Fire and Materials最新文献_第5页

A chaos theory view of accidental dwelling fire injuries 住宅火灾意外伤害的混沌理论观点

IF 2 4区材料科学

Fire and Materials Pub Date : 2024-06-05 DOI: 10.1002/fam.3225

M. Taylor, H. Francis, J. Fielding, I. Jarman, T. Etchells

{"title":"A chaos theory view of accidental dwelling fire injuries","authors":"M. Taylor, H. Francis, J. Fielding, I. Jarman, T. Etchells","doi":"10.1002/fam.3225","DOIUrl":"10.1002/fam.3225","url":null,"abstract":"In this article, we examine a chaos theory view of accidental dwelling fire injuries using data from a UK fire and rescue service over a 10-year period. Although chaos theory could not predict if or when a fire injury will occur for a given individual, chaos theory provided further information above and beyond the typical statistical analyses undertaken by fire and rescue services in terms of identifying pattern repetitions, interconnectedness of circumstances and sensitivity to initial conditions relating to the circumstances of accidental dwelling fire injuries. Householder behaviours such as attempting to tackle the fire or being under the influence of alcohol or drugs were the most prevalent circumstances relating to fire injury over the period studied. Proportions of smoke/toxic fumes inhalation injuries and injuries sustained attempting to fight the fire compared to the overall numbers of fire injuries per year showed pattern repetition over the period studied. In terms of interconnectedness, although there were roughly equal numbers of male and female fire injuries overall, the likelihood of an alcohol-/drug-related fire injury or a fire injury resulting from attempting to put out a fire was strongly connected with the gender of the householder involved.","PeriodicalId":12186,"journal":{"name":"Fire and Materials","volume":"48 7","pages":"715-724"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2024-06-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/fam.3225","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141384150","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

The influence of cross-sectional aspect ratio on ceiling temperature profile and mass flow rate of ceiling jet in tunnel fires 横截面长宽比对隧道火灾中顶棚温度曲线和顶棚射流质量流量的影响

IF 2 4区材料科学

Fire and Materials Pub Date : 2024-06-02 DOI: 10.1002/fam.3223

Shengzhong Zhao, Hanxiao Gao, Tiantian Xu, Fei Wang, Imad Obadi, Lin Xu, Junhao Yu, Mengzhen Liu

{"title":"The influence of cross-sectional aspect ratio on ceiling temperature profile and mass flow rate of ceiling jet in tunnel fires","authors":"Shengzhong Zhao, Hanxiao Gao, Tiantian Xu, Fei Wang, Imad Obadi, Lin Xu, Junhao Yu, Mengzhen Liu","doi":"10.1002/fam.3223","DOIUrl":"10.1002/fam.3223","url":null,"abstract":"In this paper, the influence of tunnel cross-sectional aspect ratio on the ceiling temperature profile and mass flow rate (MFR) of ceiling jet is studied theoretically and numerically, and 13 tunnel cross sections with different aspect ratios (<math>\u0000 <mrow>\u0000 <mi>ξ</mi>\u0000 </mrow></math>) are considered. A total of 26 full-scale numerical simulation cases are conducted using Fire Dynamics Simulator, and small-scale experiments are used to verify the accuracy of the simulations. Results show that the maximum ceiling temperature is more sensitive to the tunnel height and decreases with increasing aspect ratio, which can be divided into two regions, <math>\u0000 <mrow>\u0000 <mi>ξ</mi>\u0000 </mrow></math> <1 and <math>\u0000 <mrow>\u0000 <mi>ξ</mi>\u0000 </mrow></math> ≥1. When <math>\u0000 <mrow>\u0000 <mi>ξ</mi>\u0000 </mrow></math> ≥1, the maximum ceiling temperature varies more linearly. The initial locations of the one-dimensional spread for the tunnel with different tunnel cross-sectional aspect ratios are similar, which are concentrated at 15–20 m from the fire source when taking the MFR increase rate of 0.001 as the criterion. By introducing the sectional coefficient, the MFR model and temperature attenuation model of ceiling jet are developed for the tunnels with <math>\u0000 <mrow>\u0000 <mi>ξ</mi>\u0000 </mrow></math> <1 and <math>\u0000 <mrow>\u0000 <mi>ξ</mi>\u0000 </mrow></math> ≥1, respectively. The results of this paper could provide definite reference value for the smoke control in tunnel fires.","PeriodicalId":12186,"journal":{"name":"Fire and Materials","volume":"48 6","pages":"682-696"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2024-06-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141274088","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Effects of incident heat flux on heat release rates and temperatures in cone calorimeter tests of polyurethane foam 入射热通量对聚氨酯泡沫锥形量热计测试中热释放率和温度的影响

