European Journal of Neuroscience最新文献

{"title":"Distinct High-Gamma Signals in Primate Prefrontal Cortex Differentiate Cue Information, Preference Revision, and Expected Reward During Value-Based Decisions","authors":"Renée Johnston,&nbsp;Chadwick Boulay,&nbsp;Laurence Hunt,&nbsp;Steven W. Kennerley,&nbsp;Adam J. Sachs","doi":"10.1111/ejn.70641","DOIUrl":"10.1111/ejn.70641","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Understanding how prefrontal cortex (PFC) signals evolve over time to support decision-making requires characterizing both the spectral and temporal structure of neural activity. High-gamma (Hγ) power in local field potentials (LFPs) reflects local population firing, yet its role in differentiating cue-driven preference revision, reward expectation, and outcome-related signals during reward-guided decisions remains unclear. We recorded LFPs from the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC), dorsolateral PFC (DLPFC), and orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) in macaques performing a multicue reward-based decision task in which up to four sequential cues indicated the expected reward associated with competing targets. Hγ power was extracted in sliding windows aligned to key task events, and support vector machine classifiers were used to decode cue-driven preference revision, reward expectation, cue value level and position, target choice, and prediction-error contrasts. Hγ responses robustly differentiated preference-reversal from confirmation trials, with subject-specific modulation patterns across PFC subregions. Cue value level and spatial position were reliably decoded across PFC, with stronger differentiation of cue value level in OFC and cue position in DLPFC. Around movement onset, Hγ activity differentiated high versus low expected reward across PFC, with decoding accuracies reaching 85% in ACC. Hγ was also modulated by unexpected reward omission, yielding 78% decoding accuracy from a single OFC channel. These findings demonstrate that Hγ activity across PFC subregions differentiates multiple computationally defined decision variables with distinct temporal profiles and overlapping regional contributions, highlighting Hγ as a robust marker of dynamic reward-guided decision processes.</p>","PeriodicalId":11993,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of Neuroscience","volume":"64 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2026-08-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/ejn.70641","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148711615","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Freezing of Gait: A Tribute to Nir Giladi","authors":"Luana dos Santos de Oliveira,&nbsp;Mariana Penteado Nucci,&nbsp;Carla Silva-Batista,&nbsp;Caroline Ribeiro de Souza,&nbsp;Andrea Cristina de Lima-Pardini,&nbsp;Fabio Augusto Barbieri,&nbsp;Daniel Boari Coelho","doi":"10.1111/ejn.70647","DOIUrl":"10.1111/ejn.70647","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Freezing of gait (FoG) is frequently triggered during gait initiation, a transition that depends on anticipatory postural adjustments (APAs). However, the neuroanatomical substrates linking brain morphometry to APA control during step initiation in FoG remain unclear. We investigated whether subcortical volumes and cortical thickness in motor–cognitive regions relate to APA features and clinical severity. Forty-four right-handed individuals with midstage PD (26 PD + FoG; 18 PD − FoG) performed step initiation. FreeSurfer-derived regional volumes and cortical thickness were extracted. Associations between morphometry and APA metrics were tested across all participants and within groups. Group differences were tested using the Mann–Whitney <i>U</i> tests, and partial Spearman correlations examined morphometry–clinical and morphometry–APA associations, controlling for UPDRS-III and daily levodopa dose. Compared with PD without FoG, the PD + FoG group showed higher UPDRS-III scores and levodopa doses, lower APA mediolateral amplitudes, and larger amygdala volumes. Across all participants, longer APA duration was associated with smaller putamen, thalamus, and dorsolateral prefrontal cortex volumes, whereas greater APA mediolateral amplitude was associated with lower frontopolar cortical thickness. In PD + FoG, freezing severity and APA features were associated with distinct morphometric patterns across the basal ganglia, thalamus, prefrontal, cingulate, SMA, and insular regions. These findings suggest that gait initiation impairment in PD reflects distributed morphometric alterations rather than a single regional substrate. APA measures may provide mechanistically relevant biomechanical markers for identifying neural systems involved in FoG.