Fire and Materials最新文献_第5页

IF 2.4 4区材料科学

Fire and Materials Pub Date : 2026-03-16

引用次数: 0

IF 2.4 4区材料科学

Fire and Materials Pub Date : 2026-03-16

引用次数: 0

IF 2.4 4区材料科学

Fire and Materials Pub Date : 2026-03-16

引用次数: 0

IF 2.4 4区材料科学

Fire and Materials Pub Date : 2026-03-12

引用次数: 0

Effects of Air Gaps on Heat Transfer and Energy Distribution in Protective Fabrics for Firefighting 气隙对消防防护织物传热和能量分布的影响

IF 2.4 4区材料科学

Fire and Materials Pub Date : 2026-03-05 Epub Date: 2026-01-30 DOI: 10.1002/fam.70046

Shuyang Zhang, Miao Tian, Jun Li

{"title":"Effects of Air Gaps on Heat Transfer and Energy Distribution in Protective Fabrics for Firefighting","authors":"Shuyang Zhang, Miao Tian, Jun Li","doi":"10.1002/fam.70046","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/fam.70046","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>This research investigates the influence of air gap (AG) thickness and boundary conditions on the thermal storage and release characteristics of firefighter turnout gear. The study focuses on how AGs modify heat transfer mechanisms and affect energy distribution within fabric systems. By simulating a low-radiation environment, the effects of varying AG thicknesses on stored energy, heat absorption, and cooling rates of fabric layers are systematically analyzed. The findings suggest that a closed AG with a thickness of 6.4 mm enables the fabric system to store 24% more energy at its center in comparison to fabric systems devoid of an AG, with the total stored energy reaching 138.5 kJ/m<sup>2</sup>. Furthermore, AGs exceeding 6.4 mm have been shown to significantly enhance lateral energy transfer, thereby improving energy uniformity across layers. Additionally, an increase in AG thickness from 6.4 to 12 mm has been observed to slow the cooling rate at the thermal liner (TL) surface by 18.7%. In open AG conditions, convective effects dominate, enhancing heat dissipation and storing energy more evenly. Furthermore, a transition from a closed to an open AG (≥ 6.4 mm) results in a 14.2% decrease in energy retention and a reduction in temperature gradients (<i>p</i> < 0.01). These findings offer critical insights into the optimization of the thermal protective performance of firefighter turnout gear, emphasizing the importance of AG thickness and boundary conditions in thermal regulation strategies.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":12186,"journal":{"name":"Fire and Materials","volume":"50 3","pages":"308-317"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2026-03-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147618145","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Optimizing Alumina Trihydrate in GFRP Unsaturated Polyester Composites: Flame Retardancy and Mechanical Performance 优化GFRP不饱和聚酯复合材料中的三水合氧化铝：阻燃性能和力学性能

IF 2.4 4区材料科学

Fire and Materials Pub Date : 2026-03-05 Epub Date: 2026-02-19 DOI: 10.1002/fam.70043

Priscila Tavares Teles Araujo, Simone Pereira da Silva Ribeiro, Alexandre Landesmann

