Fire and Materials最新文献_第6页

Synergistic flame-retardant effects between silane coupling agents modified expanded graphite and Pt catalyst in silicone rubber composites 硅橡胶复合材料中硅烷偶联剂改性膨胀石墨与铂催化剂的协同阻燃效果

IF 2 4区材料科学

Fire and Materials Pub Date : 2024-04-06 DOI: 10.1002/fam.3208

Yang Liu, Hai-Bo Zhu, Ke Shang, Bi Zhao, Gui-De Lin, Jun-Sheng Wang, Jin-Jun Yang

{"title":"Synergistic flame-retardant effects between silane coupling agents modified expanded graphite and Pt catalyst in silicone rubber composites","authors":"Yang Liu, Hai-Bo Zhu, Ke Shang, Bi Zhao, Gui-De Lin, Jun-Sheng Wang, Jin-Jun Yang","doi":"10.1002/fam.3208","DOIUrl":"10.1002/fam.3208","url":null,"abstract":"In this work, different kinds of silane coupling agents modified expanded graphite (MEG) fillers were successfully prepared and then incorporated into silicon rubber matrix to fabricate flame-retardant composite materials (SR/MEG). The inserted MEG fillers with siloxane chains exhibited good compatibility with the silicon rubber matrix, which cannot only reduce the negative impact of adding fillers on mechanical properties but also endow the silicon rubber composites with ideal flame retardancy. Subsequently, platinum (Pt) catalyst was incorporated into the SR/MEG composites to prepare SR/MEG/Pt composites, and the synergistic effects of MEG and Pt catalyst on the thermal stability, flame retardancy, and combustion behavior of silicon rubber composites were systematically investigated. The target SR/MEG/Pt composite with appropriate addition of MEG and Pt catalyst can obtain relatively high char residue of 41.9% and limiting oxygen index value of 29.6%, as well as achieve V-0 rating in the vertical combustion test, owing to the formation of expanded and dense silicon–carbon protective layer under the catalysis of Pt catalyst. Moreover, the cone calorimeter test results showed that the peak of heat release rate and total heat release of SR/MEG composites were further reduced after the addition of an appropriate amount of Pt catalyst, manifesting the good synergistic effect of MEG and Pt catalyst on the flame retardancy performance of silicon rubber. The method proposed herein may provide a promising way for fabricating high-performance flame-retardant silicone rubber materials.","PeriodicalId":12186,"journal":{"name":"Fire and Materials","volume":"48 6","pages":"605-616"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140568637","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Commentary on DHP concept 对 DHP 概念的评论

IF 2 4区材料科学

Fire and Materials Pub Date : 2024-04-03 DOI: 10.1002/fam.3206

Joël Kruppa

引用次数: 0

Response to “Commentary on DHP concept” 对 "关于 DHP 概念的评论 "的回应

IF 2 4区材料科学

Fire and Materials Pub Date : 2024-04-03 DOI: 10.1002/fam.3207

T. Gernay

引用次数: 0

High temperature and fire properties of sustainable syntactic foam reinforced by end-of-life tyre-derived rubber particles 用报废轮胎衍生橡胶颗粒增强的可持续合成泡沫的高温和防火特性

IF 2 4区材料科学

Fire and Materials Pub Date : 2024-02-15 DOI: 10.1002/fam.3204

Nathaphon Buddhacosa, Fillippo Giustozzi, Cheng Wang, Anthony Chun Yin Yuen, Akbar Khatibi, Raj Das, Everson Kandare

{"title":"High temperature and fire properties of sustainable syntactic foam reinforced by end-of-life tyre-derived rubber particles","authors":"Nathaphon Buddhacosa, Fillippo Giustozzi, Cheng Wang, Anthony Chun Yin Yuen, Akbar Khatibi, Raj Das, Everson Kandare","doi":"10.1002/fam.3204","DOIUrl":"10.1002/fam.3204","url":null,"abstract":"The management of end-of-life tyres faces challenges due to insufficient recycling infrastructure and technologies, as well as limited markets for the materials recovered from them. To mitigate this, waste rubber can be upcycled and used as filler material for polymer matrix composites. Before rubber-reinforced composites can be certified for fire-prone applications, their thermal and flammability properties must be understood. This research investigates the effect of rubber fillers on the thermal stability, flammability and flame spread characteristics of epoxy matrix syntactic foam. Thermogravimetric analysis, Fourier Transform Infrared spectrometry (FTIR), scanning electron microscopy and attenuated total reflection FTIR spectrometry were employed to elucidate changes in thermal degradation behaviours. The influence of rubber fillers on the flammability of syntactic foam was assessed using the cone calorimeter. The fire reaction properties of rubber-reinforced foam were affected by the intensity of the incident heat flux. Regardless of the incident heat flux, an increase in rubber content led to higher total heat release. At the lower heat flux of 35 kW/m2, the fire growth rate increased with rubber content, but at the higher heat flux of 50 kW/m2, the fire growth rate decreased as the rubber content increased. Importantly, all rubber-reinforced syntactic foams achieved a UL94 HB ranking and exhibited reduced flame spread rates compared to the unmodified foam. This study demonstrated the potential for upcycling waste rubber into sustainable engineering products and expanded the knowledge base on fire reaction properties and flame spread characteristics of such hybrid composite materials.","PeriodicalId":12186,"journal":{"name":"Fire and Materials","volume":"48 5","pages":"561-579"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2024-02-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/fam.3204","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139754799","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Numerical investigation of the temperature characteristics beneath the ceiling driven by a strong plume in a longitudinal ventilated tunnel 对纵向通风隧道中强烟流驱动的顶棚下温度特征的数值研究

