Fire and Materials最新文献

{"title":"Fire Hazard of Fiber Dust Layers With Different Widths and Inclination Angles Exposed to Simulated Hotspots","authors":"Jinglin Zhang,&nbsp;Zhenguo Du,&nbsp;Qi Yuan,&nbsp;Chang Li,&nbsp;Shixun Ding,&nbsp;Gang Li,&nbsp;Chunmiao Yuan","doi":"10.1002/fam.3277","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/fam.3277","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Fiber dust's flocculent structure often leads to underestimation of its potential for fire and explosion. In order to compare the fire hazards of fiber dust layers with different widths and inclination angles exposed to simulated hotspots with traditional powdered dust layers. The current research systematically studied the flame spread characteristics of flax, paper scraps, and wood dust with widths of 20, 30, 40, 50, and 60 mm at inclination angles of 0°, −10°, −20°, −30° and −40°. Studies have found that at different widths and inclination angles, flax dust has a higher flame spread velocity than wood powder, and even metal powder. Under the coupling effect of the width and inclination angle of the countercurrent flame, the inclination angle has a significant impact on the flame spread velocity of the countercurrent flame. Flax fiber dust has a significantly higher fire hazard than conventional dust. These findings should be taken into account in the industrial processes of handling flax fiber dust.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":12186,"journal":{"name":"Fire and Materials","volume":"49 3","pages":"309-319"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143622332","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"How to Approach the Definition of WUI in Northern Europe","authors":"Javier Elio Medina,&nbsp;Frida Vermina Plathner,&nbsp;Elsa Pastor,&nbsp;Nieves Fernandez-Anez","doi":"10.1002/fam.3264","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/fam.3264","url":null,"abstract":"<p>This article aims to delineate the wildland–urban interface in the sparsely populated, limited-resourced Scandinavian peninsula (excluding Finland). Common WUI mapping assumptions and how different thresholds capture the reality of building ignition from wildfire in this region are evaluated. We show that dedicated fuel maps capture areas at risk slightly better than vegetation maps, although the choice of map per se is less important than the selected limit for possible ember transport. The commonly used 6.17 buildings/km² threshold for building density fails to capture most wildfire incidents that have led to building ignition.</p>","PeriodicalId":12186,"journal":{"name":"Fire and Materials","volume":"49 5","pages":"787-804"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2025-01-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/fam.3264","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144751487","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Laboratory-Scale Assessment of Carbon-Epoxy Structural U-Channels Exposed to Flange Heating","authors":"Tim J. Aspinall,&nbsp;Emmajane L. Erskine,&nbsp;Kevin A. Denham,&nbsp;Derek C. Taylor,&nbsp;Rory M. Hadden","doi":"10.1002/fam.3262","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/fam.3262","url":null,"abstract":"<p>This study investigates the combined thermal and mechanical response of pre-loaded woven carbon-epoxy U-channels subjected to radiant heating conditions similar to those experienced by aircraft structures in the event of a fire. A custom-built laboratory scale test rig was used to combine the mechanical loads and thermal boundary conditions. The main experimental aim was to measure failure times, failure modes, displacement and temperature distribution of the U-channels. The results show that the U-channels undergo multiple phases of decomposition when exposed to heat. These phases include physico-chemical changes such as bubble formation, visible charring, and epoxy resin pyrolysis. Additionally, the U-channels experience mechanical degradation through thermal-induced delamination and torsional deformation, causing the flange furthest from the heat source to buckle. The rate of decomposition and loss of load-bearing capacity are directly proportional to heat flux, with higher heat fluxes accelerating these processes. Analysis of displacement data reveals that higher heat fluxes correlate with lower displacement variability over time for U-channels under identical thermal conditions. Temperature measurements indicate that higher heat fluxes result in higher temperatures but lower temperature gradients, directly influencing failure times and modes. Consequently, higher temperatures lead to shorter failure times, while lower temperatures extend failure times. The findings from this study will provide valuable knowledge to inform optimised approaches, especially in the domain of aircraft structural fire safety.