Fire and Materials最新文献_第4页

Experimental and Analytical Study on Heat Transfer of Concrete With Different Degrees of Saturation Under Elevated Temperatures 高温下不同饱和度混凝土传热特性的实验与分析研究

IF 2 4区材料科学

Fire and Materials Pub Date : 2025-01-06 DOI: 10.1002/fam.3270

Jun Deng, Jiajie Cui, Ridho Surahman, Min Tu, Yi Wang

{"title":"Experimental and Analytical Study on Heat Transfer of Concrete With Different Degrees of Saturation Under Elevated Temperatures","authors":"Jun Deng, Jiajie Cui, Ridho Surahman, Min Tu, Yi Wang","doi":"10.1002/fam.3270","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/fam.3270","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>In hygrothermal conditions, structural safety is a major concern because of the occurrence of explosive spalling when concrete structures are exposed to fire. To evaluate the fire damage of concrete accurately, the effect of moisture content and water-to-cement ratio on the thermal conductivity of concrete under elevated temperatures was studied experimentally and analytically in this paper. The experimental results showed that the temperature fields had a significant change among the cases with different water-to-cement ratios while the changes between dried and saturated cases were marginal. The temperature changes of dried samples were slightly swifter than those of saturated one. It indicates that compared with mixture proportions, concrete saturation degree has an insignificant influence on concrete heat transfer in the procedure of fire exposure. Based on the test and analytical results, an analytical model for heat transfer analysis of fire-damaged concrete under hot and humid environments was proposed and showed good agreement with the test results.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":12186,"journal":{"name":"Fire and Materials","volume":"49 3","pages":"269-279"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143622607","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Experimental Studies of the Effects of Recoating on Fire Protection Properties of Old and New Layers of Intumescent Coatings for Steel Elements 重涂对钢构件新、旧膨胀涂层防火性能影响的实验研究

IF 2 4区材料科学

Fire and Materials Pub Date : 2025-01-05 DOI: 10.1002/fam.3271

L. L. Wang, X. Zhu, T. J. Liu

{"title":"Experimental Studies of the Effects of Recoating on Fire Protection Properties of Old and New Layers of Intumescent Coatings for Steel Elements","authors":"L. L. Wang, X. Zhu, T. J. Liu","doi":"10.1002/fam.3271","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/fam.3271","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>This paper presents the results of experimental studies investigating the effects of recoating on fire protection properties of composite layers of intumescent coatings for steel elements. Intumescent coatings, both with and without topcoats, were applied to steel plates. The samples were subjected to different cycles of hydrothermal aging before recoating. The composite layers of the existing and new coatings were then tested under fire. Comparisons of the morphological structures of the carbonaceous char revealed that the existing coating had little effect on the expansion properties of the new coating. However, the new coating reduced the expansion ratio of the existing coating. The thermal resistance of the existing coating decreased with the increasing thickness of the new coating. For specimens with a new coating 1.0 mm thick, the thermal resistance of the existing coating, after even moderate environmental exposure, was < 20% of the total and can be ignored. Contributions from the existing coating may be considered when specifying the thickness of the new coating if the new coating thickness is small and the existing coating is subjected to moderate environmental aging. Recoating with a different type of intumescent coating from the existing one appeared to provide better fire protection performance than using the same type.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":12186,"journal":{"name":"Fire and Materials","volume":"49 3","pages":"280-296"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143622573","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Postfire Estimation of Heating Temperatures Experienced by Fire Retardant Coatings Using Smartphone Videos and Machine Learning 使用智能手机视频和机器学习对防火涂料的加热温度进行火灾后估计

