High temperature and fire properties of sustainable syntactic foam reinforced by end-of-life tyre-derived rubber particles

IF 2 4区 材料科学 Q3 MATERIALS SCIENCE, MULTIDISCIPLINARY
Nathaphon Buddhacosa, Fillippo Giustozzi, Cheng Wang, Anthony Chun Yin Yuen, Akbar Khatibi, Raj Das, Everson Kandare
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Abstract

The management of end-of-life tyres faces challenges due to insufficient recycling infrastructure and technologies, as well as limited markets for the materials recovered from them. To mitigate this, waste rubber can be upcycled and used as filler material for polymer matrix composites. Before rubber-reinforced composites can be certified for fire-prone applications, their thermal and flammability properties must be understood. This research investigates the effect of rubber fillers on the thermal stability, flammability and flame spread characteristics of epoxy matrix syntactic foam. Thermogravimetric analysis, Fourier Transform Infrared spectrometry (FTIR), scanning electron microscopy and attenuated total reflection FTIR spectrometry were employed to elucidate changes in thermal degradation behaviours. The influence of rubber fillers on the flammability of syntactic foam was assessed using the cone calorimeter. The fire reaction properties of rubber-reinforced foam were affected by the intensity of the incident heat flux. Regardless of the incident heat flux, an increase in rubber content led to higher total heat release. At the lower heat flux of 35 kW/m2, the fire growth rate increased with rubber content, but at the higher heat flux of 50 kW/m2, the fire growth rate decreased as the rubber content increased. Importantly, all rubber-reinforced syntactic foams achieved a UL94 HB ranking and exhibited reduced flame spread rates compared to the unmodified foam. This study demonstrated the potential for upcycling waste rubber into sustainable engineering products and expanded the knowledge base on fire reaction properties and flame spread characteristics of such hybrid composite materials.

Abstract Image

用报废轮胎衍生橡胶颗粒增强的可持续合成泡沫的高温和防火特性
由于回收基础设施和技术不足,以及从轮胎中回收的材料市场有限,报废轮胎的管理面临挑战。为缓解这一问题,可对废弃橡胶进行再循环,并将其用作聚合物基复合材料的填充材料。在橡胶增强复合材料获得易燃应用认证之前,必须了解其热和易燃特性。本研究调查了橡胶填料对环氧基合成泡沫的热稳定性、可燃性和火焰蔓延特性的影响。研究采用了热重分析、傅立叶变换红外光谱法(FTIR)、扫描电子显微镜和衰减全反射傅立叶变换红外光谱法来阐明热降解行为的变化。使用锥形量热计评估了橡胶填充物对合成泡沫易燃性的影响。橡胶增强泡沫的火灾反应特性受入射热通量强度的影响。无论入射热通量如何,橡胶含量的增加都会导致总热量释放增加。在 35 kW/m2 的较低热通量下,火灾增长率随着橡胶含量的增加而增加,但在 50 kW/m2 的较高热通量下,火灾增长率随着橡胶含量的增加而降低。重要的是,与未改性泡沫相比,所有橡胶增强合成泡沫都达到了 UL94 HB 等级,并显示出较低的火焰蔓延率。这项研究证明了将废橡胶升级再利用为可持续工程产品的潜力,并扩展了有关此类混合复合材料的火灾反应特性和火焰蔓延特性的知识库。
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来源期刊
Fire and Materials
Fire and Materials 工程技术-材料科学:综合
CiteScore
4.60
自引率
5.30%
发文量
72
审稿时长
3 months
期刊介绍: Fire and Materials is an international journal for scientific and technological communications directed at the fire properties of materials and the products into which they are made. This covers all aspects of the polymer field and the end uses where polymers find application; the important developments in the fields of natural products - wood and cellulosics; non-polymeric materials - metals and ceramics; as well as the chemistry and industrial applications of fire retardant chemicals. Contributions will be particularly welcomed on heat release; properties of combustion products - smoke opacity, toxicity and corrosivity; modelling and testing.
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