Energy and Buildings最新文献

{"title":"Adaptive fuzzy load frequency controller with time-varying delay and V2G penetration","authors":"Farrukh Nagi ,&nbsp;Khairul Salleh ,&nbsp;Jawaid I. Inayat-Hussain ,&nbsp;Muhamad Bin Mansur ,&nbsp;Navinesshani Permal ,&nbsp;Marayati Marsadek","doi":"10.1016/j.enbuild.2025.116098","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.enbuild.2025.116098","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This paper presents a Takagi-Sugeno-Kang (TSK) based Adaptive Fuzzy Controller for Load Frequency Control (LFC) with time-varying time delay Electric Vehicle (EV) penetration. The adaptive fuzzy controller mitigates time-varying delay signals from smart grid communication and load disturbances. It identifies and controls the LFC system at each time step to minimize frequency deviation. Zero-order TSK fuzzy membership functions are tuned using Gradient Descent (GD), optimized with an H2-optimal performance objective. Simulated time-varying delays are introduced to assess the adaptive fuzzy controller’s effectiveness. The unsupervised, indirect adaptive method enables online learning using LFC process measurements. The proposed adaptive fuzzy controller is robust against large load disturbances and time-varying delays in Vehicle-to-Grid (V2G) mode.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11641,"journal":{"name":"Energy and Buildings","volume":"345 ","pages":"Article 116098"},"PeriodicalIF":6.6,"publicationDate":"2025-07-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144572430","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Enhancing thermal performance of low-temperature phase change materials based on tetradecane","authors":"Changnv Zeng ,&nbsp;Qingqing Shu ,&nbsp;Wanwan Li ,&nbsp;Xiaofei Qin","doi":"10.1016/j.enbuild.2025.116112","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.enbuild.2025.116112","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Low-temperature phase change materials (PCMs) play a crucial role in mitigating ice and snow accumulation on asphalt pavements, thereby improving road safety and reducing maintenance costs. However, their practical implementation is hindered by the inherently low thermal conductivity and limited thermal stability. In this study, n-tetradecane (C14) with a phase change temperature of 5℃ was chosen as the phase change substrate. To improve its stability, polycaprolactone (PCL), a low-melting-point polymer was employed as a support matrix, while expanded graphite (EG) was incorporated as a thermal conductivity enhancer. Three different preparation methods including melt blending, vacuum adsorption, and directional freezing were explored to analyze their impact on the microstructural distribution of EG and the resultant thermal properties of the composite PCMs. A systematic analysis was then conducted to evaluate the influence of compaction density, EG content, and the microstructural arrangement of EG on the thermal conductivity of composite PCMs. The effectiveness of the three fabrication techniques in enhancing thermal conductivity was also compared. The experimental findings confirm that the integration of PCL successfully overcomes the compatibility limitations associated with conventional PCM support matrices, leading to the development of a functional low-temperature PCM with a phase change point at 5℃. The thermal conductivity of the composite PCM increased with higher compaction density and EG content. Among the three fabrication methods, the directional freezing technique proved to be the most effective in improving EG alignment, thereby optimizing heat transfer pathways. Specifically, when the EG content reached 15 % and the compaction density was 760 kg/m³, the axial thermal conductivity of the composite PCM with a directionally structured microstructure reached 4.482 W/(m·K), approximately 20 times higher than that of pure C14. The strategic selection of support matrices and the structured alignment of EG significantly enhance the thermal conductivity of PCMs. With the increase of PCMs content from 0 % to 8 %, the thermal conductivity decreased by up to 26.2 % at most. For every 2 % increase in the dosage of the composite PCM, the temperature of the test block can be regulated by approximately 1℃. After 100 cycles of the test block with an 8 % dosage, the winter heat storage time was prolonged by 3.2 h, and the stability of the test block was good after the phase change cycle. These findings offer valuable insights for improving the design, construction, and maintenance of asphalt pavements in cold environments, reducing reliance on de-icing chemicals and improving overall road durability.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11641,"journal":{"name":"Energy and Buildings","volume":"345 ","pages":"Article 116112"},"PeriodicalIF":6.6,"publicationDate":"2025-07-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144631147","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Bio-adaptive reflective photovoltaic (BARP) facade system: a multimodal energy-saving solution based on light reflection","authors":"Yiheng Feng ,&nbsp;Minghao Xu ,&nbsp;Tianyi Chen ,&nbsp;Jianglong Liu ,&nbsp;Li Li","doi":"10.1016/j.enbuild.2025.116105","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.enbuild.2025.116105","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Buildings account for approximately 40% of global energy consumption, creating an urgent need for innovative solutions that enhance energy efficiency while maintaining occupant comfort. Traditional photovoltaic (PV) façades are often constrained by low energy output, limited intelligence, single functionality, and poor environmental interaction. This study presents a Bio-Adaptive Reflective Photovoltaic (BARP) facade system incorporating dynamic reflection technology with smart control systems to substantially improve both energy generation and indoor environmental quality (IEQ). The system employs biomimetic finger-like adaptive reflective