European Journal of Neuroscience最新文献

{"title":"Changes in Cerebral Glucose Metabolism at Rest Following Hemicontusive Cervical Spinal Cord Injury in Mice: A Whole-Brain Autoradiographic Study","authors":"Zhuo Wang,&nbsp;Camelia A. Danilov,&nbsp;Dilan Setiya,&nbsp;Daniel P. Holschneider","doi":"10.1111/ejn.70661","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/ejn.70661","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Spinal cord injury (SCI) disrupts brain-spinal cord communications and results in profound brain reorganization. Here, we apply high-resolution, voxel-based, whole-brain metabolic mapping using the [¹⁴C]-2-deoxyglucose autoradiographic method in adult, female mice to assess functional brain reorganization in a subacute stage (1 week after SCI). Right moderate contusive injury at the cervical 5 level was confirmed by glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) immunohistochemical staining. SCI compared to sham-lesioned animals showed significant motor deficits (grip strength and rotarod) alongside decreases in glucose uptake in sensorimotor regions of the cortex, basal ganglia, and thalamus. In contrast, regions in the limbic system (the amygdala, accumbens nucleus, lateral septum, and hippocampus) and in the cerebellum demonstrated increases in glucose uptake in SCI animals. Most of these effects were noted bilaterally, suggesting functional reorganization involving ascending and descending neural pathways in both hemispheres. In addition, functional metabolic connectivity between the ventral posterolateral thalamic nucleus and primary somatosensory cortex was bilaterally decreased. The current preliminary findings underscore the broadness of brain reorganization in the subacute stage following a unilateral contusive-type SCI. Functional whole-brain metabolic mapping provides a roadmap for future targeted studies examining neuroplastic markers to evaluate new therapeutic strategies.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":11993,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of Neuroscience","volume":"64 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2026-08-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148823322","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Intracranial Electrical Stimulation of the Superior Temporal Gyrus Evokes Rapid Responses in Human Visual Cortex","authors":"Emily C. Cunningham,&nbsp;David Brang","doi":"10.1111/ejn.70660","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/ejn.70660","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Sounds can alter visual processing even at the earliest stages of the cortical pathway. However, our understanding of how acoustic signals are relayed to visual cortex is limited, particularly with respect to the involvement of different regions of auditory cortex in the most rapid stages of this communication across distinct visual areas. Here, we address this question by examining occipital intracranial responses to direct electrical stimulation of the superior temporal gyrus (STG) in 23 patients with epilepsy. Stimulation of mid- and posterior-STG elicited responses in visual cortex as early as 18 ms after onset, with a distribution that favored lateral occipital cortex, lingual gyrus, and anterior calcarine regions near peripheral V1. Early visual cortex (V1/V2) responded most strongly to stimulation over mid-STG, whereas lateral occipital cortex (near V5/hMT+) exhibited the most robust response to posterior STG stimulation. Responses in visual cortex were organized in a manner similar to that of nonhuman primates, with possible evidence for an exception over the occipital pole. These results support theories that human visual responses to sound are inherited in part from auditory cortex and provide insight into routes through which acoustic information may rapidly facilitate processing of visual input.</p>","PeriodicalId":11993,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of Neuroscience","volume":"64 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2026-08-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/ejn.70660","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148823279","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Electrophysiological Correlates of Encoding Indicate Altered Processing but Comparable Subsequent Memory Effects Across Virtual Reality and Desktop-Based Conditions","authors":"Joanna Kisker,&nbsp;Merle Sagehorn,&nbsp;Thomas Gruber","doi":"10.1111/ejn.70664","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/ejn.70664","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Successful episodic memory formation emerges from the interplay of perceptual, attentional, contextual, and elaborative processes. The relative contribution of these processes to encoding may vary with the conditions under which information is encountered. In particular, different presentation modalities, like virtual reality (VR) and desktop-based presentations (PC), can convey the same semantic identity of an item while differing in perceptual, spatial, and contextual information. Although VR- and PC-encoded memories have been observed to differ in retrieval processes, it remains unclear whether these differences arise during encoding. The present study addressed this question by comparing successful object encoding across presentation modes. Participants incidentally encoded everyday objects in VR and on a PC, and successful encoding was assessed by relating encoding-related EEG activity to later memory. Subsequently remembered objects elicited reliable ERP subsequent