IF 2 4区材料科学

Fire and Materials Pub Date : 2024-02-13 DOI: 10.1002/fam.3203

Longfei Chen, Xiaosong Li, Yunping Yang, Zhisheng Li, Tao Li, Yujie Lan, Yanqiu Chen

{"title":"Numerical investigation of the temperature characteristics beneath the ceiling driven by a strong plume in a longitudinal ventilated tunnel","authors":"Longfei Chen, Xiaosong Li, Yunping Yang, Zhisheng Li, Tao Li, Yujie Lan, Yanqiu Chen","doi":"10.1002/fam.3203","DOIUrl":"10.1002/fam.3203","url":null,"abstract":"Previous studies have mainly focused on the situation that the tunnel's continuous flame region was lower than the ceiling height. For tunnels with longitudinal ventilation, the temperature characteristics of strong fire plumes are still unclear. In this paper, the maximum temperature rise beneath the ceiling for strong fire plume conditions in a small-scale tunnel is studied using fire dynamics simulator. Results show that when the effective height (the distance from the burner surface to the ceiling of the tunnel) is 0.65 m, the maximum temperature rise beneath the ceiling in this work shows a good correlation with Li's model and Kurioka's model. However, as the effective height decreases to 0.55 and 0.50 m, the maximum temperature rise would be significantly lower than the previous model. Therefore, a dimensionless coefficient is introduced to modify the maximum temperature rise model for a strong fire plume, which involves the effective height coefficient, heat release rate, and longitudinal ventilation. A calculation model for the maximum temperature rise beneath the tunnel ceiling in the condition of strong fire plumes is established. The temperature attenuation data along the tunnel are given by statistics. The relationship between the dimensionless temperature rise and the dimensionless position parameter is established, and a unified model under various heat release rates is obtained.","PeriodicalId":12186,"journal":{"name":"Fire and Materials","volume":"48 5","pages":"551-560"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2024-02-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139754864","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

A pyrolysis-gas chromatography/mass spectrometry study of volatile compounds produced by wood-based materials 木质材料产生的挥发性化合物的热解-气相色谱/质谱法研究

IF 2 4区材料科学

Fire and Materials Pub Date : 2024-02-07 DOI: 10.1002/fam.3202

Mahsa Lotfi Marchoubeh, Holli Knight, Gavin P. Horn

{"title":"A pyrolysis-gas chromatography/mass spectrometry study of volatile compounds produced by wood-based materials","authors":"Mahsa Lotfi Marchoubeh, Holli Knight, Gavin P. Horn","doi":"10.1002/fam.3202","DOIUrl":"10.1002/fam.3202","url":null,"abstract":"The pyrolysis by-products of five common wood-based construction materials (low-density wood fiberboard, oriented strand board, pine, particle board, and plywood) were studied using pyrolysis-gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. Samples of wood-based materials were pyrolyzed under helium from 300 to 800°C to further understand the production of compounds that may become airborne and available for respiratory and dermal exposure. Benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, p-xylene, styrene, and naphthalene were specifically targeted since these compounds are common by-products of pyrolysis. These compounds have been measured in previous live fire scenarios and are associated with human health concerns. The generated pyrolysates were separated and identified with a gas chromatography/mass spectrometry instrument. The results from total ion chromatograms and selected ion monitoring chromatograms were analyzed to compare the abundance of chemicals of interest generated during pyrolysis. Oriented strand board and plywood generated the greatest total concentration of the targeted volatile organic compounds. Plywood and particle boards generated the largest variety in results. Samples from solid pine boards generated the smallest number of volatile compounds, followed by low-density wood fiberboard that is manufactured with wood fibers, starch, and wax. Notably, pyrolysis by-products are not the sole compounds generated during the combustion of biomass and these products evolve when they are exposed to the conditions of combustion. Our future work plans to study the combustion by-products of these materials.","PeriodicalId":12186,"journal":{"name":"Fire and Materials","volume":"48 5","pages":"542-550"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2024-02-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/fam.3202","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139754862","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