</p>","PeriodicalId":12186,"journal":{"name":"Fire and Materials","volume":"49 2","pages":"215-232"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/fam.3262","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143446893","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"New Laboratory Results on Ignition and Propagation in Live Vegetation Paving the Road to a Semi-Empirical Model","authors":"Bruno Guillaume,&nbsp;Anne Ganteaume,&nbsp;Malek Majeri,&nbsp;Jacky Fayad,&nbsp;Mohamad El Houssami,&nbsp;Yannick Pizzo,&nbsp;Bernard Porterie","doi":"10.1002/fam.3273","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/fam.3273","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Wildfires arriving at a brush-cleared vegetation near vulnerable assets in the Wildland-Urban Interface (WUI), experience significantly reduced fire propagation, intensity, and associated risks. However, assessing the effectiveness of fuel reduction on fire behavior remains challenging due to limited understanding of ignition and propagation mechanisms in live vegetation. To fill this gap, a simplified approach was designed, focusing more on the combination of physical modeling with new empirical data rather than providing new insight in the physical process modeling. Burning experiments were conducted on cypress trees at two scales of live vegetation, the “laboratory scale” and the “real scale,” to gather data on fire behavior in cypress canopies with varying fuel moisture content (FMC) and bulk density (BD), using two ignition methods. A semi-empirical model, based on the physical model Fire Dynamic Simulator was developed, using the “laboratory scale” data as inputs, while the data recorded at “real scale” were used to validate the model. Laboratory-scale experiments showed consistent results when ignition was initiated by flame contact. In contrast, indirect radiant heat ignition was highly variable due to the influence of gaps between leaves. At the real scale, BD had a significant impact on fire behavior. The model evaluation showed it could simulate fire auto-propagation in live vegetation much more precisely compared to current physical models, leveraging the precise fire behavior data obtained at the laboratory scale.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":12186,"journal":{"name":"Fire and Materials","volume":"49 5","pages":"611-622"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2025-01-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144751544","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Hot-Particle Ignition of Typical Fuels in the Wildland-Urban Interface and Subsequent Fire Behaviors","authors":"Kaifeng Wang,&nbsp;Supan Wang,&nbsp;Xinyan Huang","doi":"10.1002/fam.3276","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/fam.3276","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>The hot-particle ignition is a common cause of wildland and building fires. This study investigates the ignition of three typical fuels (straw, pine needles, and cotton) in the wildland-urban interface (WUI) by a hot metal particle of different temperatures and void ratios. In the absence of wind, the ignition of cotton is the easiest, where a flame occurs directly without clear smoldering. As the particle becomes hollow, the required minimum particle temperature for igniting cotton becomes smaller, because of a longer contact time between particle and fuel surface. Once ignited, the flaming of cotton is the weakest, with a mass loss of less than 25% because of an intensive charring. The burning of straw and pine needles is intense, with a large flame height and very little residue. Materials with finer and thinner structure like cotton are easy to initiate a flame by a hot particle while hard to sustain smoldering ignition. The hollow-structure or large-porosity materials like straw are prone to smoldering ignition under a weaker spot heating source. The fast-cooling void particles cannot induce a smoldering ignition of all three WUI fuels, because smoldering ignition requires a longer effective heating duration. This study helps understand the ignition propensity of WUI fuels by a hot particle and the subsequent flame-spread and burning process, which supports the fire protection design for WUI communities.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":12186,"journal":{"name":"Fire and Materials","volume":"49 5","pages":"698-707"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2025-01-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144751542","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Characterisation of Hedge Burning in the Context of Wildland Urban Interface (WUI) Fire Prevention","authors":"Virginie Tihay-Felicelli,&nbsp;Karina Meerpoel-Pietri,&nbsp;Paul-Antoine Santoni,&nbsp;Yolanda Perez-Ramirez,&nbsp;Anthony Graziani,&nbsp;Frédéric Morandini,&nbsp;Camille Luciani,&nbsp;William Mell,&nbsp;Alexander Maranghides","doi":"10.1002/fam.3266","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/fam.3266","url":null,"abstract":"<p>With global warming, the wildfire season tends to get longer, causing fatalities and devastating damage to human property. Although many countries have implemented fire risk prevention measures, particularly in Wildland Urban Interfaces (WUI), this finding shows that there are weaknesses in the prevention measures. This is mainly due to a lack of knowledge about WUI fire exposure conditions. This paper presents field-scale experiments to characterise the burning of rockrose-reconstructed hedges (6 × 1 × 1 m) close to a building in order to provide experimental data on heat release rate (HRR), flame front geometry, and heat fluxes to the building. The mean horizontal flame extent was 4.4 (±0.7) m with values up to 5.5 m. These values are generally higher than the minimum distance to be maintained between vegetation and buildings in most countries. The fire intensity ranged from 283 to 3479 kW/m, resulting in maximum values at 3 m from the hedge of up to 45.4 kW/m² for the total heat flux and 38.1 kW/m² for the radiant heat flux. However, the flame duration is short, averaging 112.8 (±27.1) s. This type of exposure is far from those used to test the fire resistance worldwide. Therefore, the data obtained in this study are crucial for improving fire risk prevention methods worldwide, whether for fuel management in defensible zones or for testing building materials to make buildings more resistant to wildfires.