memory effects, linked to semantic, contextual, and elaborative encoding processes, as well as an enhanced theta-band response, indicating contextual integration. However, these effects were not modulated by presentation mode, consistent with comparable memory performance across conditions. In contrast, presentation mode affected encoding activity irrespective of subsequent memory success: VR elicited a more negative early ERP and stronger theta-band activity at frontal sensors than PC-based presentation, potentially reflecting altered object evaluation and enhanced visuospatial integration. These modality-dependent differences could not be attributed primarily to early visual or attentional processing, as they were not accompanied by differences in P1 or alpha-band responses. Thus, VR altered general object processing during encoding, whereas the neural processes predicting later recognition were comparable across presentation modes.</p>","PeriodicalId":11993,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of Neuroscience","volume":"64 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2026-08-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/ejn.70664","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148823390","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Resting State Functional Connectivity Among Cortical and Subcortical Grey Matter Structures Can Distinguish Fallers in Parkinson's Disease","authors":"Rodrigo Vitorio,&nbsp;Korey P. Wylie,&nbsp;Justin W. Andrushko","doi":"10.1111/ejn.70666","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/ejn.70666","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The underlying neural mechanisms associated with falls in Parkinson's disease (PD) are not fully understood. We aimed to identify measures of resting-state functional connectivity (rs-FC) among cortical and subcortical regions that best discriminate fallers from nonfallers in people with PD. People with mild-to-moderate PD were classified as fallers (<i>n</i> = 23) or nonfallers (<i>n</i> = 35) based on falls in the previous 12 months. Following resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging, measures of rs-FC were obtained for multiple subcortical and cortical regions of interest (ROIs) associated with the control of gait and balance. To investigate the combinations of (up to three) measures that best discriminate fallers from nonfallers, we applied logistic regression employing a ‘best subsets selection strategy’ with a five-fold cross validation and calculated the area under the curve (AUC). The most consistently selected measures in the top 10 ranked models were the rs-FC between the following ROIs: left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC)–hypothalamus, and somatosensory cortex–globus pallidus internus. Relative to nonfallers, fallers had reduced rs-FC between these two ROIs pairs (Cohen's <i>d</i> = 0.918 and 0.765, respectively). The model combining these pairs with the rs-FC between the right DLPFC and the thalamus achieved an AUC of 0.87 (95% CI: 0.77–0.97). The rs-FC between the left DLPFC and the hypothalamus, and between the somatosensory cortex and the globus pallidus internus, discriminate fallers from nonfallers in PD, representing potential targets for interventions. Connectivity deficits may limit the ability of fallers in processing information in a timely and accurate manner.</p>","PeriodicalId":11993,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of Neuroscience","volume":"64 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2026-08-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/ejn.70666","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148823273","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Brief, Repeated Isoflurane Anaesthesia Elicits Sex-Dependent Behavioural, Cerebrovascular and Microglial Alterations in Mice","authors":"Zofia Sus,&nbsp;Ishan Verma,&nbsp;Shafiul H. Khan,&nbsp;Timofei Romanchuk,&nbsp;Ozgun Mavuk,&nbsp;Adina T. Michael-Titus,&nbsp;Simon McArthur,&nbsp;Jordi L. Tremoleda","doi":"10.1111/ejn.70663","DOIUrl":"10.1111/ejn.70663","url":null,"abstract":"<p>General anaesthetics are indispensable tools in biomedical research, yet growing evidence shows that their effects on brain function extend beyond the transient loss of consciousness for which they are used. Although numerous preclinical studies have examined the impact of a single anaesthetic exposure, far less is known about the cumulative consequences of repeated administration protocols, despite their widespread use in longitudinal imaging, behavioural testing and disease model studies. Here, we show that brief, repeated isoflurane exposures induce alterations in behaviour, cerebrovascular patterns and microglial phenotype in adult CD1 mice, with several responses exhibiting pronounced sex specificity. Repeated anaesthesia suppressed locomotor activity selectively in females and impaired ethologically important maintenance behaviours, including nesting and burrowing, in both sexes. These behavioural effects were not accompanied by changes in cerebral blood flow dynamics, but at the molecular level, repeated isoflurane exposure altered endothelial marker expression without modifying capillary density. Isoflurane exposure shifted microglia towards a hyporeactive state. Together, these data reveal that even short, routine anaesthetic events produce biologically meaningful and sex-dependent effects on neural, vascular and immune systems. These results indicate that the anaesthetic regimen is an often overlooked but influential factor that deserves careful consideration in pre-clinical neuroscience.