Energy and Buildings最新文献

{"title":"Establishment and validation of a novel composite index for energy efficiency evaluation of data center chilled water systems based on AHP and Entropy Weight Method","authors":"Chengliang Xu,&nbsp;Chen Xu,&nbsp;lei Zhan,&nbsp;Guannan Li","doi":"10.1016/j.enbuild.2025.115677","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.enbuild.2025.115677","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Data centers typically use various energy efficiency indicators to assess performance from multiple perspectives, such as overall energy efficiency or the performance of subsystems and components. However, due to the differing focus of these indicators, such as those used to evaluate the basic equipment in chilled water systems, it is challenging to directly compare the comprehensive performance of data center chilled water systems based on the evaluation results. To address this challenge, this study proposes a comprehensive index, PCC (Performance of Composite Chilled water system in Data Centers), based on the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) and the Entropy Weight Method, which integrates basic energy efficiency indicators to provide a comprehensive evaluation of the chilled water system’s energy efficiency. The basic energy efficiency indicators exhibit variability under different operating conditions, and the hybrid AHP-Entropy Weight Method balances the weights of these indicators, combining them into PCC. The proposed PCC was validated using a chilled water system simulation model built in TRNSYS. The results show that, compared to the Power Usage Effectiveness (PUE) of data centers and commonly used evaluation indicators for chilled water system, PCC is capable of evaluating the comprehensive energy efficiency of the chilled water system ’s basic equipment. Moreover, when operating conditions change, the average Relative Change Rate (RCR) of the PCC evaluation results can be up to 21 times higher than that of the PUE’s RCR, and up to 3 times higher than that of the commonly used chilled water system efficiency indicators’ RCR. The high sensitivity (RCR) of PCC can assist identify optimization potential within control strategies for data center chilled water systems.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11641,"journal":{"name":"Energy and Buildings","volume":"337 ","pages":"Article 115677"},"PeriodicalIF":6.6,"publicationDate":"2025-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143768822","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Optimal planning of building integrated photovoltaic windows through room-level economic analysis","authors":"Seunghoon Jung ,&nbsp;Soojong Han ,&nbsp;Jaewon Jeoung ,&nbsp;Sungchul Kim ,&nbsp;Taehoon Hong ,&nbsp;Jun-Ki Choi ,&nbsp;Minhyun Lee","doi":"10.1016/j.enbuild.2025.115690","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.enbuild.2025.115690","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Building-integrated photovoltaic (BIPV) window systems have significant potential to enhance energy efficiency and enable the realization of Net Zero-Energy Buildings (NZEB) in urban settings. However, their adoption is often impeded by high initial investment costs and the complex effect of surrounding buildings on performance. Accordingly, this study proposes a room-level optimal planning framework for BIPV window systems that incorporates the effects of shading and reflective radiation from surrounding buildings to maximize economic feasibility. The framework integrates energy simulations conducted with DesignBuilder and EnergyPlus, along with a genetic algorithm (GA)-based optimization model to identify the optimal type and installation timing of BIPV windows for individual rooms within a building. A case study was conducted on a 20-story residential building in Seoul, South Korea, located in a dense urban environment. The results demonstrate that the room-level optimal planning approach significantly improves economic returns by up to 20.49% compared to conventional planning methods that apply the same strategy across all rooms. The proposed framework offers practical implications for building owners, designers, and policymakers, providing a data-driven methodology to optimize BIPV adoption and support more economically viable decision-making in high-density urban environments.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11641,"journal":{"name":"Energy and Buildings","volume":"337 ","pages":"Article 115690"},"PeriodicalIF":6.6,"publicationDate":"2025-03-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143760509","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"An analytical solution to the radiation-convective heat transfer in a parallel-plates direct absorption solar heat collection duct","authors":"Chao-Hua Peng,&nbsp;Chuan-Shuai Dong,&nbsp;Li-Zhi Zhang","doi":"10.1016/j.enbuild.2025.115675","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.enbuild.2025.115675","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Parallel-plates direct absorption solar heat collection (DASC) duct, as a basic and elementary structure for photo-thermal conversion, has great potentials in the applications of building solar heat collection. Traditionally, performance analysis of such a duct needs to solve the complete radiation-convection heat transfer equations in the duct, which requires considerable computational costs. Besides, it is difficult to be used in system optimization because of the unclear roles played by the numerous influencing factors. To solve this problem, in this study, a dimensionless parameter, conductive to convective heat transport ratio (the ratio of ability for thermal conductions to that for thermal convections in the duct, <em>θ</em>), is proposed. In analogy to common heat exchanger ducts, an analytical model based on heat collecting effectiveness-conductive to convective heat transport ratio, is solved for the radiation-convective heat transfer in a DASC duct. Different forms of effectiveness-conductive to convective heat transport ratios are depended on different duct penetration ratios (<em>α</em>) and substrate absorption coefficients (<em>χ</em>_plate)<em>.