{"title":"Optimizing Alumina Trihydrate in GFRP Unsaturated Polyester Composites: Flame Retardancy and Mechanical Performance","authors":"Priscila Tavares Teles Araujo, Simone Pereira da Silva Ribeiro, Alexandre Landesmann","doi":"10.1002/fam.70043","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/fam.70043","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>This work investigates the impact of incorporating alumina trihydrate (ATH) on the mechanical properties of glass-fibre-reinforced polymer (GFRP) composites, while improving their flame-retardant performance. The use of ATH has been a promising strategy to increase the flame-retardant properties of GFRP, which are widely used in civil construction. However, high concentrations of ATH, as those used for reaching better flame-retardant performance, can impair the mechanical properties. Therefore, through a series of comprehensive experiments and analyses, the research aims to shed light on the relationship between mechanical reinforcement and flame retardancy, thereby paving the way for advanced composite materials with superior mechanical strength and enhanced flame retardancy. To achieve this objective, different concentrations of ATH (40, 50, and 60 <i>phr</i>) were evaluated within the isophthalic polyester matrix in pultruded GFRP. Flammability testing was carried out using the limiting oxygen index, Mass Loss Calorimeter Cone (MLCC), and UL-94 test. Mechanical evaluations included tensile and flexural tests to measure the material's strength. Additionally, SEM (scanning electron microscopy) analysis was utilised to examine the material's morphology and identify its constituent elements, allowing for a detailed observation of the distribution and interaction of ATH within the composite matrix. Ultimately, the research concluded that the addition of 50 <i>phr</i> of ATH resulted in a significant increase in mechanical strength, including tensile and flexural strength and modulus of elasticity. These findings indicate that incorporating ATH not only enhances the flame retardancy of GFRPs but also strengthens their mechanical properties, achieving an optimal balance between fire safety and structural performance.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":12186,"journal":{"name":"Fire and Materials","volume":"50 3","pages":"279-294"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2026-03-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147618117","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Retrospective Study of the Impact of the 2021 Forest Fires on Land Areas in Algeria: The Case of Khenchela Forests 阿尔及利亚2021年森林火灾对陆地影响的回顾性研究：以肯切拉森林为例

IF 2.4 4区材料科学

Fire and Materials Pub Date : 2026-03-05 Epub Date: 2026-02-01 DOI: 10.1002/fam.70038

Kenza Garah, Nadia Khater, Toufik Aliat, Dmitry E. Kucher, Nazih Y. Rebouh, Mohamed S. Shokr, Ibraheem A. H. Yousif

{"title":"Retrospective Study of the Impact of the 2021 Forest Fires on Land Areas in Algeria: The Case of Khenchela Forests","authors":"Kenza Garah, Nadia Khater, Toufik Aliat, Dmitry E. Kucher, Nazih Y. Rebouh, Mohamed S. Shokr, Ibraheem A. H. Yousif","doi":"10.1002/fam.70038","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/fam.70038","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>In the summer of 2021, Algeria faced severe heat waves that led to extensive forest fires, particularly impacting the wilaya of Khenchela. Although forest fires occurred throughout the entire summer, the most intense and destructive events were recorded in July 2021, causing extensive ecological damage. This study focuses on mapping and assessing the damage caused by the summer 2021 forest fires in Khenchela, using Landsat satellite data and the Differential Normalized Burn Ratio. The analysis identified that the Ouled Yakoub and Beni Oudjana forests, located in the communes of Tamza and Chelia, were the most affected. The total burned area in Khenchela exceeded 9800 ha, with Ouled Yakoub losing over 6400 ha and Beni Oudjana more than 3000 ha, together accounting for approximately 97% of the total burned area. The 2021 fire was the most destructive event in the region from 2011 to 2021. Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) mapping before and after the fire revealed an almost total absence of vegetation within the burned areas, reflecting the severe impact of the fire on vegetation cover. In contrast, non-affected areas showed a slight increase in NDVI, likely due to seasonal vegetation recovery during the early autumn period. According to the detailed analysis of climatic parameters, 2021 was identified as the hottest and driest year in the past 11 years, with a significant rainfall deficit of −35.02%, and notable increases in average, maximum, and minimum temperatures by +1.25°C, +1.50°C, and +0.55°C respectively. Importantly, the study suggests that these extreme climatic conditions contributed to the severity of the fire and, in the context of climate change, such conditions may become more frequent. This highlights the need for improved fire monitoring and intervention strategies.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":12186,"journal":{"name":"Fire and Materials","volume":"50 3","pages":"241-257"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2026-03-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147618021","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Experimental Investigation on the Effect of Coatings on the Combustion Characteristics of Swedish Pine 涂层对瑞典松燃烧特性影响的实验研究

IF 2.4 4区材料科学

Fire and Materials Pub Date : 2026-03-05 Epub Date: 2026-02-09 DOI: 10.1002/fam.70044

Enya Zhang, Tracy Bradford, Chandrashekhar Kulkarni, Sergey Zlatogorsky, Eleni Asimakopoulou