blades that precisely track solar trajectories through a specialized mechanical structure. These blades dynamically redirect incident sunlight onto strategically positioned PV panels while supporting multimodal operation, including an indoor light-guiding mode that optimizes natural illumination. The design methodology combines computational fluid dynamics simulation, parametric optimization, and physical prototyping. A novel ray-tracing algorithm was developed to optimize the reflective panel geometries and motion control parameters. Experimental validation conducted at 31.65°N, 120.75°E demonstrates that the BARP system achieves peak power outputs 2.4 times higher than conventional fixed PV panels, with daily energy generation approximately 1.8 times greater. The system’s biomimetic mechanism effectively mitigates efficiency losses from self-shading while maintaining stable performance across seasonal variations. Indoor light measurements confirm that the system’s guidance mode improves illumination uniformity by 40% compared to traditional façades. This research establishes a comprehensive framework for integrating adaptive reflection technology with PV systems, with significant implications for green building adoption in urban environments. Implementation in commercial buildings could reduce energy consumption while providing flexible control over IEQ, though widespread adoption will require addressing challenges related to maintenance costs, durability under extreme weather conditions, and integration with existing building management systems.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11641,"journal":{"name":"Energy and Buildings","volume":"345 ","pages":"Article 116105"},"PeriodicalIF":6.6,"publicationDate":"2025-07-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144613931","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Diverse paths of green building development from a stakeholder collaboration perspective","authors":"Dongming Gu ,&nbsp;Xiaofei Hu ,&nbsp;Jianing Zhang ,&nbsp;Meiling Chen","doi":"10.1016/j.enbuild.2025.116115","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.enbuild.2025.116115","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Promoting green building development (GBD) is of great significance for China’s achievement of “dual-carbon” strategic goals. The improvement paths of GBD and their mechanisms remain unclear, especially from a stakeholder collaboration perspective. This study integrated the stakeholder theory to develop a novel quadruple helix theoretical model for GBD. We examined data from 13 prefecture-level cities from 2011 to 2020 in Jiangsu Province, China, and explored the paths of GBD using necessary condition analysis and dynamic qualitative comparative analysis. These results indicated that no single condition was indispensable for achieving GBD. Four distinct configurations of conditions collectively contributed to high levels of GBD: government-industry collaboration, government-academia collaboration, balanced government-industry-academia collaboration, and multiple collaboration. Over time, the explanatory power of these configurations increased throughout the study period. Spatially, the configurations exhibited varying preferences across different regions. Additionally, the pathways for achieving different star ratings for green buildings were significantly divergent. Public concern and industry scale emerged as critical factors in attaining high-star GBD. These findings elucidate the complex interactions among green building stakeholders and offer valuable insights into further enhancing GBD in complex and dynamic environments.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11641,"journal":{"name":"Energy and Buildings","volume":"345 ","pages":"Article 116115"},"PeriodicalIF":6.6,"publicationDate":"2025-07-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144581019","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Scalable industrial production line establishment and performance investigation of strong adhesion commercial radiative cooling coating","authors":"Guoliang Zhang ,&nbsp;Huiwen Pang ,&nbsp;Zhiyuan Zhang ,&nbsp;Fuqiang Wang ,&nbsp;Xiaowei Sun ,&nbsp;Zhenning Yang ,&nbsp;Jintao Song ,&nbsp;Zenghui Xu ,&nbsp;Xiang Li ,&nbsp;Yan Dong ,&nbsp;Kang Luo","doi":"10.1016/j.enbuild.2025.116111","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.enbuild.2025.116111","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The passive daytime radiative cooling (PDRC) is a promising approach to address the global warming issue and mitigate urban heat effect. However, the current research on PDRC lacks of scalability and systemization for the industrial production line and remains in the laboratory stage. In this paper, we propose an eco-friendly and green-recycle production line for the industrial production of strong adhesion radiative cooling coating (SARCC). The production line comprises of four primary equipment: dispersion, sanding, paint mixing, and canning. The production capacity can achieve of a maximum 4 tons per day with the payback time money of 0.68. Considering the practical application demand, the SARCC obtain the excellent balance of overall performance between radiative cooling and adhesion for real utilization. The produced SARCC exhibits a maximum reflectivity of 90.24 %, an emissivity of 90 %. The maximum adhesion of SARCC is measured at 4.1 MPa, which is 64 % higher than the 2.5 MPa standard set by the international standard. The outdoor cooling performance of SARCC is significant and obtained the maximum subambient temperature of 4.5 °C. Additionally, the average daytime temperature of SARCC can reduce by 3.4 °C with compared with commercial white paints. The application of SARCC can realize 23.7 % energy saving potential in Guangzhou throughout China, which is equivalent to reduce 8.46 kg/m² of CO₂ emissions. The This sustainable and recyclable production line for radiative cooling materials offers a practical and realistic strategy for the further implementation of radiative cooling materials in commercial applications.