European Journal of Neuroscience最新文献

{"title":"A Comparison Between the Oddball Paradigm and the Multi-Feature Paradigm: Evidence From an Event-Related Potential Study on Processing Mandarin Vowels and Tones","authors":"Yanzhuo Li,&nbsp;Peng Peng,&nbsp;Tingting Guo,&nbsp;Pengfei Lu,&nbsp;Xuedi Liu,&nbsp;Si Chen,&nbsp;Li Liu,&nbsp;Taomei Guo","doi":"10.1111/ejn.70212","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/ejn.70212","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>The multi-feature paradigm, despite its growing use in studies on MMN (mismatch negativity), faces challenges in broader adoption due to doubts about its efficacy compared to the oddball paradigm. More studies are needed to determine whether the multi-feature paradigm is sensitive to capture the MMN under complex auditory conditions, particularly in tonal languages like Mandarin. In the present study, Mandarin syllables were used as stimuli to examine differences in event-related potentials (ERPs) between the two paradigms. Our findings indicate that both vowel and tone deviations elicited similar ERPs in both paradigms, thereby supporting the validity of the multi-feature paradigm. However, the MMNs elicited by vowels and tones in the multi-feature paradigm were smaller in amplitude and occurred earlier in latency. Furthermore, our findings revealed a distinct temporal course for processing consonants, vowels, and tones, with vowels eliciting the earliest latencies, followed by tones, and consonants demonstrating the longest latencies. These findings provide further evidence for the multi-feature paradigm to be used in MMN research.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":11993,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of Neuroscience","volume":"62 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2025-08-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144773936","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Pro-inflammatory/Anti-Inflammatory Interleukin Imbalance in Iraqi Alzheimer's Patients: Implications for Post-Conflict Environmental Exposures","authors":"Wisam Hindawi Hoidy,&nbsp;Shaimaa Mohsen Essa,&nbsp;Mohammed Hamza Al-Saadi","doi":"10.1111/ejn.70214","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/ejn.70214","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>The role of inflammatory processes has been increasingly recognized in the pathology of Alzheimer's disease (<span>AD</span>), especially in populations with particular environmental exposures. This study examined the profiles of pro-inflammatory (IL-1β, IL-6) and anti-inflammatory (IL-4, IL-10) interleukins in a cohort of 112 Iraqi <span>AD</span> patients and a control group of 240 age-matched subjects. Peripheral blood samples were obtained and analyzed using quantitative real-time PCR and ELISA methods, with correlations made to cognitive performance and degree of amyloid burden. <span>AD</span> patients showed significant upregulation of IL-1β (2.8-fold, <i>p</i> &lt; 0.001) and IL-6 (3.2-fold, <i>p</i> &lt; 0.001) as well as downregulation of IL-10 (0.6-fold, <i>p</i> &lt; 0.01). Interleukin 4 expression was unchanged. Striking correlations were found between pro-inflammatory cytokine expression and cognitive decline measured by the MMSE scores. Increased expression of IL-1β was associated with higher PET imaging-derived amyloid-β deposition. Carriers of the APOE ε4 allele showed a greater degree of inflammatory marker dysregulation compared to non-carriers. A combined model with multiple interleukins achieved superb distinguishing capacity (AUC = 0.94) between <span>AD</span> patients and healthy controls. This study suggests that dysregulation of inflammation likely plays a considerable role in the pathogenesis of <span>AD</span> in the Iraqi population, possibly modified by specific environmental exposures due to decades of conflict. The connection made between peripheral inflammatory markers and central <span>AD</span> pathology underscores the potential value of interleukin expression profiles as accessible biomarkers for prognosis and monitoring. Thus, the connection made between peripheral inflammatory markers and central <span>AD</span> pathology underscores the potential value of interleukin expression profiles as easily obtainable biomarkers for diagnosis and monitoring, which may inform future development of targeted treatment strategies aimed at modulating inflammation in specific populations.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":11993,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of Neuroscience","volume":"62 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2025-08-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144773937","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"There Are No Differences in Startle Conditioned Cervicomedullary Motor Evoked Potentials Across Isometric, Concentric, and Eccentric Muscle Actions at the Same Absolute Force Output","authors":"Eoin Haigney,&nbsp;Elliott Atkinson,&nbsp;Paul Ansdell,&nbsp;Rodrigo Vitorio,&nbsp;Kevin Thomas,&nbsp;Stuart Goodall,&nbsp;Glyn Howatson,&nbsp;Luca Angius,&nbsp;Dawson J. Kidgell,&nbsp;Padraig Spillane,&nbsp;Emma Squires,&nbsp;Justin W. Andrushko","doi":"10.1111/ejn.70205","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/ejn.70205","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Human movement involves a dynamic interplay of isometric, concentric, and eccentric muscle actions. There is a need to understand the contribution of the reticulospinal tract (RST) to human movement control during different muscle actions. This research aimed to determine the excitability of the RST during isometric, concentric, and eccentric muscle actions. Fourteen neurologically intact participants (age: 26 ± 7 years; sex: 3 female, 11 male; stature: 176 ± 8 cm; mass: 78.5 ± 10.9 kg) performed isometric, concentric, and eccentric muscle actions with the right <i>biceps brachii</i>. Participants performed a submaximal contraction at 25% of their isometric maximum voluntary contraction (MVC) during all muscle actions. Neurophysiological electrical stimulations to indirectly measure RST excitability consisted of conditioned (startling auditory stimulus of ≥ 110 dB) and unconditioned (no auditory stimulus) cervicomedullary motor evoked potentials (CMEPs). Larger conditioned CMEP responses compared with unconditioned CMEPs were observed for all muscle actions (<i>p</i> = 0.008). However, no differences in RST excitability, inferred from the difference between conditioned and unconditioned CMEP responses, were observed across the three muscle actions (<i>p</i> = 0.319). These results suggest that across isometric, concentric, and eccentric muscle actions, there are no differences in RST excitability while performing a submaximal contraction at 25% of their isometric MVC. It could therefore be inferred from this that RST input to motoneurons is not different between isometric, concentric, and eccentric muscle actions of the <i>biceps brachii</i> at a relatively low fixed absolute contraction intensity.</p>","PeriodicalId":11993,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of Neuroscience","volume":"62 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2025-08-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/ejn.70205","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144767546","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Are There Non-Mammalian Models of Mismatch Negativity? A Translational Tribute to Risto Näätänen.","authors":"Sofia S Chahlova, Adam Michael Stewart, David S Galstyan, Murilo S de Abreu, Allan V Kalueff","doi":"10.1111/ejn.70200","DOIUrl":"10.1111/ejn.70200","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Mismatch negativity (MMN), first described by Risto Näätänen in the late 1970s, is now known as a key phenomenon in the brain, reflecting its ability to detect differences in the presented sensory stimuli. Although MMN has been widely studied in both humans and other mammals, the phenomenon has also been increasingly examined in non-mammalian species in recent years. Here, we discuss the role of MMN as an evolutionarily conserved phenotype across taxa, and its general translational significance in neuroscience. Despite challenges of studying MMN in non-mammalian species (especially due to methodological limitations and differences in sensory processing), these model organisms offer important insights into brain sensory and cognitive processing that can have further clinical implications in diagnosing and treating brain disorders. This paper is a scientific tribute to Professor R. Näätänen (1939-2023), a brilliant neuroscientist, colleague, and friend.</p>","PeriodicalId":11993,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of Neuroscience","volume":"62 3","pages":"e70200"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2025-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144798526","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Ethanol Increases Diffuse Amyloid Plaque Load and Impairs Memory in the 5xFAD Mouse Model of Alzheimer's Disease.","authors":"Linh Le, Rebecca L Lowery, Nisha Arya, Florence P Varodayan, M Kerry OBanion, Ania K Majewska","doi":"10.1111/ejn.70218","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/ejn.70218","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common age-related dementia. Lifestyle factors, including alcohol use, can increase the risk of AD. While human studies demonstrate that alcohol use can negatively impact AD risk and disease progression, the underlying ethanol-dependent mechanisms that increase Aβ burden and impair cognition remain elusive. We have recently shown that ethanol can acutely affect microglial dynamics, which are critical to microglial function, and many other studies have reported inflammatory activation of microglia after long-term ethanol exposure in both humans and animal models. Here, we administered 4 weeks of ethanol at dosages that mimic human binge drinking to 2.5-month-old male 5xFAD mice, a common mouse model of AD. After a 2-week abstinence period, we performed behavioral assays and analyzed amyloid pathology and microglial morphology in the subiculum where amyloid pathology develops earlier than in other brain regions. We also analyzed the microglial transcriptome in the hippocampus. We found that ethanol exposure facilitated amyloid pathology and worsened cognitive function in 5xFAD mice, while microglial expression patterns, arborization, and phagocytosis appeared unchanged. Overall, our results suggest that pronounced ethanol exposure, when started early in the disease before amyloid pathology is established, can worsen AD progression in an amyloidosis model.