fire accidents directly threaten the tunnel operation target that are safe, comfortable, efficient. As a new type of tunnel, the pipes and joints of immersed tube tunnel are difficult to repair and replace, which makes post-fire damage assessment particularly important. In order to efficiently evaluate the damage range of concrete in immersed tube tunnel after fire, this paper establishes the stress calculation model of immersed tube tunnel structure under fire by theoretical analysis and numerical simulation. The stress variation rule of immersed tube structure under fire action is studied. This study found that the fire influence range on the structure can be considered as 60 cm, while the thickness was 25 cm subjected to high fire temperature, and there was a large increase in compressive stress which is in the thickness range of 0–10 cm, and the compressive stress was the largest in deep buried section. The relationship between the damage thickness and the ignition time was applied <span></span><math>\u0000 \u0000 <semantics>\u0000 \u0000 <mrow>\u0000 \u0000 <mi>y</mi>\u0000 \u0000 <mo>=</mo>\u0000 \u0000 <mi>a</mi>\u0000 \u0000 <mi>ln</mi>\u0000 \u0000 <mi>x</mi>\u0000 \u0000 <mo>+</mo>\u0000 \u0000 <mi>b</mi>\u0000 </mrow>\u0000 \u0000 <annotation>$$ y=aln x+b $$</annotation>\u0000 </semantics>\u0000 </math>. The study bridges the gap of fire damage assessment of immersed tube tunnel in China and provides powerful scientific and technological support for fire damage assessment and damage maintenance. At the same time, it provides a comparative study for the fire prevention of tunnel structure.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":12186,"journal":{"name":"Fire and Materials","volume":"50 1","pages":"11-22"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2025-12-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146007457","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}