</em> Then, the effectiveness-conductive to convective heat transport ratio correlations are validated by numerical simulations and experimental results. The largest relative deviation between the new model and the traditional method is smaller than 5%, which shows the excellent accuracy of the new model. Lastly, parametric analysis is conducted to evaluate the influences of operating parameters, nanofluids and substrate properties on system performance.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11641,"journal":{"name":"Energy and Buildings","volume":"337 ","pages":"Article 115675"},"PeriodicalIF":6.6,"publicationDate":"2025-03-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143768817","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Dynamic heat transfer and electric energy consumption performance of dry floor heating systems mixed with low-cost phase-change material and activated carbon for field application","authors":"Donghui Seo,&nbsp;Su-Gwang Jeong","doi":"10.1016/j.enbuild.2025.115694","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.enbuild.2025.115694","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The growing energy deficit has amplified the necessity for exploring alternatives to fulfill essential energy requirements, which have been consistently increasing. To meet energy demands, integrating latent heat storage technology using phase change materials (PCMs) with radiant floor heating systems (RFS) has garnered increasing attention for enhancing energy storage efficiency, achieving significant energy savings, and improving indoor thermal comfort. To address the shortcomings of phase change materials (PCMs), such as phase leakage and low thermal conductivity, this study developed a thermal storage floor heating layer using activated carbon (AC) and Paraffin wax (ACP), analyzing its thermal performance and energy consumption within a dry floor heating system. The thermal performance analysis showed that the latent heat of ACP, vacuum-impregnated with AC and Paraffin wax, was 60.7 % lower than that of pure Paraffin wax due to the PCM mixing ratio. Thermogravimetric analysis revealed that 66.18 % of the ACP mass remained after the first peak, with an additional 8.5 % weight loss at 600 °C, leaving 33.82 %, indicating that while AC experienced weight loss, ACP demonstrated greater heat durability compared to Paraffin wax. A dynamic heat transfer performance analysis using various finishing materials showed that linoleum had the smallest surface temperature deviation at 1.7 °C, effectively minimizing the surface temperature variation of the PCM linear heating type dry floor heating system compared to other materials. To reduce the surface temperature deviation of the PCM linear heating type dry floor heating system, the dynamic heat transfer performance was analyzed by applying a PCM container to the film dry floor heating system. The results confirmed that the PCM film dry floor heating has a lower surface temperature deviation than wet floor heating, which can address the shortcomings of linear heat-based floor heating.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11641,"journal":{"name":"Energy and Buildings","volume":"337 ","pages":"Article 115694"},"PeriodicalIF":6.6,"publicationDate":"2025-03-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143760407","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Impact of roof watering on urban cooling during heat waves","authors":"Maxime Chaumont ,&nbsp;Frédéric Filaine ,&nbsp;Sophie Parison ,&nbsp;Martin Hendel ,&nbsp;Laurent Royon","doi":"10.1016/j.enbuild.2025.115693","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.enbuild.2025.115693","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Due to their morphology, lack of vegetation and the materials used, cities overheat compared to their natural surroundings. This phenomenon, coupled with heatwaves, can cause public health problems and increased energy consumption. In response, public authorities are deploying a range of cooling techniques, such as vegetation, reflective materials and urban watering. In response, various cooling techniques are deployed by public authorities. This study focuses on the cooling effects of roof watering conducted in a lab-scale experiment under heatwave conditions. The experimental set-up includes a temperature and humidity-controlled climate chamber with a solar simulator and a watering system to analyse the thermal and microclimatic behavior of different roof structures. Temperature, heat flow and the surface heat balance are measured or calculated to this aim. When the watering rate is sufficient, regardless of the roof sample studied, convective exchanges become negative during the day. As the surface temperature of the roof is lower than that of the outside air, the latter is cooled on contact with the roof. On the other hand, watering has a different impact depending on the position of the insulation in the roof structure. For external thermal insulation (ETI), watering cools the air both day and night. For internal thermal insulation (ITI), watering significantly reduces the heat stored during the day and therefore the amount of heat released at night. For these structures, watering cools the air during the day and limits their contribution to nighttime urban heat island (UHI). This study also shows that there is a different optimum watering rate for each structure, which maximizes the cooling effects of watering while minimizing water consumption. Finally, watering applied to cool roofs reduces the water consumption associated with this cooling technique, while being highly effective in moderating urban overheating during heatwaves.