</p>","PeriodicalId":11993,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of Neuroscience","volume":"64 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2026-08-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13437768/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148677529","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Predictive Models for Motor Outcomes From Deep Brain Stimulation in Parkinson's Disease: A Systematic Review","authors":"Maya Wilde,&nbsp;Dimitra Kiakou,&nbsp;Eduard Bakstein,&nbsp;Pavel Filip,&nbsp;Daniel Novak","doi":"10.1111/ejn.70644","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/ejn.70644","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Deep brain stimulation (DBS) is an effective treatment for Parkinson's disease, but the extent of improvement in motor symptoms varies. A tool which accurately predicts patient outcomes based on data available pre-surgery would be useful for clinical decision-making and patient expectation management. Such data includes clinical and cognitive measures, neuroimaging, kinematics, functional connectivity and genetics. In this systematic review, we assess predictive models of motor outcomes from DBS. We searched the databases Web of Science, PubMed and Scopus for primary research articles that tested predictions from models based on pre-surgical data and focused on motor outcomes from DBS for Parkinson's disease. We identified 19 studies fitting these criteria. The studies with high statistical power and generalisability use only clinical data and have limited accuracy. Studies including other types of data, such as magnetic resonance imaging, may have high accuracy but are under-powered. Predictions are mostly limited to the first year after surgery, subthalamic nucleus-targeted DBS and sum scores of motor performance. Following the results of the systematic search, we discuss candidate input and output variables and validation strategies to produce predictive models that are ready for translation to clinical practice. Ideally, models would predict scores for several motor domains, over a range of time after surgery, with confidence intervals. They should also be generalisable to clinics worldwide. To achieve this goal, models and datasets should be made publicly available to enable wider validation. These recommendations provide a framework to achieve predictive models for DBS outcomes that can be used clinically.</p>","PeriodicalId":11993,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of Neuroscience","volume":"64 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2026-07-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/ejn.70644","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148617299","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Pharmacological Influences on the R2 Blink Reflex Response in Healthy Participants: A Systematic Review","authors":"Josh Murphy,&nbsp;Joy Krecke,&nbsp;Celia Morgan,&nbsp;Paul H. Strutton,&nbsp;Kirsty Bannister,&nbsp;Sam W. Hughes","doi":"10.1111/ejn.70646","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/ejn.70646","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The R2 blink reflex (BR) is a polysynaptic brainstem-mediated response that can be activated by innocuous and noxious electrocutaneous stimulation of the supraorbital nerve and has been used as a biomarker across pharmacological studies. Whilst standard patch electrodes activate both the tactile (R1) and nociceptive (R2) components of the blink reflex, concentric electrodes preferentially evoke a nociceptive-specific response (NBR) by isolating the R2 component. This preregistered systematic review (CRD420251014203) aims to assess the pharmacological modulation of nociceptive R2 responses as measured by both standard patch and concentric electrodes in healthy participants. Following PRISMA guidelines, systematic searches of PubMed, Cochrane and Ovid identified studies examining R2 responses in healthy adults receiving a pharmacological intervention. Data were extracted on study design, drug category, stimulation electrode, dosage and outcome measures. Nine studies met inclusion criteria, which included eight distinct drug classes. Limited effects on the R2 response were found for opioids, selective serotonin receptor agonists, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and ketamine. In contrast, α2-adrenoreceptor modulators, benzodiazepines, nitrous oxide and selective adenosine A1 receptor agonists demonstrated effects. The stimulation electrode used did not affect the impact of intervention on nociceptive R2 responses where comparable studies were available. These findings indicate that nociceptive R2 components of the BR, whether evoked using standard or concentric electrodes, exhibit comparable sensitivity to pharmacological modulation. Future research should further delineate the contributions of local and descending modulatory systems to nociceptive-specific and tactile processing within trigeminofacial circuits.</p>","PeriodicalId":11993,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of Neuroscience","volume":"64 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2026-07-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/ejn.70646","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148616713","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Serum Molecular Fingerprints of Oxidative Stress Underlying Neurocognitive and Motor Dysfunction in Pesticide-Exposed Populations","authors":"Jhonatan Rabanal-Sanchez,&nbsp;Carmen Rosa Silva-Correa,&nbsp;Miguel Angel Burgos-Flores,&nbsp;Kevin Jesus Mayma-Aguirre,&nbsp;Jimmy Andreyvan Cainamarks-Alejandro,&nbsp;Jonh Maximiliano Astete-Cornejo,&nbsp;Jaime Rosales-Rimache","doi":"10.1111/ejn.70645","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/ejn.70645","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>We