Fire and Materials最新文献_第5页

Postfire Estimation of Heating Temperatures Experienced by Fire Retardant Coatings Using Smartphone Videos and Machine Learning 使用智能手机视频和机器学习对防火涂料的加热温度进行火灾后估计

IF 2 4区材料科学

Fire and Materials Pub Date : 2024-12-30 DOI: 10.1002/fam.3268

Zhichao Zhu, Weiran Song, Xin Yue, Yihan Lyu, Ji Wang

{"title":"Postfire Estimation of Heating Temperatures Experienced by Fire Retardant Coatings Using Smartphone Videos and Machine Learning","authors":"Zhichao Zhu, Weiran Song, Xin Yue, Yihan Lyu, Ji Wang","doi":"10.1002/fam.3268","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/fam.3268","url":null,"abstract":"Accurate estimation of heating temperatures experienced by fire retardant coatings (FRCs) is crucial in identifying the ignition source during fire investigations. While traditional methods, such as spectroscopy, effectively capture the compositional changes in FRC at various heating temperatures, they are typically bulky, costly, and unsuitable for rapid field analysis. This study proposes the use of smartphone and machine learning to predict the heating temperatures of FRC. A smartphone is employed to capture short videos of FRC samples illuminated by its color-changing screen. Video frames are then decomposed into color images and converted into spectral data for further processing. Linear and nonlinear regression models are applied to identify key variables and enhance predictive accuracy. The performance of smartphone-based temperature estimation is compared to that of hyperspectral imaging and laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy. In the test phase, the coefficient of determination for smartphone-based estimation ranges from 0.946 to 0.962, often surpassing that of benchmark methods. These results indicate that smartphones can provide a low-cost, effective means for estimating heating temperatures of FRC in fire investigations.","PeriodicalId":12186,"journal":{"name":"Fire and Materials","volume":"49 3","pages":"249-256"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2024-12-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143622494","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Evolution of Multifunctional Cotton Fabric as the Flame Retardant/Crease Proof/Microbial Resistant Blended With Green Synthesised TiO2 Nanoparticles Coatings 绿色合成纳米TiO2复合涂层阻燃/防皱/抗微生物多功能棉织物的研究进展

IF 2 4区材料科学

Fire and Materials Pub Date : 2024-12-27 DOI: 10.1002/fam.3272

Karan Kapoor, Sachin Kumar Godara, Veer Singh, Anupreet Kaur

{"title":"Evolution of Multifunctional Cotton Fabric as the Flame Retardant/Crease Proof/Microbial Resistant Blended With Green Synthesised TiO2 Nanoparticles Coatings","authors":"Karan Kapoor, Sachin Kumar Godara, Veer Singh, Anupreet Kaur","doi":"10.1002/fam.3272","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/fam.3272","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 In this work, green synthesised TiO2 nanoparticles' coating was used to improve the fire safety and antibacterial property of 100% cotton fabric. In the first stage, Aloe vera extract was prepared, and subsequently used in the synthesis of TiO2 nanoparticles. The average size of these as-synthesised TiO2 nanoparticles was confirmed to be 16 nm using DLS (dynamic light scattering). Further, XRD (X-ray diffraction) patterns confirmed the successful synthesis of nanoparticles. The vibrational photon of TiO2 was represented by peaks in the FTIR (Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy) spectrum between 450 and 800 cm−1. Subsequently, in an attempt to establish the flame retardant/crease proof/microbial resistant properties of the as-synthesised TiO2 nanoparticles, the TiO2 NPs coated cotton fabric was used for the investigations. Based on the investigations, the bending length (measure of fabric stiffness) value of the coated fabric (%) increased from 2.4 cm (uncoated fabric) to 3.71 cm (at 20% TiO2 coating). Also, the crease recovery angle value increased from 71.8 (uncoated fabric) to 98.6 (20% TiO2 coating), respectively. A vertical flammability test revealed that the burning time decreased from 13.31 s (0%) to 10.84 s (20%), confirming a fire-retardant trait of green synthesised TiO2 nanoparticle coated fabric. Additionally, the disc diffusion method confirmed that the treated coated fabrics exhibit antibacterial properties against both gram-positive and gram-negative bacterial cultures: Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus. This study provides an environmentally benign route for producing versatile cotton fabric blended with bioinspired TiO2 NPs possessing improved flame resistance as well as antibacterial attributes.\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":12186,"journal":{"name":"Fire and Materials","volume":"49 3","pages":"297-308"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2024-12-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143622560","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Wildfire Risk Assessment to Overhead Transmission-Line Based on Improved Analytic Hierarchy Process 基于改进层次分析法的架空输电在线野火风险评估