IF 2 4区材料科学

Fire and Materials Pub Date : 2024-05-29 DOI: 10.1002/fam.3224

Obiora Ugo-Okeke, David Torvi

{"title":"Effects of incident heat flux on heat release rates and temperatures in cone calorimeter tests of polyurethane foam","authors":"Obiora Ugo-Okeke, David Torvi","doi":"10.1002/fam.3224","DOIUrl":"10.1002/fam.3224","url":null,"abstract":"There is great interest in developing methods to predict full-scale fire performance of mattresses and upholstered furniture for design and regulatory purposes using cone calorimeter and other small-scale test results. One method used in the past is a model developed during the European Combustion Behavior of Upholstered Furniture (CBUF) project. To support the further development of this model, cone calorimeter tests of polyurethane (PU) foam specimens 5–10 cm thick were conducted using incident heat fluxes between 5 and 35 kW/m2. Temperatures were measured using thermocouples located on the surface and at four depths within 10 cm thick foam specimens to determine the effects of heat flux on heat transfer and foam degradation. Peak and average heat release rate (HRR) values for a particular thickness of foam increased with an increase in heat flux. An increase in heat flux decreased the times to reach the two peaks in the HRR curve, which represent the collapse of foam and burning of liquid products, as well as burning duration. Heat flux had a larger effect on the second HRR peak than the first peak. Significant temperature gradients were initially confined to the top portion of the foam. A surface temperature of 150–200°C was shown to be indicative of the onset of ignition, while a temperature of 150°C at a particular location was indicative of when temperatures began to more rapidly increase at deeper locations within the foam. Infrared video records were also used to examine three-dimensional burning behavior of the foam.","PeriodicalId":12186,"journal":{"name":"Fire and Materials","volume":"48 7","pages":"699-714"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2024-05-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141190938","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Experimental and theoretical research on the temperature evolution law of overcurrent fault wires 过流故障导线温度演变规律的实验和理论研究

IF 2 4区材料科学

Fire and Materials Pub Date : 2024-05-23 DOI: 10.1002/fam.3210

Yan Huo, Xueyan Xu, Yang Li, Ruonan Li, Zhijin Yu, Weifeng Wang

{"title":"Experimental and theoretical research on the temperature evolution law of overcurrent fault wires","authors":"Yan Huo, Xueyan Xu, Yang Li, Ruonan Li, Zhijin Yu, Weifeng Wang","doi":"10.1002/fam.3210","DOIUrl":"10.1002/fam.3210","url":null,"abstract":"To investigate the problems of overload and excessive thermal insulation associated with building electrical fires caused by wires, a theoretical model of wire heat transfer is established, and the pyrolysis and combustion phenomena of the insulation layer are analyzed. The results showed that the temperature evolution of the wire underwent three stages: constant temperature, insulation heating, and high-temperature pyrolysis. The insulation layer experiences bulging, exhausting, carbonization, dripping, and burning in sequence, and insulation layer dripping requires at least 160 A of current. As the current increases, the temperature increase rate of the wire increases gradually, and the fusing time of the wire gradually decreases. Under the same current, 160°C is the turning point at which the temperature increases. The temperature increase rate of the copper wire is greater than that of the aluminum alloy wire, and the temperature increase rate of the bare wire is greater than that of the insulated wire. The fusing time of an aluminum alloy wire is less than that of a copper wire, and the fusing time of a bare wire is less than that of an insulated wire. The research results provide theoretical guidance for the prevention and investigation of building electrical fires.","PeriodicalId":12186,"journal":{"name":"Fire and Materials","volume":"48 6","pages":"632-641"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2024-05-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141107260","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Evaluation of exterior wall cavity fires using an intermediate scale test method 使用中间试验方法评估外墙空腔火灾