</p>","PeriodicalId":11993,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of Neuroscience","volume":"64 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2026-08-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/ejn.70663","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148826643","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Correction to “Brain Morphometry Fingerprints are Associated with Gait Initiation Deficits in Parkinson's Disease and Freezing of Gait”","authors":"","doi":"10.1111/ejn.70657","DOIUrl":"10.1111/ejn.70657","url":null,"abstract":"<p>\u0000 <span>dos Santos de Oliveira, L.</span>, <span>M. P. Nucci</span>, <span>C. Silva-Batista</span>, et al. <span>2026</span>. “ <span>Brain Morphometry Fingerprints are Associated with Gait Initiation Deficits in Parkinson's Disease and Freezing of Gait</span>.” <i>European Journal of Neuroscience</i> <span>64</span>, no. <span>3</span>: e70647. https://doi.org/10.1111/ejn.70647.\u0000 </p><p>The article title was incorrect and has been updated from \"Freezing of Gait: A Tribute to Nir Giladi\" to “Brain morphometry fingerprints are associated with gait initiation deficits in Parkinson's disease and Freezing of Gait.”</p><p>The corresponding author, Luana dos Santos de Oliveira, was incorrect and has been changed to Daniel Boari Coelho “<span>[email protected]</span>”.</p><p>The online version of this article has been corrected accordingly.</p><p>We apologize for this error.</p>","PeriodicalId":11993,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of Neuroscience","volume":"64 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2026-08-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13501337/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148808566","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Long-Term Audiogenic Kindling Induces Pronounced Downregulation of the GABAergic System in the Hippocampus of Krushinsky–Molodkina Rats","authors":"Andrey P. Ivlev,&nbsp;Radmila A. Filippova,&nbsp;Yulia S. Grigorieva,&nbsp;Liubov S. Nikitina,&nbsp;Margarita V. Glazova,&nbsp;Alexandra A. Naumova,&nbsp;Elena V. Chernigovskaya","doi":"10.1111/ejn.70658","DOIUrl":"10.1111/ejn.70658","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Downregulation of inhibitory GABAergic transmission is closely connected with the development and progression of epilepsy; however, further studies are still needed to provide the complex and detailed picture of corresponding pathological alterations and their contribution to epileptogenesis. In the present study, we performed the comprehensive analysis of GABAergic system in the hippocampus of Krushinsky–Molodkina (KM) audiogenic rats, exposed to prolonged audiogenic kindling to reproduce the condition of temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE). According to the kindling protocol, KM rats were exposed to 21 daily seizure stimulations, whereas unstimulated (naive) KM rats were used as a control. Obtained results showed that 21-day kindling was associated with a pronounced decrease in the expression of glutamate decarboxylase 67 (GAD67) and co-localization of GAD67 with active cAMP-response element-binding protein (CREB), indicating reduced activity of GABAergic interneurons and GABA production. In addition, we observed decreased expression of synaptic vesicle glycoprotein 2A (SV2A) and lower co-localization of vesicular GABA transporter (VGAT) with active phosphorylated synapsin I, suggesting an impaired presynaptic GABAergic vesicle function. Moreover, dysregulation of GABA-A receptor and cation-chloride transporter expression was detected, which could also exacerbate the dysfunction of GABAergic system in the hippocampus. Thus, the results suggest that prolonged audiogenic kindling in KM rats, resulting in the stabilization of severe limbic seizures and increased mortality, is associated with a pronounced and multifaceted dysregulation of GABAergic transmission in the hippocampus.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":11993,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of Neuroscience","volume":"64 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2026-08-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148808536","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Premovement Suppression of Corticospinal Excitability Is Modulated by Reaction Time Task Requirements","authors":"Anthony N. Carlsen,&nbsp;Cassandra M. Santangelo,&nbsp;Christin M. Sadler,&nbsp;Dana Maslovat","doi":"10.1111/ejn.70659","DOIUrl":"10.1111/ejn.70659","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The amplitude of motor-evoked potentials (MEPs) elicited using transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) has been shown to decrease in the foreperiod interval prior to response initiation. This premovement MEP suppression has been attributed to various processes such as preparation-related inhibition preventing the premature release of planned action or increasing signal-to-noise ratio to facilitate rapid response initiation. The present study explored whether the decrease in MEP amplitude is affected by task requirements, using reaction time (RT) paradigms that differ in the timeline of motor preparation and initiation. Participants completed simple RT (SRT), choice RT (CRT), and go/no-go (GNG) tasks, and TMS was applied at various times in the foreperiod. It was hypothesized that if MEP suppression relates to preparation level, the greatest suppression would be observed during the SRT and GNG tasks, as these paradigms encourage advance preparation and response inhibition. Conversely, if the reduction in corticospinal excitability is associated with facilitating response initiation processes, then suppression would be expected for all tasks, including the CRT paradigm in which preparation does not occur until presentation of the go-signal. Results showed MEP amplitudes decreased for all tasks as the go-signal approached; however, both the SRT and GNG had significantly greater MEP suppression 50 ms prior to, and coincident with the go-signal. These results indicate that the nature and origin of the suppression is likely multifactorial and relates to both preparatory and initiation-related processes, with the timeline and magnitude of suppression dependent on the nature of the task being executed.