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11641,"journal":{"name":"Energy and Buildings","volume":"345 ","pages":"Article 116111"},"PeriodicalIF":6.6,"publicationDate":"2025-07-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144571064","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Nonlinear climate change effects on building energy consumption: a second-generation modeling with moderation case of BRICS countries","authors":"Noman Arshed ,&nbsp;Mubasher Iqbal ,&nbsp;Uzma Hanif ,&nbsp;Mubbasher Munir","doi":"10.1016/j.enbuild.2025.116114","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.enbuild.2025.116114","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>While there are efforts to increase the share of renewable energy, many developing countries still rely on nonrenewable energy consumption in production. So, this study tried to determine the impact of climate change on fuel energy consumption. This study is based on secondary data for BRICS countries from 1970 to 2023. According to nonlinear analysis using 2nd Generation Panel Quantile ARDL (Auto Regressive Distributed Lag) with pooled mean group specification, long-run coefficients indicate a U-shaped climate and energy demand relationship. It implies that fossil fuel energy consumption first decreases and then increases with an incessant increase in global warming. Control variables like population density and globalization are responsible for increasing fossil fuel energy consumption, while education and technological improvement in the industry are decreasing it. With the incorporation of the role of education as a moderator, the U-shaped climate energy relationship is flipped to an inverted U-shaped, implying that incorporating education regarding climate change can reduce fossil fuel energy consumption. The findings highlight how rising temperatures increase residential, commercial and industrial building energy demand which is generally filled using fossil fuels.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11641,"journal":{"name":"Energy and Buildings","volume":"345 ","pages":"Article 116114"},"PeriodicalIF":6.6,"publicationDate":"2025-07-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144572327","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Passive-solar design: Evidence of the disconnect between theory, policy and practice in the glazing design of contemporary Australian homes","authors":"Katherine Wingrove ,&nbsp;Emma Heffernan ,&nbsp;Daniel Daly ,&nbsp;Michael Ambrose","doi":"10.1016/j.enbuild.2025.116104","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.enbuild.2025.116104","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Theories of climate responsive passive-solar design are well understood to be a fundamental aspect of energy efficient housing design. However, in contemporary housing design practice, active heating and cooling technologies are ubiquitous to provide occupant thermal comfort, consequentially with a significant dwelling energy demand. The complementary use of passive-solar design can reduce active heating and cooling energy demand. However, there is limited understanding of the prevalence of this in mainstream practice. Glazing design is a fundamental aspect of passive-solar design, and the presence of climatically appropriate glazing size, orientation and materiality provides an indication of the application of passive-solar design. This research contributes a novel transferable methodology to delineate the large-scale prevalence of passive-solar glazing design across disparate climates. Through analysis of 584,041 thermal energy design certificates for new detached Australian homes between 2018 and 2022, this study assessed glazing scale, orientation and materiality. In regions with more challenging warm/hot-summer or cool-winter climates over 75% of certificates demonstrated at least one parameter of passive-solar glazing design. However, 81% of new home certificates were located in milder temperate climates where passive-solar glazing design parameters were demonstrated in less than 20% of certificates. Nationally, this study found less than one-third of new home certificates demonstrated passive-solar glazing design, suggesting housing energy policy in Australia did not encourage the practice of climatically responsive passive-solar glazing design on a national scale. There is substantial scope to increase the practice of climatically appropriate passive-solar glazing design and reduce national energy demand for housing thermal comfort.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11641,"journal":{"name":"Energy and Buildings","volume":"345 ","pages":"Article 116104"},"PeriodicalIF":6.6,"publicationDate":"2025-07-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144613930","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Enhancing urban energy modeling: A case study of data acquisition, enrichment, and evaluation in Berlin","authors":"Felix Rehmann ,&nbsp;Martín Mosteiro-Romero ,&nbsp;Clayton Miller ,&nbsp;Rita Streblow","doi":"10.1016/j.enbuild.2025.116070","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.enbuild.2025.116070","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Urban Building Energy Modeling (UBEM) has become a critical tool for developing local heating and cooling plans, as required by the European Union. Despite growing interest, the reproducibility and reliability of UBEM studies remain limited due to data scarcity and workflow complexity. This paper presents a comprehensive framework to evaluate the data pipeline in UBEM, with a particular focus on data acquisition, enrichment, simulation, calibration, and information application. The approach applies three distinct UBEM workflows (CityEnergyAnalyst, DistrictGenerator, and SimStadt) to the Mierendorffinsel district in Berlin, Germany. We compare the based on quantitative performance