IF 2.4 4区材料科学

Fire and Materials Pub Date : 2024-12-27 DOI: 10.1002/fam.3267

Jun Xu, Chaoying Fang, Yunchu Cheng

引用次数: 0

Fire Protection of Steel Beam by OSB Claddings—A Fire Experiment and Numerical Models 钢梁OSB包覆层防火试验与数值模型

IF 2 4区材料科学

Fire and Materials Pub Date : 2024-12-26 DOI: 10.1002/fam.3260

Jakub Šejna, Vojtěch Šálek, Stanislav Šulc, Kamila Cábová, Vít Šmilauer, Slávek Zbirovský, Milan Jahoda, František Wald

{"title":"Fire Protection of Steel Beam by OSB Claddings—A Fire Experiment and Numerical Models","authors":"Jakub Šejna, Vojtěch Šálek, Stanislav Šulc, Kamila Cábová, Vít Šmilauer, Slávek Zbirovský, Milan Jahoda, František Wald","doi":"10.1002/fam.3260","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/fam.3260","url":null,"abstract":"This paper presents the results of a standard fire resistance test of a loaded steel beam in a horizontal furnace. The beam was tested in three configurations: (1) unprotected, (2) protected with a single 22 mm layer of oriented strand board, and (3) protected with a double layer of the same cladding. The study also describes the development of a model in Fire Dynamics Simulator to predict the thermal conditions in the furnace and to observe the temperature trends on the beam surface, on the cladding, and at various depths in the cladding. A comparison between calculated and measured temperatures showed good agreement for the unprotected beam. However, for the protected beams, the model underestimated temperatures after 15 and 30 min for the single-layer and double-layer protection, respectively. Several potential sources for the discrepancies are identified. The main reason lies probably in the model's inability to correctly account for the effect of gaps in the cladding joints. Future work will focus on improving the accuracy of the model by removing these identified limitations, with particular attention to the behavior of the cladding as a passive fire protection material.","PeriodicalId":12186,"journal":{"name":"Fire and Materials","volume":"49 2","pages":"196-214"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2024-12-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/fam.3260","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143446641","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Research on Fire Smoke Characteristics and Key Factor Evaluation in High-Altitude Traffic Tunnels 高空交通隧道火灾烟气特性及关键因素评价研究

IF 2 4区材料科学

Fire and Materials Pub Date : 2024-12-22 DOI: 10.1002/fam.3263

Keqing Yang, Jianchun Sun, Fen Xiang, Shiyong Yang, Weihao Ling

{"title":"Research on Fire Smoke Characteristics and Key Factor Evaluation in High-Altitude Traffic Tunnels","authors":"Keqing Yang, Jianchun Sun, Fen Xiang, Shiyong Yang, Weihao Ling","doi":"10.1002/fam.3263","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/fam.3263","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 Given the seriousness of fire safety issues in high-altitude traffic tunnels, it is essential to investigate the spatial temperature characteristics under the coupling of multiple factors and their correlation with fire safety elements. This study systematically conducted full-scale simulation analyses of highway tunnels to reveal the distribution of transverse and longitudinal spatial temperature as well as the longitudinal smoke diffusion patterns. Based on the simulation data, an integrated approach utilizing orthogonal test analysis, deviation analysis, and sensitivity analysis was employed to explore the impacts of various factors, including altitude, the transverse position of the fire source, fire scale, and wind speed, on tunnel fire safety. The results indicate that the influence of altitude on the longitudinal temperature along the arch and the position of spatial cross-section characteristic points varies. Longitudinal ventilation speed is a relatively key factor affecting tunnel fire safety, particularly in terms of arch temperature and smoke backflow length, where its impact is significant. Additionally, fire scale has a notable impact on evacuation safety, with its overall influence ranking just below that of wind speed. In contrast, altitude and fire source position have relatively minor effects on tunnel fire safety. Inadequate longitudinal ventilation hinders the escape of personnel during tunnel fires, indicating that the design and operation of ventilation systems should be prioritized in fire prevention and control strategies. The findings of this study have significant practical implications for optimizing fire prevention and response capabilities in high-altitude tunnels.\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":12186,"journal":{"name":"Fire and Materials","volume":"49 2","pages":"233-246"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2024-12-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143447093","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Preparation and Physicochemical Properties of Inorganic Solidified Foam for Forest Fire 林火用无机固化泡沫的制备及理化性能研究