</p>","PeriodicalId":11993,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of Neuroscience","volume":"62 3","pages":"e70218"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2025-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144798547","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Shank3 Regulates L-Type Voltage-Gated Ca²⁺ Channels in the Mouse Striatum and Hippocampus at the Early Developmental Stage.","authors":"Chun-Xian Yang, Peng Yang, Chengming Wen, Leo E Wong, Shuwen Chang","doi":"10.1111/ejn.70206","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/ejn.70206","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Neuronal L-type (Cav1.2 and Cav1.3) voltage-gated Ca²⁺ channels (VGCCs) are important for neuronal excitability and synaptic plasticity. However, little is known about their regulation during development. SHANK3 is a postsynaptic scaffolding protein that orchestrates postsynaptic signaling and modulates synaptic plasticity. Here, we explored the role of Shank3 in regulating striatal and hippocampal L-type VGCCs at postnatal 1 week and 12-14 weeks in Shank3b knockout (KO) mice. We found that genetic ablation of Shank3 led to an increase in the somatic Ca²⁺ current (I_Ca) in medium spiny neurons (MSNs) in the striatum at postnatal Week 1, but this effect was reversed at postnatal Weeks 12-14. In addition, the loss of Shank3 led to increased steady-state inactivation (SSI) of the Ca²⁺ current and a leftward shift in voltage dependence at postnatal Week 1, resulting in a significant increase in the Ca²⁺ window current. In contrast to the MSNs of the striatum, neither the somatic I_Ca density nor the expression level of L-type Ca²⁺ channels in the granule cells of the hippocampal dentate gyrus was altered in Shank3b KO mice. Western blot and immunostaining analyses revealed that the increased I_Ca observed at postnatal Week 1 in the striatum of Shank3b KO mice might result from increased Cav1.2 expression. Overall, our data suggest a role for SHANK3 in regulating L-type VGCCs in the striatum during early development, which may be important for maintaining adequate Ca²⁺ influx to ensure appropriate downstream signaling for synapse formation and synaptic plasticity.</p>","PeriodicalId":11993,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of Neuroscience","volume":"62 3","pages":"e70206"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2025-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144798548","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Unilateral Stimulation of the Dorsolateral Striatum Attenuates Goal-Directed Action.","authors":"Genevra Hart, Billy Chieng, Bernard W Balleine","doi":"10.1111/ejn.70175","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/ejn.70175","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>It has long been known that the dorsomedial (DMS) and dorsolateral striatum (DLS) mediate distinct forms of action control, with DMS mediating goal-directed actions and DLS mediating habits. Recent evidence suggests that, in accord with its role in goal-directed control, unilateral stimulation of dorsomedial striatum (DMS) enhances actions contralateral to the stimulation in a manner that scales with the prior reward history of that action. In the current study, we assessed whether the effects of unilateral stimulation of the dorsolateral striatum (DLS) induce a response bias that reflects enhanced habitual control, as measured by the effect of stimulation on ongoing goal-directed control. Rats were first trained to press two levers for distinct outcomes in a manner likely to induce goal-directed control of these actions. We then assessed the effects of unilateral hM3D DREADDs-induced stimulation of the DMS or DLS, applied during an outcome devaluation choice test and outcome-mediated reinstatement, both known to depend on DMS activity. DMS stimulation had no impact on the choice of either the action ipsilateral or contralateral to the stimulation, either during devaluation or reinstatement. In contrast, stimulation of the DLS abolished goal-directed control in both tests, reducing sensitivity to outcome devaluation both on the ipsilateral and contralateral lever. In addition, stimulation both attenuated reinstatement and induced a response bias away from the contralateral lever during reinstated responding. These data suggest that, rather than driving motor output per se, the DLS is important for selecting motor programs triggered by stimulus-response associations.</p>","PeriodicalId":11993,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of Neuroscience","volume":"62 3","pages":"e70175"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2025-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144793819","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Efficacies of Bifidobacterium and Fecal Microbiota Transplantation in Rats With Chronic Hepatic Encephalopathy Assessed by [¹⁸F]PBR146 Imaging of Neuroinflammation.","authors":"Xiang Kong, Shi Yao Wu, Jing Zhou Jiang, Song Luo, Jun Zhang, Gui Fen Yang, Guang Ming Lu, Long Jiang Zhang","doi":"10.1111/ejn.70227","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/ejn.70227","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Neuroinflammation significantly contributes to hepatic encephalopathy (HE). The radiotracer [¹⁸F]PBR146 is used for in vivo imaging of neuroinflammation. Promising treatments like Bifidobacterium (BIF) and fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) are being explored for HE. This study evaluated and compared the efficacies of BIF and FMT in reducing neuroinflammation in chronic HE rats induced by bile duct ligation (BDL) using [¹⁸F]PBR146 micro-PET/CT imaging. Thirty rats were divided into four groups: (1) Sham-operated rats received normal saline (Sham + NS group), (2) BDL rats treated with NS (BDL + NS group), (3) BDL rats administered