IF 2 4区材料科学

Fire and Materials Pub Date : 2024-05-15 DOI: 10.1002/fam.3213

Neythra Weerakkody, Nathan White, Khalid Moinuddin

{"title":"Evaluation of exterior wall cavity fires using an intermediate scale test method","authors":"Neythra Weerakkody, Nathan White, Khalid Moinuddin","doi":"10.1002/fam.3213","DOIUrl":"10.1002/fam.3213","url":null,"abstract":"Cavities form an integral part of many external wall systems (EWSs). Numerous external wall fires worldwide have been primarily due to combustible exterior cladding. However, the Grenfell Tower and Knowsley Heights fire incidents (in the UK) are examples where wall cavity materials have impacted fire spread. Wall cavity materials are typically regulated by small-scale fire test methods which do not necessarily represent the actual fire conditions that can exist within wall cavities. This experimental study proposes an intermediate-scale test (IST) protocol to examine cavity wall fire behaviour. This protocol is a modified version of the FM Global Cavity Fire Test method (within the FM 4411-2020 series). The study examines a broad range of cavity materials including sarking, polyester insulation, phenolic foam, PIR, and EPS. A low-intensity (6–8 kW) and high-intensity (~80 kW) ignition sources were used to represent two types of cavity fire scenarios. These two fire sizes were shown to differentiate reaction to fire behaviour between these materials and explore the “tipping point” in resulting fire behaviour (which may lie between these two intensities). This proposed cavity fire test protocol provides a suitable “elevated fire risk assessment tool” for combustible cavity materials.","PeriodicalId":12186,"journal":{"name":"Fire and Materials","volume":"48 6","pages":"668-681"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2024-05-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140977627","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Featured Cover 精选封面

IF 1.9 4区材料科学

Fire and Materials Pub Date : 2024-05-06 DOI: 10.1002/fam.2954

Xukun Sun, Hideki Yoshioka, Takafumi Noguchi, Yuhei Nishio, Yoshifumi Ohmiya, Tetsuya Hayakawa, Biao Zhou

引用次数: 0

Thermal and calorimetric investigations of some vegetative fuels 一些植物燃料的热学和热量测定研究

IF 2 4区材料科学

Fire and Materials Pub Date : 2024-05-05 DOI: 10.1002/fam.3211

Khalid Moinuddin, Malavika Arun, Alex Filkov, Paul Joseph, Maurice Guerrieri

{"title":"Thermal and calorimetric investigations of some vegetative fuels","authors":"Khalid Moinuddin, Malavika Arun, Alex Filkov, Paul Joseph, Maurice Guerrieri","doi":"10.1002/fam.3211","DOIUrl":"10.1002/fam.3211","url":null,"abstract":"Bushfires pose a significant threat to numerous countries, often causing vast property damages and loss of lives. Efforts to combat and manage these fires heavily rely on predicting the fires' rate of spread and intensity. A significant component of these predictions involves understanding the thermophysical characteristics of vegetative fuels. The accuracy of predictive models (especially physical models) also depends on obtaining precise thermophysical and combustion parameters. This research aims to provide a comprehensive set of thermal degradation and combustion parameters for surface and near-surface fuel samples collected during prescribed fire experiment conducted in April 2022 in Little Desert National Park, Victoria, Australia. Firstly, fuel properties like fuel height, moisture content, bulk density, fuel load and heat of combustion were meticulously characterized for both surface and near-surface samples. Then activation energies for degradation reactions were determined using the Flynn–Wall–Ozawa method and for the determination of pre-exponential factors, in most cases these reactions closely aligned with a Second order model. This was followed by determination of other parameters such as heat of reaction, specific heat and conductivity. It was found that the density, activation energy and heat of combustion did not vary significantly across the six samples under question. The comprehensive set of obtained parameters will likely help to facilitate better predictions in fire propagation modelling.","PeriodicalId":12186,"journal":{"name":"Fire and Materials","volume":"48 6","pages":"642-656"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2024-05-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140882680","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Improving the flame retardancy and smoke suppression of flexible PVC by incorporating zinc borate-modified diantimony trioxide 通过加入硼酸锌改性三氧化二锑提高柔性聚氯乙烯的阻燃性和抑烟性

IF 2 4区材料科学

Fire and Materials Pub Date : 2024-05-04 DOI: 10.1002/fam.3212

Bin Zhang, Shaohua Zeng

{"title":"Improving the flame retardancy and smoke suppression of flexible PVC by incorporating zinc borate-modified diantimony trioxide","authors":"Bin Zhang, Shaohua Zeng","doi":"10.1002/fam.3212","DOIUrl":"10.1002/fam.3212","url":null,"abstract":"The properties and structure of flexible PVC by incorporating zinc borate (ZB)-modified diantimony trioxide (Sb2O3) were investigated. The results of flame retardancy and smoke suppression testing indicate that there was an obvious maximum Limited oxygen index (LOI) value of PVC/20 wt.% ZB–Sb2O3 composites reached 37.5% and passed the UL 94 V-0 rating. An obvious synergistic effect between ZB and Sb2O3 was observed by LOI, SDR, and TG. Moreover, remarkable decreases in the smoke density were observed when ZB–Sb2O3 was incorporated into PVC. In addition, the tensile strength and elongation at break of PVC/ZB–Sb2O3 composites was higher than PVC/Sb2O3 composites, and this ameliorative effect was mainly arising from the ZB–Sb2O3 nanoparticles, which reduced the degree of fatal defects on PVC. The addition of ZB and Sb2O3 greatly increased the amount of residual char and apparently improved the mechanical properties of PVC composites. According to scanning electron microscopy photographs of residual char, after thermal decomposition, there were many fragments linked to the condensed phase and the compact char layer. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy shows the residues char was composed of benzene ring, the flame retardants occurred and the condensed phase with significant interactions.","PeriodicalId":12186,"journal":{"name":"Fire and Materials","volume":"48 6","pages":"657-667"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2024-05-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140829798","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Assessing school evacuation movement characteristics: Children and adolescents speed and flow over stairs and through exit doorways 评估学校疏散运动的特点：儿童和青少年通过楼梯和出口通道的速度和流量