</p>","PeriodicalId":12186,"journal":{"name":"Fire and Materials","volume":"49 5","pages":"728-743"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2025-01-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/fam.3266","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144751274","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Comparative Study of Ignitibility and Combustibility Properties of Four Algerian Plants: Application to Wildland Fuels Classification","authors":"F. Z. Krim,&nbsp;N. Zekri,&nbsp;H. Boutchiche,&nbsp;O. Mosbah,&nbsp;S. Sahraoui","doi":"10.1002/fam.3274","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/fam.3274","url":null,"abstract":"&lt;div&gt;\u0000 \u0000 &lt;p&gt;To seek a fire-resistant fuel, the reaction to fire of Algerian \u0000 &lt;i&gt;Phoenix dactylifera&lt;/i&gt;\u0000 leaves known for their thermal resistance was compared to that of three highly flammable Algerian fuel particles: \u0000 &lt;i&gt;Eucalyptus globulus&lt;/i&gt;\u0000 leaves and \u0000 &lt;i&gt;Pinus halepensis&lt;/i&gt;\u0000 and \u0000 &lt;i&gt;Pinus canariensis&lt;/i&gt;\u0000 needles. By using a small-scale cone calorimeter, their thermal properties were investigated under a low irradiance of &lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;math&gt;\u0000 \u0000 &lt;semantics&gt;\u0000 \u0000 &lt;mrow&gt;\u0000 \u0000 &lt;mn&gt;3.5&lt;/mn&gt;\u0000 \u0000 &lt;mspace&gt;&lt;/mspace&gt;\u0000 \u0000 &lt;mi&gt;kW&lt;/mi&gt;\u0000 \u0000 &lt;mo&gt;/&lt;/mo&gt;\u0000 \u0000 &lt;msup&gt;\u0000 \u0000 &lt;mi&gt;m&lt;/mi&gt;\u0000 \u0000 &lt;mn&gt;2&lt;/mn&gt;\u0000 &lt;/msup&gt;\u0000 &lt;/mrow&gt;\u0000 &lt;/semantics&gt;\u0000 &lt;/math&gt;, while their ignition and combustion properties were examined with irradiances of &lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;math&gt;\u0000 \u0000 &lt;semantics&gt;\u0000 \u0000 &lt;mrow&gt;\u0000 \u0000 &lt;mn&gt;17.5&lt;/mn&gt;\u0000 &lt;/mrow&gt;\u0000 &lt;/semantics&gt;\u0000 &lt;/math&gt; and &lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;math&gt;\u0000 \u0000 &lt;semantics&gt;\u0000 \u0000 &lt;mrow&gt;\u0000 \u0000 &lt;mn&gt;50&lt;/mn&gt;\u0000 \u0000 &lt;mspace&gt;&lt;/mspace&gt;\u0000 \u0000 &lt;mi&gt;kW&lt;/mi&gt;\u0000 \u0000 &lt;mo&gt;/&lt;/mo&gt;\u0000 \u0000 &lt;msup&gt;\u0000 \u0000 &lt;mi&gt;m&lt;/mi&gt;\u0000 \u0000 &lt;mn&gt;2&lt;/mn&gt;\u0000 &lt;/msup&gt;\u0000 &lt;/mrow&gt;\u0000 &lt;/semantics&gt;\u0000 &lt;/math&gt;. \u0000 &lt;i&gt;Eucalyptus globulus&lt;/i&gt;\u0000 leaves were found the most ignitable fuels with the largest released heat, while \u0000 &lt;i&gt;Phoenix dactylifera&lt;/i&gt;\u0000 leaves were found by far the least ignitable fuels with the smallest released heat, particularly under large heat flux intensities. Based on a theoretical analysis of thermal and ignition properties, a new flammability/spreading index combining the ignitability and combustibility metrics was proposed to rank these fuels. This index was compared with the fire retardancy index used for polymer composites and adapted to these plants because it uses a cone calorimeter. A similar ranking order was obtained between the two indices for the considered fuels, where \u0000 &lt;i&gt;Eucalyptus globulus&lt;/i&gt;\u0000 leaves were found by far the most fire-spreading fuels particularly at large fire intensity. On the other hand, \u0000 &lt;i&gt;Phoenix dactylifera&lt;/i&gt;\u0000 leaves appeared by far the least fire-spreading fuels particularly at large fire intensity. The possible use of \u0000 &lt;","PeriodicalId":12186,"journal":{"name":"Fire and Materials","volume":"49 5","pages":"642-656"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2025-01-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144751275","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Comprehensive Experimental Studies on Smoldering Characteristics of Forest Soil from pinus sylvestris Vegetation","authors":"Lukas Heydick,&nbsp;Kira Piechnik,&nbsp;Andrea Klippel","doi":"10.1002/fam.3275","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/fam.3275","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Smoldering combustion, often linked with forest fires in coniferous forests, pose significant health and environmental risks, particularly in densely populated countries like Germany, where these fires commonly occur in wildland–urban interface (WUI) areas. This study investigates the combustion characteristics of <i>Pinus sylvestris</i> soil, focusing on the underlying processes and thermal behavior. The aim is to provide a comprehensive analysis of smoldering combustion in pine forest