IF 2.4 4区材料科学

Fire and Materials Pub Date : 2024-12-22 DOI: 10.1002/fam.3265

Bo You, Lei Zeng, Yu Shi, Ming Yang, Ke Gao, Zhe Gong, Meifeng Xu

{"title":"Preparation and Physicochemical Properties of Inorganic Solidified Foam for Forest Fire","authors":"Bo You, Lei Zeng, Yu Shi, Ming Yang, Ke Gao, Zhe Gong, Meifeng Xu","doi":"10.1002/fam.3265","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/fam.3265","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 To optimize the performance of inorganic solidified foam and apply it effectively in forest fire fighting, three different ionic surfactants were combined with four viscosity-increasing foam stabilizers. Then, the ratio of inorganic solidified foam was changed to investigate the effects of four factors, namely, water–binder ratio, quick-setting agent dosing, fly ash dosing, and foam dosing, on the foaming multiple and stability of the inorganic solidified foam. Finally, the fluidity and adhesion ability of the inorganic solidified foam were tested with different quick-setting agent dosages and foam dosages, and the optimal working condition range of the inorganic solidified foam was determined based on the test results. The results showed that when SDS:APG = 7:1, the foaming multiples of the foam were higher and it could reach 52.5 times when the surfactant content in the solution was 1.2 wt%; among the four viscosity-increasing stabilizers, the stabilizing effect of xanthan gum was the best. The inorganic solidified foam exhibits an extended foaming time when utilizing a water–binder ratio of 0.45 and a fly ash dosage of 0.5. To ensure optimal mobility and a specific adhesion thickness, it is recommended to maintain a foam dosage of 6 V or higher, with mobility falling within the 11–13 range. The preferred ratio for creating inorganic solidified foam involves a water–binder ratio of 0.45, a 0.6 wt% dosage of accelerating agent, a 0.5 fly ash content, and a foam mixing of 7 V.\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":12186,"journal":{"name":"Fire and Materials","volume":"49 5","pages":"776-786"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2024-12-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144751281","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Retrofitting Homes: Cost of Mitigation Strategies for Improved Wildfire Resistance 改造房屋：提高抗野火能力的缓解策略的成本

IF 2.4 4区材料科学

Fire and Materials Pub Date : 2024-12-19 DOI: 10.1002/fam.3261

Kimiko Barrett, Stephen L. Quarles

{"title":"Retrofitting Homes: Cost of Mitigation Strategies for Improved Wildfire Resistance","authors":"Kimiko Barrett, Stephen L. Quarles","doi":"10.1002/fam.3261","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/fam.3261","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 As wildfire risks increase, it is essential to retrofit the existing housing stock in wildfire-prone areas to reduce community wildfire risk. Yet there are significant questions regarding the costs and most effective strategies to retrofit homes for improved wildfire resistance. This article identifies the costs for retrofitting homes to meet the requirements specified by Chapter 7A (Materials and Construction Methods for Exterior Wildfire Exposure) in the California Building Code. Guidance from recent research related to ignition-resistant construction was also utilized. Construction costs were calculated as a per-unit value and were explicit to the exterior components of the home. Detailed estimates are offered for upgrading a home's exterior walls, roof, deck, windows and doors, under-eave areas, gutters, and near-home landscaping. Analysis demonstrates that some of the most effective strategies to reduce structure vulnerability to wildfire can be done affordably. This analysis suggested that for a typical 2000-square-foot home in California, retrofitting costs can be as low as $2000 for minimal retrofits to $100,000 for the highest level of protection.\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":12186,"journal":{"name":"Fire and Materials","volume":"49 5","pages":"762-775"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2024-12-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144751650","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Adoption of Heat Insulation Materials for Lithium-Ion Battery Fire Blanket Coating and Earlier Fire Alarming 锂离子电池防火毯涂层隔热材料的采用及早期火灾报警