The utilization of phytic acid as a reactive flame retardant in the preparation of a fully waterborne biobased epoxy system 利用植酸作为活性阻燃剂制备全水性生物基环氧系统

IF 1.9 4区材料科学

Fire and Materials Pub Date : 2024-01-31 DOI: 10.1002/fam.3199

Amer Aljamal, György Marosi, Beáta Szolnoki

{"title":"The utilization of phytic acid as a reactive flame retardant in the preparation of a fully waterborne biobased epoxy system","authors":"Amer Aljamal, György Marosi, Beáta Szolnoki","doi":"10.1002/fam.3199","DOIUrl":"10.1002/fam.3199","url":null,"abstract":"A fully biobased waterborne flame-retarded epoxy system was prepared using sorbitol polyglycidyl ether epoxy resin (SPE) and phytic acid (PA) as a reactive flame retardant (FR). The flame-retardant efficiency was evaluated by comparing the reference SPE-PA system with solventborne and waterborne SPE systems. Additional enhancement of intumescence and reduction of flammability was achieved by incorporating ammonium polyphosphate (APP) and melamine (MEL) into the SPE–PA system. PA, serving as a curing agent, contributed approximately 1% phosphorous content, resulting in an increased limiting oxygen index (LOI). UL-94 flammability tests demonstrated improved FR properties with PA, and the addition of 2% phosphorous from APP to SPE-PA achieved a self-extinguishing V0 UL-94 rating. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) revealed enhanced thermal stability and higher char yield with PA compared with other curing agents. Mass loss calorimetry (MLC) confirmed the superior charring effect of PA compared with other curing agents. The thermal insulation properties of the residual char were assessed by measuring the temperature on the back surface (Tb) of coated steel plates exposed to a 25 kW/m2 heat flux for 1 h. The PA sample containing 3%P of APP exhibited a Tb decrease of 130°C compared with the solventborne reference sample. Scanning electron microscopy analysis of the char morphology supported these findings, indicating the effectiveness of the intumescent FR system. Infrared spectra of the char residues and pyrolysis gaseous products were obtained to gain insights into the flame-retardant mechanism of the different systems.","PeriodicalId":12186,"journal":{"name":"Fire and Materials","volume":"48 4","pages":"508-521"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2024-01-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/fam.3199","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139661493","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Fire risk assessment of Kashan's commercial and shopping centers using fire risk assessment method for engineering (FRAME) 利用工程火灾风险评估方法 (FRAME) 评估卡尚商业和购物中心的火灾风险

IF 2 4区材料科学

Fire and Materials Pub Date : 2024-01-31 DOI: 10.1002/fam.3201

Hadiseh Rabiei, Asma Zare, Somayeh Ahmadian Taheri, Niloofar Ebrahimi, Ashraf Mazaheri Tehrani, Mahdi Malakoutikhah

{"title":"Fire risk assessment of Kashan's commercial and shopping centers using fire risk assessment method for engineering (FRAME)","authors":"Hadiseh Rabiei, Asma Zare, Somayeh Ahmadian Taheri, Niloofar Ebrahimi, Ashraf Mazaheri Tehrani, Mahdi Malakoutikhah","doi":"10.1002/fam.3201","DOIUrl":"10.1002/fam.3201","url":null,"abstract":"Commercial buildings are considered as high-risk units in fire due to the existence of expensive equipment and large presence of people with different ages. Therefore, the present study aimed to assess the fire risk of commercial and shopping centers in Kashan using the fire risk assessment method for engineering (FRAME). This cross-sectional study was conducted using FRAME in 15 commercial and shopping centers in Kashan, Iran. The risk assessment data and FRAME checklist were collected by observation and interviews. Data analysis was conducted using Excel and Geographic Information System (GIS) software. The results of 46 checklists showed that the mean score of fire risk R for property was equal to 3.12, for people 3.81 and for activities 1.86. Also, the lowest risk for the property, people and activities belongs to Golestan Center with a score of 1.40, Valiasr with a score of 1.25 and Ataee with a score of 1.15, and the highest risk for the property, people and activities belongs to Mir Seyfi Center with a score of 5.80, Shafagh with a score of 9.96 and Sabz was 2.62, respectively. The present study showed the lack of proper ventilation system, lack of emergency exits, and lack of automatic fire alarm and extinguishing system were the factors affecting fire risk. Therefore, in order to prevent disasters and uncontrollable critical conditions, it is necessary to review the equipment of these buildings and to design and implement fire detection and alarm equipment and different ways of fire control in these centers.","PeriodicalId":12186,"journal":{"name":"Fire and Materials","volume":"48 5","pages":"536-541"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139661423","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Experimental study on the effect of dry water materials on the fire extinguishing efficiency and suppression mechanism of wood crib fire 干水材料对木床火灾灭火效率和抑制机制影响的实验研究