引用次数: 0

Theoretical Model of Transient Regression of Thermoplastic Materials During Flame Spread: Vaporization; Permanent Mass Loss; Surface Shape 热塑性材料在火焰传播过程中的瞬态回归理论模型：汽化永久质量损失；表面形状

IF 2.4 4区材料科学

Fire and Materials Pub Date : 2026-03-05 Epub Date: 2026-01-30 DOI: 10.1002/fam.70036

Indrek S. Wichman, Linwei Mou, Sarzina Hossain, Fletcher J. Miller, Sandra L. Olson

{"title":"Theoretical Model of Transient Regression of Thermoplastic Materials During Flame Spread: Vaporization; Permanent Mass Loss; Surface Shape","authors":"Indrek S. Wichman, Linwei Mou, Sarzina Hossain, Fletcher J. Miller, Sandra L. Olson","doi":"10.1002/fam.70036","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/fam.70036","url":null,"abstract":"<p>This article examines a transient, one-dimensional model of surface regression during opposed flow flame spread over finite thickness, non-charring thermoplastics. Gas to solid conductive transfer from the flame drives sample heating. The solid degrades into volatile fuel molecules in two stages: (1) the pre-vaporization heat-up stage and (2) the vaporization/regression stage. The influence of the external (flame) heat flux on heat-up and regression is examined. Regression stalls eventually because the sample bottom temperature, which is fixed, is lower than the sample top vaporization temperature. The moving boundary value problem is described by the energy equation subject to a variable top surface energetic boundary condition. The energy flux from the external source (flame) is taken as constant. The regressing solid is transformed to a fixed-domain coordinate system in which it is coupled, nonlinearly, to the energetic boundary condition. This nonlinear system is solved numerically. Term-by-term evaluation of the numerical solution allows development of analytical energy balance formulas in the short and long time intervals of the regression stage. A physics based Peclet number analysis describes features of time dependent surface regression.</p>","PeriodicalId":12186,"journal":{"name":"Fire and Materials","volume":"50 3","pages":"227-240"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2026-03-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/fam.70036","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147618144","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

A Numerical Study of the Relationship Between Compartment Fire Evolution and External Fire Exposure Conditions 舱室火灾演变与外部火灾暴露条件关系的数值研究

IF 2.4 4区材料科学

Fire and Materials Pub Date : 2026-03-05 Epub Date: 2026-02-04 DOI: 10.1002/fam.70039

Anish Banerjee, Vasant Matsagar, David Lange

{"title":"A Numerical Study of the Relationship Between Compartment Fire Evolution and External Fire Exposure Conditions","authors":"Anish Banerjee, Vasant Matsagar, David Lange","doi":"10.1002/fam.70039","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/fam.70039","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>In densely populated urban areas, the spread of fire between buildings is a significant risk. Many urban spaces have evolved with a preference for quick and cheap construction in deference to fire safety and adherence to any applicable local building regulations. With the increasing use of combustible and flammable materials inside and on our buildings, exacerbating the potential for building-to-building fire spread, it is therefore necessary to re-evaluate the threat to the built environment due to this scenario. In order to address this research gap, computational fluid dynamics is implemented as a tool to simulate the behaviour of a fire and to determine the spatial evolution of the external temperature and heat flux away from the burning compartment's external openings under varied fuel load, fire growth rate and ventilation modes. It is shown that these outputs are a function of the heat release inside of the compartment as well as the internal ventilation conditions, with internal doors being closed increasing the intensity and extent of external conditions. This gives insight into factors which could lead to subsequent secondary ignition away from the compartment of origin. We also show that for a given heat release rate, the criteria for window breakage and therefore the time at which window breakage occurs is irrelevant to the ultimate magnitude and extent of the external conditions. These reflect essential considerations, necessary for ignition criteria of novel/new material consideration in the context of building-to-building fire spread in high density housing stock.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":12186,"journal":{"name":"Fire and Materials","volume":"50 3","pages":"258-278"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2026-03-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147618024","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0