investigated the relationship between chronic pesticide exposure, oxidative stress, and neurocognitive alterations in rural populations of Celendín, Cajamarca, Peru. A total of 101 adults (18–86 years) were evaluated through neuropsychological (NEUROPSI) and neuromotor assessments, serum oxidative stress biomarkers, and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) of serum samples. Biomarkers analyzed included superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase, glutathione peroxidase (GPx), total glutathione, lipid peroxidation (malondialdehyde), biopyrrins (BPn), and 8-hydroxy-2′-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG). Statistical comparisons (Mann–Whitney <i>U</i>) and multivariate analyses (PCA, PLS-DA) were performed to identify biochemical and spectral alterations. Pesticide users exhibited a significantly higher frequency of attention deficit (OR = 4.4, 95% CI = 1.2–15.9) and elevated serum 8-OHdG levels (<i>p</i> = 0.042), indicating increased oxidative DNA damage. While antioxidant enzyme activities did not differ significantly, higher malondialdehyde and BPn levels suggested enhanced lipid and bilirubin oxidation. FT-IR analysis revealed distinct spectral signatures in individuals with moderate cognitive impairment, impaired left-hand motor control, and executive dysfunction (calculation). Significant bands appeared in the 440–493 cm⁻¹ region (disulfide/polysulfide bonds), 2573 cm⁻¹ (thiols), and 3630–3840 cm⁻¹ (free hydroxyl groups), consistent with oxidative protein and glycan modifications. Additional signals between 2089 and 2255 cm⁻¹ suggested carbamylation-related isothiocyanate and cyanate groups. These findings suggest that oxidative stress is a key mechanism underlying pesticide-related neurocognitive dysfunction. Combining oxidative stress biomarkers with FT-IR provides a rapid, minimally invasive approach for identifying serum molecular fingerprints with potential applications in screening and monitoring pesticide-induced neurotoxicity.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":11993,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of Neuroscience","volume":"64 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2026-07-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148616712","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Exploring the Feasibility of Mitigating Alcohol-Induced Instability Using Galvanic Vestibular Stimulation","authors":"Nancy Barranco,&nbsp;Gustavo Arellano,&nbsp;Karla Pineda,&nbsp;Enrique Soto","doi":"10.1111/ejn.70627","DOIUrl":"10.1111/ejn.70627","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Alcohol consumption significantly impairs postural stability by disrupting vestibular function, increasing the risk of falls. This study investigated the feasibility of using galvanic vestibular stimulation (GVS) to mitigate alcohol-induced postural instability in healthy adults, employing acute alcohol intake as a transient model of vestibular dysfunction. Sixty participants were assigned to groups with or without alcohol consumption (estimated blood alcohol concentration [BAC] 0.06%–0.08%) and randomly received one of three GVS types: random noise (rnGVS), direct current plus random noise (rn-dcGVS), or a sham stimulation (fGVS). Static balance was assessed using a stabilometric platform with eyes closed on an unstable surface. As expected, alcohol consumption significantly worsened stabilometric parameters, resembling vestibular pathological hypofunction. fGVS produced no significant changes, ruling out a placebo effect. Notably, rnGVS significantly improved postural stability in subjects who consumed alcohol, reducing sway velocity, maximal anteroposterior (Max AP), and mediolateral displacements (Max ML) during and immediately after stimulation. In contrast, rn-dcGVS worsened stability in subjects in the no alcohol consuming group with no significant change in the alcohol consuming group. These results demonstrate that rnGVS can effectively attenuate alcohol-induced postural instability in a transient experimental model of vestibular dysfunction and support the use of acute alcohol intake as a controlled model for investigating vestibular modulation.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":11993,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of Neuroscience","volume":"64 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2026-07-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148583551","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Spanish Neuroscience in Focus: Highlights From the SENC 2025 Meeting","authors":"Eloísa Herrera,&nbsp;Paola Bovolenta,&nbsp;Carlos Matute","doi":"10.1111/ejn.70643","DOIUrl":"10.1111/ejn.70643","url":null,"abstract":"&lt;p&gt;The biennial meeting of the Spanish Society for Neuroscience has long served as a meeting point for a diverse, creative and internationally connected neuroscience community. The 20th Meeting of the Spanish Society for Neuroscience, held in Las Palmas de Gran Canaria in September 2025, offered a particularly vivid illustration of this breadth. Across symposia, plenary lectures, poster sessions and informal discussions, the meeting brought together researchers working at multiple levels of analysis, from molecular mechanisms and cellular identities to neural circuits, behaviour, cognition and neurological disease. This Special Issue of the &lt;i&gt;European Journal of Neuroscience&lt;/i&gt; was conceived as an opportunity to capture part of that scientific energy and to give broader visibility to the neuroscience currently being developed in Spain.