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11641,"journal":{"name":"Energy and Buildings","volume":"337 ","pages":"Article 115693"},"PeriodicalIF":6.6,"publicationDate":"2025-03-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143768820","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Enhancing building cooling efficiency with water-active PCM panels and displacement ventilation in hot climates","authors":"Osama Sabah Almtuly ,&nbsp;Mazlan Abdul Wahid ,&nbsp;Hasanen M. Hussen ,&nbsp;Mohd Ibthisham Ardani ,&nbsp;Keng Yinn Wong ,&nbsp;Ihab Hasan Hatif","doi":"10.1016/j.enbuild.2025.115688","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.enbuild.2025.115688","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Buildings in extremely hot climates have high energy demands and carbon emissions due to intensive cooling requirements, emphasizing the need for innovative, energy-efficient cooling solutions. This study introduces and evaluates the performance of a novel cooling system that integrates phase change material (PCM) into water-active ceiling panels combined with displacement ventilation (DV). The PCM used in this study is sourced from waste petroleum products, making it abundant and cost-effective. Using full-scale experiments and CFD simulations, this research assesses the system’s impact on cooling energy consumption, thermal comfort, and indoor air quality, comparing it to conventional cooling systems. The results show that the novel system reduces indoor air temperature peaks by up to 3.5 °C, enhances thermal comfort, and lowers cooling energy consumption, achieving monthly energy savings of up to 32 %. The PCM ceiling panels also reduce peak power usage and overall energy demands through efficient heat storage and re-solidification cycles, enabling shorter cooling operating times. Furthermore, the combined PCM-DV system delivers stable, uniform indoor temperatures, improving occupant comfort and enhancing indoor air quality. This study demonstrates the potential of PCM-enhanced cooling systems in extremely hot climates and provides actionable insights for energy-efficient building strategies in arid regions.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11641,"journal":{"name":"Energy and Buildings","volume":"337 ","pages":"Article 115688"},"PeriodicalIF":6.6,"publicationDate":"2025-03-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143739285","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Enhancing ventilated roof performance: A study on Maisotsenko indirect evaporative cooling for school buildings","authors":"Nicolò Morselli,&nbsp;Marco Puglia,&nbsp;Michele Cossu,&nbsp;Simone Pedrazzi,&nbsp;Giulio Allesina,&nbsp;Paolo Tartarini,&nbsp;Alberto Muscio","doi":"10.1016/j.enbuild.2025.115672","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.enbuild.2025.115672","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>A ventilated roof consists of generating a series of ducts inside the roof of a building through the creation of openings near the rain gutters and on the ridge. Although in pitched roofs airflow is often buoyancy driven, for horizontal roofs or to enhance performance, forced convection becomes necessary. This study explores the use of a commercially available M-cycle evaporative cooler as a multifunctional solution for thermal management and ventilation in school buildings. By integrating the M-cycle with a ventilated roof, the study focuses on optimizing air renewal and cooling through the use of product air, while the working air, typically wasted, is used to ventilate the roof cavity. By employing an approach that combines psychrometric, analytical, and <em>CFD</em> models, it is demonstrated that, on a traditional roof configuration with cavity on top, the M-cycle can reduce solar gain by up to 68% when working air is used to ventilate the cavity. Furthermore, it is shown that the positioning of the ventilated cavity plays a crucial role, providing the best results when facing indoors. In such cases, it contributes to a solar gain reduction of up to 94%, leading to the development of a radiant cold surface that actively assists in cooling the room. These findings provide a first insight on a sustainable solution that can be applied beyond the specific case study, improving indoor climate control and reducing environmental impact.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11641,"journal":{"name":"Energy and Buildings","volume":"338 ","pages":"Article 115672"},"PeriodicalIF":6.6,"publicationDate":"2025-03-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143807989","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Vision 2035: A forecasting framework for household final energy consumption in Türkiye","authors":"Mehmet Melikoglu","doi":"10.1016/j.enbuild.2025.115689","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.enbuild.2025.115689","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study develops per capita-based forecasting models to estimate household final energy consumption (FEC) in Türkiye from 2024 to 2035. The models demonstrate strong predictive accuracy, aligning with historical data, the 2022 National Energy Plan (NEP) targets, and key statistical metrics. The most reliable scenario assumes per capita household FEC will increase at a rate similar to Spain’s historical trend (2003–2023), projecting FEC to reach 1,110,000 TJ in 2025, 1,200,000 TJ in 2030, and 1,285,000 TJ in 2035. The 2035 forecast achieves a 99.9% match with the official NEP target, underscoring its robustness. The findings indicate a growing demand for household energy, driven by population growth and economic expansion, with no expected supply–demand imbalances. Urbanization, lifestyle changes, and housing conditions significantly influence energy use. This methodology offers a reliable foundation for energy policy, aiding researchers and policymakers in designing sustainable strategies to enhance energy efficiency and ensure long-term resource management in Türkiye.