IF 2 4区材料科学

Fire and Materials Pub Date : 2024-04-15 DOI: 10.1002/fam.3209

Javad Hashempour, Babak Bahrani, Bryan Hoskins, Sohaib Abujayyab

{"title":"Assessing school evacuation movement characteristics: Children and adolescents speed and flow over stairs and through exit doorways","authors":"Javad Hashempour, Babak Bahrani, Bryan Hoskins, Sohaib Abujayyab","doi":"10.1002/fam.3209","DOIUrl":"10.1002/fam.3209","url":null,"abstract":"The available theories of evacuation movements are primarily founded on data gathered from adults, making them potentially unsuitable for children, especially in schools. Consequently, it is necessary to undertake further research to collect data on how children move during evacuations to understand their unique characteristics and disparities compared to adults. In this context, this paper aimed to explore the movement of school children and adolescents as they moved over stairs and through exit doorways during evacuations. The evacuation drill involved 295 school children and adolescents, whose behavior was closely monitored using a series of cameras. During the drill, their movement patterns, including flow and speed, were analyzed over stairs and through doorways. The observations revealed that children exhibited frequent interactions and contact with one another, unlike adults, who tend to maintain personal space. The findings of this study indicated that the average traveling speed over stairs was comparable to previous research, although female adolescents had a lower average speed compared to other groups. The speed and flow of participants passing through doorways were found to vary depending on their age and differed from estimates based on adult data. This study highlights that existing evacuation models fall short of adequately accounting for the dynamics of children, indicating the need for further research to improve the generalizability of evacuation models.","PeriodicalId":12186,"journal":{"name":"Fire and Materials","volume":"48 6","pages":"617-631"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140568837","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Numerical investigation on smoke control with new-style horizontal smoke baffle in an immersed road tunnel 采用新型水平挡烟板控制沉管公路隧道内烟雾的数值研究

IF 2 4区材料科学

Fire and Materials Pub Date : 2024-04-07 DOI: 10.1002/fam.3205

Shaogang Zhang, Dongyi Diao, Long Shi, Xudong Cheng, Jiahao Liu, Jianghong Liu, Jinhui Wang, Beihua Cong

{"title":"Numerical investigation on smoke control with new-style horizontal smoke baffle in an immersed road tunnel","authors":"Shaogang Zhang, Dongyi Diao, Long Shi, Xudong Cheng, Jiahao Liu, Jianghong Liu, Jinhui Wang, Beihua Cong","doi":"10.1002/fam.3205","DOIUrl":"10.1002/fam.3205","url":null,"abstract":"To investigate the improvement induced by horizontal smoke baffles during lateral smoke exhaust, an immersed road tunnel with various horizontal smoke baffles positioned below the lateral exhaust vent was studied numerically. Together with the velocity field characteristics, the temperature distribution was investigated near the lateral smoke exhaust vent, followed by the analysis of lateral smoke exhaust efficiency under different horizontal smoke baffles. Results showed that after installing the horizontal smoke baffle, there was a significant decrease in the extracted cold air, while the high-temperature smoke in the exhaust vent increases, indicating the plug-holing is effectively suppressed. It is known that the efficiency of smoke exhaust increases when the length exceedance ratio of the horizontal smoke baffle is smaller than 100%, while it changes slightly when the baffle length continues to increase. When the width ratio of horizontal baffle is smaller than 40%, the efficiency of smoke exhaust increases with the baffle width and then changes slightly with a wider smoke baffle. With a larger aspect ratio, the wider and shorter lateral exhaust vent is beneficial for improving the lateral smoke exhaust. Under the current conditions, the case shows the optimal smoke exhaust performance with a horizontal baffle length exceedance ratio of 100%, a baffle width ratio of 40%, and exhaust vent aspect ratio of 3:1. Finally, an empirical model is developed to describe the improvement of smoke exhaust efficiency caused by horizontal smoke baffle. These outcomes are helpful to the design of lateral smoke extraction system in road tunnels.","PeriodicalId":12186,"journal":{"name":"Fire and Materials","volume":"48 5","pages":"580-595"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140568638","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0