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;The contributions collected here originate from organizers and speakers of symposia held during the SENC meeting. Rather than attempting to provide an exhaustive overview of the meeting, the Special Issue offers a selective snapshot of themes that are central to contemporary neuroscience and strongly represented within the Spanish research community. These include the mechanisms by which neural cell states are established and maintained, how immune and glial processes shape brain function and disease, how neural circuits support cognition and behaviour and how mechanistic insights can inform our understanding of neurological disorders.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;A first set of contributions addresses how neural cells acquire, maintain or alter their identities in development, adulthood and disease. Bizzotto and colleagues discuss current approaches to cell fate in human neurodevelopment and disease, a field transformed by the convergence of human genetics, single-cell technologies, organoid systems and comparative developmental analyses. Together, these approaches are reshaping our understanding of how human neural diversity emerges, how developmental trajectories can be perturbed and how disease-relevant cellular phenotypes can be modelled in experimentally accessible systems. Complementing this developmental perspective, Fariñas and colleagues focus on quiescence as an active and dynamic regulator of adult neural stem cells. Their review highlights a major conceptual shift in the field: Quiescence is no longer viewed as a passive dormant state, but as a regulated condition that preserves stem cell potential while allowing context-dependent transitions into activation, differentiation or return to dormancy. This perspective is particularly relevant for understanding tissue maintenance, ageing and regenerative capacity in the adult nervous system.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;A second theme emerging from the issue concerns the central role of glial and immune mechanisms in neurological disease. De Santis and colleagues examine multiscale approaches to understanding the complex role of microglia in Alzheimer's disease. By integrating information acros","PeriodicalId":11993,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of Neuroscience","volume":"64 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2026-07-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13400897/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148583633","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Autism Spectrum Disorder–Associated Genes Enrich in Discrete Cortical, Limbic and Cerebellar Brain Regions","authors":"G. Lorenzo Odierna,&nbsp;Vicki Bitsika,&nbsp;Christopher F. Sharpley","doi":"10.1111/ejn.70638","DOIUrl":"10.1111/ejn.70638","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a highly heritable neurodevelopmental condition with a well-characterised genetic architecture, yet how ASD-associated genes map onto discrete brain regions remains poorly understood. This study applied a recently validated analysis pipeline (ATLANTE) to discover regions of the human brain enriched for high expression of 234 high-confidence ASD-associated genes. Eleven discrete brain regions were identified, spanning cortical, limbic and cerebellar systems including the anterior orbitofrontal gyrus, cerebellar cortex, flocculonodular lobe, vermis, posterior cingulate cortex, temporo-occipital transitional zone, hippocampal subfields CA1 and CA3, postcentral gyrus, occipital cortex and perirhinal gyrus. Notably, the anterior orbitofrontal gyrus exhibited significant enrichment for syndromic ASD genes, suggesting a core role in the neuropsychiatric features of syndromic presentations. Network and community clustering analyses revealed three major gene communities corresponding to distinct biological processes: synaptic dysfunction in limbic regions, histone modification in cerebellar regions and axonal ion channel regulation in cortical regions. Nodal analysis identified eight high-priority genes with broad relevance across multiple brain regions, including <i>NR3C2</i>, <i>GABRB2</i> and <i>NBEA</i>. These findings provide a refined neuroanatomical framework for ASD pathophysiology, identify understudied brain regional targets and imply that ASD-associated genes exert primary effects in specific brain regions.