IF 2 4区材料科学

Fire and Materials Pub Date : 2024-12-19 DOI: 10.1002/fam.3269

H. S. Zhen, B. F. Yang, Q. W. Tang, Z. L. Wei

{"title":"Adoption of Heat Insulation Materials for Lithium-Ion Battery Fire Blanket Coating and Earlier Fire Alarming","authors":"H. S. Zhen, B. F. Yang, Q. W. Tang, Z. L. Wei","doi":"10.1002/fam.3269","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/fam.3269","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 This article presents a comprehensive study of the insulation materials used for lithium-ion battery fire blanket coatings. First, a novel testing method is introduced to quantify the impact of insulating agents on the softness and wraparound capabilities of the blanket. Second, to guarantee the explosion resistance as well as other functions of the blanket, insulation materials are introduced, and the insulation effectiveness of various insulating agents is assessed using a 1200°C flame, with findings indicating that a 10% addition of 20 nm silica aerogel yields the best insulation effect. Further analysis of the influence of insulating agents on the release of pyrolysis particles and smoke reveals that both concentrations are elevated compared to the bare silicon dioxide cloth, thereby enabling fire detectors to trigger alarms at the earliest possible stage. Finally, low-temperature tests are conducted to verify the enhanced insulation properties of the coating in non-fire scenarios. The outcomes confirm that a 10% addition of 20 nm silica aerogel provides the best insulation. The research results demonstrate that this innovative coating exhibits outstanding insulation performance across a broad temperature range and offers significant fire detection and protection functionalities.\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":12186,"journal":{"name":"Fire and Materials","volume":"49 3","pages":"257-268"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2024-12-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143622688","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Progress to Develop Globally Harmonized International Testing Standards for Large Outdoor Fires, Including Wildland-Urban Interface Fires 制定大型室外火灾全球统一国际测试标准的进展，包括荒地-城市界面火灾

IF 2.4 4区材料科学

Fire and Materials Pub Date : 2024-12-08 DOI: 10.1002/fam.3258

Samuel L. Manzello

引用次数: 0

Thermal Analysis and Fire Property Quantification of Crumb Rubber and Plastic Eco-Aggregates for Sustainable Construction 用于可持续建筑的橡胶和塑料生态集料的热分析和防火性能量化

IF 2 4区材料科学

Fire and Materials Pub Date : 2024-11-28 DOI: 10.1002/fam.3259

Yohannes Werkina Shewalul, Natalia Flores Quiroz, Richard Walls

{"title":"Thermal Analysis and Fire Property Quantification of Crumb Rubber and Plastic Eco-Aggregates for Sustainable Construction","authors":"Yohannes Werkina Shewalul, Natalia Flores Quiroz, Richard Walls","doi":"10.1002/fam.3259","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/fam.3259","url":null,"abstract":"With a drive for sustainable construction, various products are being introduced to promote recycling, but often their properties relation to behaviour in fire are not known. In this paper, the fire performance of crumb rubber and a plastic eco-aggregate, called RESIN8, were assessed. Various tests, including cone calorimeter, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), were conducted. These are supplemented by numerical calculations and the Coats–Redfern kinetic model to quantify the thermal and fire properties of these materials. Cone calorimeter tests were conducted at 35 and 50 kW m−2, while the critical heat flux (CHF) values were determined using a range of irradiance levels. Time to ignition (TTI), heat release rate (HRR), peak heat release rate (pHRR), and thermal fire hazard parameters were quantified. Both materials were classified under the high thermal fire hazard class. The peak thermal decomposition rates occurred at 365°C (single peak) for CR and at 435°C and 550°C (two peaks) for RESIN8. The calculated activation energy values were 66.7 kJ mol−1 for crumb rubber and 55.1 and 43.9 kJ mol−1 for RESIN8 in the first and second stages, respectively. These eco-aggregates could pose a significant thermal fire hazard, in the recycling facility during and after the recycling process, as well as when stored in bulk and when incorporated in large quantities in construction systems. Further investigation is crucial for understanding the effect of incorporating these eco-aggregates within masonry and concrete systems from a fire safety perspective.","PeriodicalId":12186,"journal":{"name":"Fire and Materials","volume":"49 2","pages":"184-195"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2024-11-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/fam.3259","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143446977","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0