soil, with a specific focus on fire-exposed soil horizons. The research integrates soil characterization, elemental analysis, heat of combustion determination, and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) of pine soil fractions ranging from &lt; 0.063 to &gt; 4 mm, conducted under both air and nitrogen atmospheres. The derivative thermogravimetry (DTG) curves reveal that the fastest mass loss occurs during pyrolysis, with peak temperatures between 240°C and 280°C. Activation energies (<i>E</i>\u0000 _{\u0000 <i>a</i>\u0000}) were calculated using the Kissinger–Akahira–Sunose (KAS) and Flynn–Wall–Ozawa (FWO) methods. The highest activation energies were observed between conversion rates of 0.2 and 0.4. Activation energies at peak temperatures for all fractions were determined using the Kissinger method. Residue analysis reveals significant variations in organic content, ranging from 22.6% to 92.7%. The findings demonstrate that German-typical pine soil is prone to smoldering combustion, highlighting processes determined as preheating, drying, pyrolysis, and oxidation. As part of the German Pilot of the EUs TREEADS project, this study provides essential data for numerical simulations, emphasizing the need to consider both physical and chemical properties of soil fractions to mitigate the impact of smoldering fires in pine forest ecosystems.</p>","PeriodicalId":12186,"journal":{"name":"Fire and Materials","volume":"49 5","pages":"670-685"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2025-01-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/fam.3275","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144751235","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Experimental and Analytical Study on Heat Transfer of Concrete With Different Degrees of Saturation Under Elevated Temperatures","authors":"Jun Deng,&nbsp;Jiajie Cui,&nbsp;Ridho Surahman,&nbsp;Min Tu,&nbsp;Yi Wang","doi":"10.1002/fam.3270","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/fam.3270","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>In hygrothermal conditions, structural safety is a major concern because of the occurrence of explosive spalling when concrete structures are exposed to fire. To evaluate the fire damage of concrete accurately, the effect of moisture content and water-to-cement ratio on the thermal conductivity of concrete under elevated temperatures was studied experimentally and analytically in this paper. The experimental results showed that the temperature fields had a significant change among the cases with different water-to-cement ratios while the changes between dried and saturated cases were marginal. The temperature changes of dried samples were slightly swifter than those of saturated one. It indicates that compared with mixture proportions, concrete saturation degree has an insignificant influence on concrete heat transfer in the procedure of fire exposure. Based on the test and analytical results, an analytical model for heat transfer analysis of fire-damaged concrete under hot and humid environments was proposed and showed good agreement with the test results.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":12186,"journal":{"name":"Fire and Materials","volume":"49 3","pages":"269-279"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143622607","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Experimental Studies of the Effects of Recoating on Fire Protection Properties of Old and New Layers of Intumescent Coatings for Steel Elements","authors":"L. L. Wang,&nbsp;X. Zhu,&nbsp;T. J. Liu","doi":"10.1002/fam.3271","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/fam.3271","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>This paper presents the results of experimental studies investigating the effects of recoating on fire protection properties of composite layers of intumescent coatings for steel elements. Intumescent coatings, both with and without topcoats, were applied to steel plates. The samples were subjected to different cycles of hydrothermal aging before recoating. The composite layers of the existing and new coatings were then tested under fire. Comparisons of the morphological structures of the carbonaceous char revealed that the existing coating had little effect on the expansion properties of the new coating. However, the new coating reduced the expansion ratio of the existing coating. The thermal resistance of the existing coating decreased with the increasing thickness of the new coating. For specimens with a new coating 1.0 mm thick, the thermal resistance of the existing coating, after even moderate environmental exposure, was &lt; 20% of the total and can be ignored. Contributions from the existing coating may be considered when specifying the thickness of the new coating if the new coating thickness is small and the existing coating is subjected to moderate environmental aging. Recoating with a different type of intumescent coating from the existing one appeared to provide better fire protection performance than using the same type.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":12186,"journal":{"name":"Fire and Materials","volume":"49 3","pages":"280-296"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143622573","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}