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11641,"journal":{"name":"Energy and Buildings","volume":"337 ","pages":"Article 115689"},"PeriodicalIF":6.6,"publicationDate":"2025-03-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143739823","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Global investigation of pedestrian-level cooling and energy-saving potentials of green and cool roofs in 43 megacities","authors":"Siqi Jia ,&nbsp;Qihao Weng ,&nbsp;Cheolhee Yoo ,&nbsp;James A. Voogt","doi":"10.1016/j.enbuild.2025.115671","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.enbuild.2025.115671","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Green roofs and cool roofs are emerging as two potential solutions to combat the negative impacts of urban warming in the context of climate change. However, the existing body of research has not clearly established the connection between the local built environment and the effectiveness of these solutions. Moreover, a lack of standardized methodologies for integrating micro-scale climatic data has impeded the precision of modeling endeavors. In light of these knowledge gaps, an extensive study was conducted across 43 megacities to evaluate the impact of green and cool roofs on reducing urban temperatures and building energy consumption. A novel integrated approach, combining a micro-level computational fluid dynamics (CFD) model and a building energy simulation method, was used. The results reveal that both cool and green roofs moderately cool pedestrian areas, with green roofs slightly outperforming cool roofs, reducing temperatures by an average of 0.10 °C. Delhi reported the highest cooling effect from green roofs at 0.80 °C, while Beijing recorded the top cooling performance from cool roofs at 0.23 °C. Cool roofs showed significant cooling energy savings, from 5.4 to 63.8 kWh/m²/year, particularly in sun-drenched cities like Bangalore, Dhaka, and Ahmedabad, albeit their inability to save heating energy in higher latitudes. Conversely, green roofs provided consistent energy savings, typically from 1.1 to 7.3 kWh/m²/year, with Dhaka exhibiting the highest energy-saving amount.<!--> <!-->Additionally, the study also identified that<!--> <!-->urban morphology influences the effectiveness of these strategies. The cooling effect becomes less noticeable with increasing building height, and open layouts are more conducive to roof-level strategies. The findings from this study will help optimize the implementation of these strategies in different climates and built environments, contributing to efforts to mitigate global climate change and enhance urban livability.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11641,"journal":{"name":"Energy and Buildings","volume":"337 ","pages":"Article 115671"},"PeriodicalIF":6.6,"publicationDate":"2025-03-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143739827","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Energy saving effects of integrated implementation of a multi-layered heat exchange duct and energy recovery ventilation system","authors":"Xin Wang ,&nbsp;Hajime Sotokawa ,&nbsp;Taisaku Gomyo ,&nbsp;Kazuhide Ito","doi":"10.1016/j.enbuild.2025.115679","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.enbuild.2025.115679","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Energy recovery ventilation (ERV) systems can effectively reduce air-conditioning loads while providing outdoor air via ventilation. However, significant challenges remain in improving their heat exchange performance in confined residential spaces and ensuring effective use in cold regions. Preheating or bypassing the supply air can be an effective defrosting strategy for ERV systems; however, additional energy consumption and energy recovery losses are unavoidable. This study proposed a novel integrated multi-layered heat exchange duct (HED) and ERV system as a pretreatment device with four operating modes achieved using eight adjustable dampers. This integrated system is intended to improve the total system performance and condensation and frosting resistance of ERV systems in cold regions. Numerical models of the integrated HED–ERV system were used to calculate the energy-saving performance of different modes under various climatic conditions. In addition, segmented numerical calculations were used to determine changes in the condensation and frosting limits of the ERV and integrated systems. The results showed that the integrated system further enhanced the sensible heat recovery compared with the ERV system, with the addition of the HED expanding the applicable air conditions for the ERV by –20.5 ℃. The optimal control modes demonstrated improvements in the coefficient of energy (COE) during the cooling season, and the maximum improvement reached 25.3% during the best month. During the heating season, the applicable operating range of the ERV system was extended, and its resistance to condensation and frost was significantly improved.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11641,"journal":{"name":"Energy and Buildings","volume":"337 ","pages":"Article 115679"},"PeriodicalIF":6.6,"publicationDate":"2025-03-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143747377","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}