IF 2 4区材料科学

Fire and Materials Pub Date : 2024-12-30 DOI: 10.1002/fam.3268

Zhichao Zhu, Weiran Song, Xin Yue, Yihan Lyu, Ji Wang

{"title":"Postfire Estimation of Heating Temperatures Experienced by Fire Retardant Coatings Using Smartphone Videos and Machine Learning","authors":"Zhichao Zhu, Weiran Song, Xin Yue, Yihan Lyu, Ji Wang","doi":"10.1002/fam.3268","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/fam.3268","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Accurate estimation of heating temperatures experienced by fire retardant coatings (FRCs) is crucial in identifying the ignition source during fire investigations. While traditional methods, such as spectroscopy, effectively capture the compositional changes in FRC at various heating temperatures, they are typically bulky, costly, and unsuitable for rapid field analysis. This study proposes the use of smartphone and machine learning to predict the heating temperatures of FRC. A smartphone is employed to capture short videos of FRC samples illuminated by its color-changing screen. Video frames are then decomposed into color images and converted into spectral data for further processing. Linear and nonlinear regression models are applied to identify key variables and enhance predictive accuracy. The performance of smartphone-based temperature estimation is compared to that of hyperspectral imaging and laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy. In the test phase, the coefficient of determination for smartphone-based estimation ranges from 0.946 to 0.962, often surpassing that of benchmark methods. These results indicate that smartphones can provide a low-cost, effective means for estimating heating temperatures of FRC in fire investigations.</p>","PeriodicalId":12186,"journal":{"name":"Fire and Materials","volume":"49 3","pages":"249-256"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2024-12-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143622494","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Evolution of Multifunctional Cotton Fabric as the Flame Retardant/Crease Proof/Microbial Resistant Blended With Green Synthesised TiO2 Nanoparticles Coatings 绿色合成纳米TiO2复合涂层阻燃/防皱/抗微生物多功能棉织物的研究进展

IF 2 4区材料科学

Fire and Materials Pub Date : 2024-12-27 DOI: 10.1002/fam.3272

Karan Kapoor, Sachin Kumar Godara, Veer Singh, Anupreet Kaur

{"title":"Evolution of Multifunctional Cotton Fabric as the Flame Retardant/Crease Proof/Microbial Resistant Blended With Green Synthesised TiO2 Nanoparticles Coatings","authors":"Karan Kapoor, Sachin Kumar Godara, Veer Singh, Anupreet Kaur","doi":"10.1002/fam.3272","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/fam.3272","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>In this work, green synthesised TiO<sub>2</sub> nanoparticles' coating was used to improve the fire safety and antibacterial property of 100% cotton fabric. In the first stage, <i>Aloe vera</i> extract was prepared, and subsequently used in the synthesis of TiO<sub>2</sub> nanoparticles. The average size of these as-synthesised TiO<sub>2</sub> nanoparticles was confirmed to be 16 nm using DLS (dynamic light scattering). Further, XRD (X-ray diffraction) patterns confirmed the successful synthesis of nanoparticles. The vibrational photon of TiO<sub>2</sub> was represented by peaks in the FTIR (Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy) spectrum between 450 and 800 cm<sup>−1</sup>. Subsequently, in an attempt to establish the flame retardant/crease proof/microbial resistant properties of the as-synthesised TiO<sub>2</sub> nanoparticles, the TiO<sub>2</sub> NPs coated cotton fabric was used for the investigations. Based on the investigations, the bending length (measure of fabric stiffness) value of the coated fabric (%) increased from 2.4 cm (uncoated fabric) to 3.71 cm (at 20% TiO<sub>2</sub> coating). Also, the crease recovery angle value increased from 71.8 (uncoated fabric) to 98.6 (20% TiO<sub>2</sub> coating), respectively. A vertical flammability test revealed that the burning time decreased from 13.31 s (0%) to 10.84 s (20%), confirming a fire-retardant trait of green synthesised TiO<sub>2</sub> nanoparticle coated fabric. Additionally, the disc diffusion method confirmed that the treated coated fabrics exhibit antibacterial properties against both gram-positive and gram-negative bacterial cultures: <i>Escherichia coli</i> and <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i>. This study provides an environmentally benign route for producing versatile cotton fabric blended with bioinspired TiO<sub>2</sub> NPs possessing improved flame resistance as well as antibacterial attributes.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":12186,"journal":{"name":"Fire and Materials","volume":"49 3","pages":"297-308"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2024-12-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143622560","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Wildfire Risk Assessment to Overhead Transmission-Line Based on Improved Analytic Hierarchy Process 基于改进层次分析法的架空输电在线野火风险评估

IF 2.4 4区材料科学

Fire and Materials Pub Date : 2024-12-27 DOI: 10.1002/fam.3267

Jun Xu, Chaoying Fang, Yunchu Cheng

引用次数: 0

Fire Protection of Steel Beam by OSB Claddings—A Fire Experiment and Numerical Models 钢梁OSB包覆层防火试验与数值模型

IF 2 4区材料科学

Fire and Materials Pub Date : 2024-12-26 DOI: 10.1002/fam.3260

Jakub Šejna, Vojtěch Šálek, Stanislav Šulc, Kamila Cábová, Vít Šmilauer, Slávek Zbirovský, Milan Jahoda, František Wald