</p>","PeriodicalId":11993,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of Neuroscience","volume":"64 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2026-07-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13400753/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148583548","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Cochlear Functional Changes and CGRP Modulation in a Chronic Nitroglycerin Migraine-Like Rat Model","authors":"Pelin Koçdor,&nbsp;Narges Shomalizadeh,&nbsp;Fatmanur Akpunar Salman,&nbsp;Feride Demirhan,&nbsp;Begün Erbaba,&nbsp;Ibrahim Kulac,&nbsp;Esra Özkan,&nbsp;İlke Kara Taş,&nbsp;Şevin Elif Şanioğlu,&nbsp;Mahmoud Mahmoudi,&nbsp;Zeynep Dikmen,&nbsp;Manohar Bance,&nbsp;Yasemin Gürsoy Özdemir","doi":"10.1111/ejn.70635","DOIUrl":"10.1111/ejn.70635","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Auditory and vestibular symptoms in vestibular migraine, cochlear migraine, and Ménière's disease overlap, yet mechanisms linking migraine biology to inner ear dysfunction remain unclear. Calcitonin gene–related peptide (CGRP) is a key mediator of trigeminovascular activation and a major therapeutic target in migraine, but its contribution to cochlear dysfunction is not well defined. Using a repeated nitroglycerin (NTG) paradigm in male Wistar rats, we investigated whether a systemic migraine-like state affects cochlear function and whether these effects are dependent on CGRP. Rats received saline, NTG, or NTG followed by the CGRP receptor antagonist olcegepant (OLC). NTG increased plasma TNF-<i>α</i> and elevated trigeminal c-Fos; olcegepant partially normalized these markers, whereas behavioral changes in the open-field test were interpreted cautiously because baseline immobility differed across groups before treatment. NTG produced frequency-dependent changes in distortion-product otoacoustic emissions and auditory brain stem response thresholds. Electrocochleography showed limited changes, and scala media proportions did not differ significantly among groups, indicating no evidence of overt endolymphatic hydrops at the studied time point. Inner hair-cell synaptic markers showed no significant group differences for CtBP2, whereas GluR2 puncta differed between NTG and NTG + OLC (<i>p</i> = 0.012). Olcegepant attenuated NTG-associated cochlear functional changes and was associated with differences in postsynaptic GluR2 puncta, alongside region-specific changes in cochlear CGRP immunoreactivity. These findings support a mechanistic link between migraine-like trigeminovascular activation and early cochlear dysfunction and suggest that CGRP receptor blockade may benefit migraine patients with cochlear or vestibular symptoms. Future studies should assess females, estrous cycle tracking, hormones, and sex-specific auditory responses.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":11993,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of Neuroscience","volume":"64 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2026-07-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148561221","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Rapid Assessment of Stroke Severity: Development of a Visual Infarct and Comprehensive Scoring System in Ischemic Rats With Middle Cerebral Artery Occlusion","authors":"Changqing Mu,&nbsp;Yuchuan Ding,&nbsp;Omar Elmadhoun,&nbsp;Fengwu Li,&nbsp;Xiaokun Geng","doi":"10.1111/ejn.70611","DOIUrl":"10.1111/ejn.70611","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Reliable assessment of infarct severity is essential in experimental stroke research, yet commonly used approaches such as 2,3,5-triphenyltetrazolium chloride (TTC) staining and magnetic resonance imaging require additional tissue processing, specialized equipment, or substantial time and cost. In this study, we developed and validated a rapid visual Infarct Score to determine infarct volume and evaluate neuroprotective efficacy in rat middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) models. A retrospective analysis was performed using data from 315 male Sprague–Dawley rats, including TTC-derived infarct volume, visual Infarct Score, neurological deficit scores, and body weight changes. The Infarct Score demonstrated the strongest correlation with infarct volume among individual indicators in both nontreatment (Rho = 0.71) and treatment cohorts (Rho = 0.68). We further developed a Comprehensive Score by integrating the Infarct Score with the Longa 5-point score at 48 h, which showed the highest overall correlation with infarct volume (Rho = 0.75 in both cohorts) and strong discrimination of infarct severity (AUC = 0.90). Interrater reliability analysis demonstrated excellent agreement among independent raters (intraclass correlation coefficient = 0.89; Kendall's <i>W</i> = 0.83, both <i>p</i> &lt; 0.001). Neuroprotective interventions, including therapeutic hypothermia, nitroglycerin, and remote ischemic conditioning combined with physical exercise, significantly reduced infarct volume, Infarct Score, Comprehensive Score, neurological deficits, and weight loss. These findings indicate that the Infarct Score offers a rapid, practical, and cost-effective method for infarct assessment, whereas the Comprehensive Score further improves the predictive accuracy and may serve as a useful tool for evaluating stroke severity and treatment outcomes in preclinical studies.</p>","PeriodicalId":11993,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of Neuroscience","volume":"64 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2026-07-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13391210/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148561152","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}