</p>","PeriodicalId":11993,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of Neuroscience","volume":"64 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2026-08-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13500203/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148808606","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Effect of Anodal tDCS Over F3 on Reducing Pain and Psychological Distress in Patients With Chronic Gastric Pain","authors":"Roghayeh Mohammadi,&nbsp;Ahmad Alipour","doi":"10.1111/ejn.70656","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/ejn.70656","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Psychoneuroimmunological mechanisms contribute to the onset and persistence of stress-induced gastric ulcers by delaying wound healing and exacerbating gastric inflammation. Anodal transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) targeting the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex has demonstrated promising effects in modulating central pain processing and emotional regulation across various chronic pain conditions. This quasi-experimental study with a repeated-measures design aimed to evaluate the efficacy of 30 sessions of anodal transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) targeting the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (L-DLPFC; electrode position F3) versus placebo in alleviating pain and psychological distress among patients with chronic gastric pain. A total of 50 patients (aged 14–80 years) with chronic gastric pain and no severe structural pathology were recruited from Tehran and Bonab, Iran, and randomly assigned to active tDCS (<i>n</i> = 25) or sham stimulation (<i>n</i> = 25) after matching. The intervention consisted of 30 sessions of anodal tDCS (2 mA, 20 min per session) over 6 weeks. Outcome measures included the visual analog scale (VAS) for pain intensity and the Kessler Psychological Distress Scale (K10). Data were analyzed using split-plot analysis of variance (SPANOVA). Results showed that anodal tDCS over the L-DLPFC produced significant improvements in psychological status and a substantial reduction in gastric pain compared to the sham group. In the experimental group, mean pain scores decreased from 7.41 ± 0.96 at baseline to 3.40 ± 1.82 postintervention and 2.23 ± 1.86 at 2-month follow-up. K10 scores declined from 32.4 ± 8.25 to 18.51 ± 7.02 and 17.00 ± 8.49, respectively. These findings indicate that noninvasive neuromodulation via anodal tDCS targeting the L-DLPFC may offer a promising adjunctive therapeutic approach for chronic gastric pain by modulating central pain processing and the gut-brain axis, with potential implications for advancing the understanding and clinical management of psychosomatic gastrointestinal disorders.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":11993,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of Neuroscience","volume":"64 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2026-08-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148784676","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Towards the Prevention of Freezing of Gait in Parkinson's Disease","authors":"Anouk Tosserams,&nbsp;Jorik Nonnekes,&nbsp;Bastiaan R. Bloem,&nbsp;Elbrich M. Postma","doi":"10.1111/ejn.70636","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/ejn.70636","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Despite optimal management, freezing of gait (FOG) remains a disabling complication of Parkinson's disease (PD), contributing substantially to falls, loss of independence and reduced quality of life. This highlights the pressing need for a shift towards preventive approaches, aiming to postpone or even prevent its development. In this narrative review, we examine potential avenues for the secondary prevention of FOG. We discuss how FOG might be prevented specifically, by targeting modifiable risk factors that seem associated with the development of FOG. Examples of potentially effective strategies here include vascular prophylaxis and perhaps avoidance of pulsatile levodopa administration. Secondary prevention efforts also include generic disease-modifying strategies, including pleiotropic interventions such as exercise and nutrition, targeting either persons in the prodromal disease phase or persons with clinically manifest PD, who are still free from FOG. We conclude by discussing future avenues towards FOG prevention.</p>","PeriodicalId":11993,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of Neuroscience","volume":"64 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2026-08-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/ejn.70636","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148783902","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}