{"title":"Fire Protection of Steel Beam by OSB Claddings—A Fire Experiment and Numerical Models","authors":"Jakub Šejna, Vojtěch Šálek, Stanislav Šulc, Kamila Cábová, Vít Šmilauer, Slávek Zbirovský, Milan Jahoda, František Wald","doi":"10.1002/fam.3260","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/fam.3260","url":null,"abstract":"<p>This paper presents the results of a standard fire resistance test of a loaded steel beam in a horizontal furnace. The beam was tested in three configurations: (1) unprotected, (2) protected with a single 22 mm layer of oriented strand board, and (3) protected with a double layer of the same cladding. The study also describes the development of a model in Fire Dynamics Simulator to predict the thermal conditions in the furnace and to observe the temperature trends on the beam surface, on the cladding, and at various depths in the cladding. A comparison between calculated and measured temperatures showed good agreement for the unprotected beam. However, for the protected beams, the model underestimated temperatures after 15 and 30 min for the single-layer and double-layer protection, respectively. Several potential sources for the discrepancies are identified. The main reason lies probably in the model's inability to correctly account for the effect of gaps in the cladding joints. Future work will focus on improving the accuracy of the model by removing these identified limitations, with particular attention to the behavior of the cladding as a passive fire protection material.</p>","PeriodicalId":12186,"journal":{"name":"Fire and Materials","volume":"49 2","pages":"196-214"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2024-12-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/fam.3260","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143446641","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Research on Fire Smoke Characteristics and Key Factor Evaluation in High-Altitude Traffic Tunnels 高空交通隧道火灾烟气特性及关键因素评价研究

IF 2 4区材料科学

Fire and Materials Pub Date : 2024-12-22 DOI: 10.1002/fam.3263

Keqing Yang, Jianchun Sun, Fen Xiang, Shiyong Yang, Weihao Ling

{"title":"Research on Fire Smoke Characteristics and Key Factor Evaluation in High-Altitude Traffic Tunnels","authors":"Keqing Yang, Jianchun Sun, Fen Xiang, Shiyong Yang, Weihao Ling","doi":"10.1002/fam.3263","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/fam.3263","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Given the seriousness of fire safety issues in high-altitude traffic tunnels, it is essential to investigate the spatial temperature characteristics under the coupling of multiple factors and their correlation with fire safety elements. This study systematically conducted full-scale simulation analyses of highway tunnels to reveal the distribution of transverse and longitudinal spatial temperature as well as the longitudinal smoke diffusion patterns. Based on the simulation data, an integrated approach utilizing orthogonal test analysis, deviation analysis, and sensitivity analysis was employed to explore the impacts of various factors, including altitude, the transverse position of the fire source, fire scale, and wind speed, on tunnel fire safety. The results indicate that the influence of altitude on the longitudinal temperature along the arch and the position of spatial cross-section characteristic points varies. Longitudinal ventilation speed is a relatively key factor affecting tunnel fire safety, particularly in terms of arch temperature and smoke backflow length, where its impact is significant. Additionally, fire scale has a notable impact on evacuation safety, with its overall influence ranking just below that of wind speed. In contrast, altitude and fire source position have relatively minor effects on tunnel fire safety. Inadequate longitudinal ventilation hinders the escape of personnel during tunnel fires, indicating that the design and operation of ventilation systems should be prioritized in fire prevention and control strategies. The findings of this study have significant practical implications for optimizing fire prevention and response capabilities in high-altitude tunnels.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":12186,"journal":{"name":"Fire and Materials","volume":"49 2","pages":"233-246"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2024-12-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143447093","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Preparation and Physicochemical Properties of Inorganic Solidified Foam for Forest Fire 林火用无机固化泡沫的制备及理化性能研究