with BIF (BDL + BIF group), and (4) BDL rats administered with FMT (BDL + FMT group). Following the establishment of the chronic HE model, we conducted sequential behavioral assessments, collected fecal samples, and performed micro-PET/CT scans. Data analysis included average %ID/g values across the whole brain and specific regions, alongside biochemical and pathological evaluations. No significant differences in behavioral results or levels of IL-1β, IL-6, IL-10, and TNF-α were found among the groups. While there was no significant difference in global brain uptake values of [¹⁸F]PBR146 among the four groups (p = 0.053), regional analyses showed significant discrepancies in areas such as the bilateral accumbens and retrosplenial cortex. The Sham + NS group was enriched with Parasutterella, Streptococcus, and Anaeroplasma, the BDL + FMT group had Enterococcus, Aestuariispira, Lactobacillus, Pseudomonas, and Globicatella, while the BDL + BIF group contained Enterorhabdus. Results indicated that BIF inhibited neuroinflammation in BDL rats, whereas FMT showed no positive effects, possibly due to dysbiosis. Notably, [¹⁸F]PBR146 could effectively and noninvasively monitor the efficacies of gut-targeted treatments in chronic HE models.</p>","PeriodicalId":11993,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of Neuroscience","volume":"62 3","pages":"e70227"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2025-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144798527","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Suppression of Schwann Cell Ferroptosis Mitigates Demyelination and Trigeminal Neuropathic Pain in the IoN-CCI Model.","authors":"HaoLin Wang, Lei Xia, ZhengNan Huang, YuJie Ma, Ge Yao, ShaoZhen Hu, NingNing Dou, ShiTing Li, Hao Lian, Kui Chen, Jun Zhong","doi":"10.1111/ejn.70209","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/ejn.70209","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Demyelination is widely acknowledged as the underlying pathological mechanism of trigeminal neuralgia (TN), while ferroptosis has been implicated in neurodegenerative disorders associated with demyelination. However, the precise contribution of ferroptosis to TN-related demyelination has yet to be elucidated. To investigate the putative pathway implicated in neuropathic pain, we conducted RNA-seq analysis in the IoN-CCI rat model that is deemed to simulate the pathology of TN. Subsequently, we explored iron metabolism and the ferroptosis-related pathway in this TN model. Finally, we utilized Ferrostatin-1 and Liproxstatin-1 to suppress ferroptosis and assessed alterations in iron metabolism and myelin sheath integrity through immunohistochemistry and transmission electron microscopy. Our experiments showed that IoN-CCI induced ferroptosis, characterized by increased iron accumulation and decreased expression of GPX4, FPN, and SLC7A11. This resulted in mitochondrial shrinkage in Schwann cells and loosened wrapping of the myelin sheath, as well as activation of neuroinflammation and oxidative stress. Inhibition of ferroptosis reversed these effects and alleviated demyelination and neuropathic pain. In conclusion, our study has clarified the impact of ferroptosis-induced demyelination in TN, providing a potential strategy for treating TN and offering new insights into the study of peripheral nerve demyelination diseases.</p>","PeriodicalId":11993,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of Neuroscience","volume":"62 3","pages":"e70209"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2025-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144803888","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Distinct Brain Electrical Activity Patterns in Dominant and Submissive Mice: Implications for Cognitive Impairments","authors":"Maryia Bairachnaya,&nbsp;Alexey Shnyder,&nbsp;Albert Pinhasov,&nbsp;Izhak Michaelevski","doi":"10.1111/ejn.70184","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/ejn.70184","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>The prefrontal, visual, and posterior parietal cortices are key to cognition, social interaction, and novelty recognition, but the impact of social hierarchy and inherent stress sensitivity on their interplay remains underexplored. Our findings reveal significant neural differences between stress-resilient dominant (Dom) and stress-sensitive submissive (Sub) mice, particularly in theta band power, inter-regional coherence, and phase–amplitude coupling. Dom mice exhibited reduced theta coherence and dynamic changes in theta-gamma phase amplitude coupling between the prefrontal and visual cortices, which were associated with better memory recall and cognitive flexibility. In addition, Dom mice showed increased left-to-right visual cortex connectivity during the recognition task, linked to successful novelty discrimination, while Sub mice lacked this theta-driven causality. These results suggest that stress sensitivity associated with social rank alters neural activity and connectivity, contributing to the differing performance of Dom and Sub mice in novelty recognition tasks, providing potential diagnostic and therapeutic implications for targeting theta-driven connectivity.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":11993,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of Neuroscience","volume":"62 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-07-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144681182","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}