IF 1.9 4区材料科学

Fire and Materials Pub Date : 2024-01-30 DOI: 10.1002/fam.3196

Guoqiang Chai, Yang Wang, Guoqing Zhu, Zhenku Wu, Frank Markert

{"title":"Experimental study on the effect of dry water materials on the fire extinguishing efficiency and suppression mechanism of wood crib fire","authors":"Guoqiang Chai, Yang Wang, Guoqing Zhu, Zhenku Wu, Frank Markert","doi":"10.1002/fam.3196","DOIUrl":"10.1002/fam.3196","url":null,"abstract":"Micron-sized dry water particles assembled from gaseous silica and deionized water were prepared by physical dispersion method, and the effects of two chemical components on the microstructure and fire extinguishing efficiency of dry water materials were analyzed. Three different filling pressures were selected to study their effect on dry water extinguishing efficiency of wood crib fire. The effect of dry water on fire extinguishing efficiency of wood crib was studied by building wood crib of different sizes. The results show that the larger filling pressure inhibits the fire more obviously, but the dry water structure is easy to be damaged. Dry water can adhere to the inside of the wood crib structure and exert its role of cooling and isolating oxygen to inhibit its smoldering under a certain release pressure. With the increase of the size of wood crib, the suppression efficiency of dry water materials on wood crib fire gradually decreases with increasing extinguishing time. The fire extinguishing efficiency of dry water with sodium acetate is improved, but its structure is not stable. By comparing and analyzing the critical combustion rate and oxygen concentration of wood crib, it was found that continuous cooling to reduce the combustion rate and smoldering is the dominant mechanism of dry water on wood crib fire.","PeriodicalId":12186,"journal":{"name":"Fire and Materials","volume":"48 4","pages":"469-482"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2024-01-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139661426","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Synthesis and flame-retardant analysis of a novel P/N containing flame retardant on epoxy resin composites 新型环氧树脂复合材料阻燃剂 P/N 的合成与阻燃性分析

IF 2 4区材料科学

Fire and Materials Pub Date : 2024-01-26 DOI: 10.1002/fam.3200

Vishal Soni, Jai Bhagwan Dahiya

{"title":"Synthesis and flame-retardant analysis of a novel P/N containing flame retardant on epoxy resin composites","authors":"Vishal Soni, Jai Bhagwan Dahiya","doi":"10.1002/fam.3200","DOIUrl":"10.1002/fam.3200","url":null,"abstract":"A new reactive flame-retardant N′-(1-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-1-(6-oxido-6H-dibenzo[c,e][1,2]oxaphosphinin-6-yl)ethyl) benzohydrazide (DOPO-BD) was synthesized via a two-step reaction involving the Schiff base reaction between benzohydrazide and 4-hydroxy acetophenone, followed by a reaction between the imine-based condensation product and 9, 10-dihydro-9-oxa-10-phosphaphenanthrene-10-oxide (DOPO). The chemical structure of DOPO-BD was well characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectra (FTIR), 1H, 13C, 31P NMR, and high-resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS). The DOPO-BD was utilized as a reactive flame retardant and co-hardener in DGEBA/DDS. The epoxy composites of varying phosphorus weight percentages were synthesized. UL-94 and LOI tests were used to investigate the flammability of composites. The epoxy composites retained good transparency, which was measured by UV–vis spectroscopy. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) observed an increase in the thermal stability of epoxy composites in a higher temperature range with increased char yield. In the UL-94 and LOI tests, EP/DOPO-BD(1.5%P) sample gave a V-0 rating and 30% LOI value. The cone calorimeter test indicated a decrease in total heat released (THR), peak of heat release rate (pHRR), and total smoke production (TSP) for EP/DOPO-BD(1.5%P) in comparison with epoxy (EP). The mechanical properties and glass transition temperature (Tg) of the epoxy composites were determined by Dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA), which showed an increase in storage modulus and a decrease in Tg.","PeriodicalId":12186,"journal":{"name":"Fire and Materials","volume":"48 5","pages":"525-535"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139579072","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0