metrics and qualitative framework criteria. The results highlight the influence of data sources, archetype definitions, and geometric preprocessing on simulation outcomes. The CEA models consider between 365 and 646 buildings, depending on the scenario. The study provides guidelines for practitioners to enhance model transparency, reproducibility, and accuracy in urban energy modeling. Although official data provide more accurate building functions, the geometries need extensive preprocessing. The residential archetypes are far more refined, e.g., in the status of renovation, which reflects the amount of residential buildings compared to nonresidential buildings. We show that evaluation threshold criteria for the district level are scarce and evaluate multiple metrics. Results depend on the selected evaluation method, but observed differences are generally higher in case of nonresidential buildings, with differences of more than 300 kWh/m<span><math><msup><mrow></mrow><mn>2</mn></msup></math></span> for several nonresidential building types. The heated area considered differs up to a factor of 1.9, because of different buildings, metadata, and calculation approaches.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11641,"journal":{"name":"Energy and Buildings","volume":"346 ","pages":"Article 116070"},"PeriodicalIF":6.6,"publicationDate":"2025-07-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144679979","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Home energy management system based on applied real-time load scheduling for self-consumption enhancement","authors":"Khaled Tifoura ,&nbsp;Hamza Meliani ,&nbsp;Achour Mahrane","doi":"10.1016/j.enbuild.2025.116107","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.enbuild.2025.116107","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In the era of sustainable energy, solar home systems (SHS) play a pivotal role in decentralized power generation. However, optimal solar energy utilization remains challenging due to variable generation and demand patterns. This work introduces an applied approach to load scheduling in SHS, focusing on real-time optimization of photovoltaic (PV) energy consumption using particle swarm optimization (PSO) to minimize prosumer grid exchange and achieve a high self-consumption rate. The study employs real-time scheduling algorithm of household appliances, aiming to dynamically adjust their operation time to match solar generation and household demand, by exploiting real-time data and forecasted PV power production. The proposed strategy was implemented on a Raspberry Pi in solar house demonstrator, using forecast PV production profiles and measured household consumption. In addition, a low-cost Wi-Fi control device has been developed to automatically switch shiftable appliances. The results obtained demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed approach by minimizing the grid export power by more than 78% and enhancing the self-consumption rate by up to 42%. The findings highlight the potential of real-time load scheduling as a viable solution for improving the efficiency and sustainability of solar home systems without affecting user comfort, contributing to advance intelligent energy management in home areas.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11641,"journal":{"name":"Energy and Buildings","volume":"345 ","pages":"Article 116107"},"PeriodicalIF":6.6,"publicationDate":"2025-07-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144572328","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Development and evaluation of cooling tower performance prediction using physics-informed neural networks","authors":"Zehongyu Kang ,&nbsp;Xin Zhou ,&nbsp;Da Yan ,&nbsp;Jingjing An","doi":"10.1016/j.enbuild.2025.116101","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.enbuild.2025.116101","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Accurate prediction of outlet water temperature in cooling towers is crucial for implementing energy-efficient control strategies in air-conditioning systems, ultimately leading to reduced energy consumption in building operations. This study investigates the application of physics-informed neural networks (PINN) to leverage the strengths of both physical and data-driven models for predicting cooling tower performance. To achieve this, four experiments were conducted, resulting in the training of 2700 PINN models and 1900 artificial neural network (ANN) models. The predictive performance of the PINN models, developed through various methodologies, was thoroughly evaluated. The findings revealed that incorporating physical constraints into ANN models to form PINN models significantly decreased prediction errors and reduced model training costs. Based on the experimental results, this study proposes a systematic approach for constructing PINN models for cooling tower performance prediction. Key recommendations include: setting the proportion of physical constraints to 0.1, utilizing training data that constitutes 20 % of the dataset in both quantity and domain length, and ensuring that the distribution of the training data is centered within the prediction dataset. In the case analysis, the mean relative error (MRE) and root mean square error (RMSE) of the PINN model developed using the suggested methodology were 2.070 % and 0.309 °C, respectively. In comparison to the ANN model, the MRE improved by 4.712 %, and the RMSE decreased by 0.626 °C. These results demonstrate that PINN models offer significant advantages and considerable potential for predicting cooling tower performance, especially in scenarios with limited training data and narrowly distributed datasets.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11641,"journal":{"name":"Energy and Buildings","volume":"345 ","pages":"Article 116101"},"PeriodicalIF":6.6,"publicationDate":"2025-07-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144563526","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}