IF 2.4 4区材料科学

Fire and Materials Pub Date : 2024-12-22 DOI: 10.1002/fam.3265

Bo You, Lei Zeng, Yu Shi, Ming Yang, Ke Gao, Zhe Gong, Meifeng Xu

{"title":"Preparation and Physicochemical Properties of Inorganic Solidified Foam for Forest Fire","authors":"Bo You, Lei Zeng, Yu Shi, Ming Yang, Ke Gao, Zhe Gong, Meifeng Xu","doi":"10.1002/fam.3265","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/fam.3265","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>To optimize the performance of inorganic solidified foam and apply it effectively in forest fire fighting, three different ionic surfactants were combined with four viscosity-increasing foam stabilizers. Then, the ratio of inorganic solidified foam was changed to investigate the effects of four factors, namely, water–binder ratio, quick-setting agent dosing, fly ash dosing, and foam dosing, on the foaming multiple and stability of the inorganic solidified foam. Finally, the fluidity and adhesion ability of the inorganic solidified foam were tested with different quick-setting agent dosages and foam dosages, and the optimal working condition range of the inorganic solidified foam was determined based on the test results. The results showed that when SDS:APG = 7:1, the foaming multiples of the foam were higher and it could reach 52.5 times when the surfactant content in the solution was 1.2 wt%; among the four viscosity-increasing stabilizers, the stabilizing effect of xanthan gum was the best. The inorganic solidified foam exhibits an extended foaming time when utilizing a water–binder ratio of 0.45 and a fly ash dosage of 0.5. To ensure optimal mobility and a specific adhesion thickness, it is recommended to maintain a foam dosage of 6 V or higher, with mobility falling within the 11–13 range. The preferred ratio for creating inorganic solidified foam involves a water–binder ratio of 0.45, a 0.6 wt% dosage of accelerating agent, a 0.5 fly ash content, and a foam mixing of 7 V.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":12186,"journal":{"name":"Fire and Materials","volume":"49 5","pages":"776-786"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2024-12-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144751281","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Retrofitting Homes: Cost of Mitigation Strategies for Improved Wildfire Resistance 改造房屋：提高抗野火能力的缓解策略的成本

IF 2.4 4区材料科学

Fire and Materials Pub Date : 2024-12-19 DOI: 10.1002/fam.3261

Kimiko Barrett, Stephen L. Quarles

{"title":"Retrofitting Homes: Cost of Mitigation Strategies for Improved Wildfire Resistance","authors":"Kimiko Barrett, Stephen L. Quarles","doi":"10.1002/fam.3261","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/fam.3261","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>As wildfire risks increase, it is essential to retrofit the existing housing stock in wildfire-prone areas to reduce community wildfire risk. Yet there are significant questions regarding the costs and most effective strategies to retrofit homes for improved wildfire resistance. This article identifies the costs for retrofitting homes to meet the requirements specified by Chapter 7A (Materials and Construction Methods for Exterior Wildfire Exposure) in the California Building Code. Guidance from recent research related to ignition-resistant construction was also utilized. Construction costs were calculated as a per-unit value and were explicit to the exterior components of the home. Detailed estimates are offered for upgrading a home's exterior walls, roof, deck, windows and doors, under-eave areas, gutters, and near-home landscaping. Analysis demonstrates that some of the most effective strategies to reduce structure vulnerability to wildfire can be done affordably. This analysis suggested that for a typical 2000-square-foot home in California, retrofitting costs can be as low as $2000 for minimal retrofits to $100,000 for the highest level of protection.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":12186,"journal":{"name":"Fire and Materials","volume":"49 5","pages":"762-775"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2024-12-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144751650","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Adoption of Heat Insulation Materials for Lithium-Ion Battery Fire Blanket Coating and Earlier Fire Alarming 锂离子电池防火毯涂层隔热材料的采用及早期火灾报警

IF 2 4区材料科学

Fire and Materials Pub Date : 2024-12-19 DOI: 10.1002/fam.3269

H. S. Zhen, B. F. Yang, Q. W. Tang, Z. L. Wei

{"title":"Adoption of Heat Insulation Materials for Lithium-Ion Battery Fire Blanket Coating and Earlier Fire Alarming","authors":"H. S. Zhen, B. F. Yang, Q. W. Tang, Z. L. Wei","doi":"10.1002/fam.3269","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/fam.3269","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>This article presents a comprehensive study of the insulation materials used for lithium-ion battery fire blanket coatings. First, a novel testing method is introduced to quantify the impact of insulating agents on the softness and wraparound capabilities of the blanket. Second, to guarantee the explosion resistance as well as other functions of the blanket, insulation materials are introduced, and the insulation effectiveness of various insulating agents is assessed using a 1200°C flame, with findings indicating that a 10% addition of 20 nm silica aerogel yields the best insulation effect. Further analysis of the influence of insulating agents on the release of pyrolysis particles and smoke reveals that both concentrations are elevated compared to the bare silicon dioxide cloth, thereby enabling fire detectors to trigger alarms at the earliest possible stage. Finally, low-temperature tests are conducted to verify the enhanced insulation properties of the coating in non-fire scenarios. The outcomes confirm that a 10% addition of 20 nm silica aerogel provides the best insulation. The research results demonstrate that this innovative coating exhibits outstanding insulation performance across a broad temperature range and offers significant fire detection and protection functionalities.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":12186,"journal":{"name":"Fire and Materials","volume":"49 3","pages":"257-268"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2024-12-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143622688","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0