Energy and Buildings最新文献

{"title":"Probabilistic forecasting for building energy systems using time-series foundation models","authors":"Young-Jin Park ,&nbsp;François Germain ,&nbsp;Jing Liu ,&nbsp;Ye Wang ,&nbsp;Toshiaki Koike-Akino ,&nbsp;Gordon Wichern ,&nbsp;Navid Azizan ,&nbsp;Christopher Laughman ,&nbsp;Ankush Chakrabarty","doi":"10.1016/j.enbuild.2025.116446","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.enbuild.2025.116446","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Decision-making in building energy systems critically depends on the predictive accuracy of relevant time-series models. In scenarios lacking extensive data from a target building, foundation models (FMs) represent a promising technology that can leverage prior knowledge from vast and diverse pre-training datasets to construct accurate probabilistic predictors for use in decision-making tools. This paper investigates the applicability and fine-tuning strategies of time-series foundation models (TSFMs) in building energy forecasting, using <span>Chronos</span> as a case study. We analyze both full fine-tuning and parameter-efficient fine-tuning approaches, particularly low-rank adaptation (LoRA), by using real-world data from a commercial net-zero energy building to capture signals such as room occupancy, carbon emissions, plug loads, and HVAC energy consumption. Our analysis reveals that the zero-shot predictive performance of TSFMs is generally suboptimal. To address this shortcoming, we demonstrate that employing either full fine-tuning or parameter-efficient fine-tuning significantly enhances forecasting accuracy, even with limited historical data. Notably, fine-tuning with low-rank adaptation (LoRA) substantially reduces computational costs without sacrificing accuracy. Furthermore, fine-tuned <span>Chronos</span> TSFMs consistently outperform state-of-the-art deep forecasting models (e.g., temporal fusion transformers) in accuracy, robustness, and generalization across varying building zones and seasonal conditions. These results underline the efficacy of TSFMs for practical, data-constrained building energy management systems, enabling improved decision-making in pursuit of energy efficiency and sustainability.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11641,"journal":{"name":"Energy and Buildings","volume":"348 ","pages":"Article 116446"},"PeriodicalIF":7.1,"publicationDate":"2025-09-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145217827","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Numerical modeling and wind tunnel testing of a novel wall windcatcher natural ventilation system for multi-floor buildings","authors":"Salah Almazmumi ,&nbsp;John S. Owen ,&nbsp;Carlos Jimenez-Bescos ,&nbsp;John Kaiser Calautit","doi":"10.1016/j.enbuild.2025.116427","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.enbuild.2025.116427","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The rapid urbanization and increasing density of urban areas have driven the construction of multi-story buildings, intensifying challenges in achieving effective indoor natural ventilation. Traditional ventilation approaches such as single-sided ventilation (SSV) often exhibit limitations, particularly in multi-floor and multi-zone contexts, due to their reliance on single-facade openings, leading to inadequate airflow and stagnation zones. Despite advancements, literature reveals a gap in effectively utilizing natural ventilation systems for consistent airflow across multiple floors, particularly under varied wind orientations. This study introduces a novel wall windcatcher (WWC) ventilation system specifically designed for multi-story buildings. Unlike conventional systems, the WWC features externally mounted, separate inlet and exhaust pathways that capitalize on wind-induced pressure differences and facilitate airflow through the building irrespective of wind direction. To evaluate the performance of the WWC, this study employs a combination of atmospheric boundary layer wind tunnel experiments and computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations under varying wind angles and speeds. Results showed significant improvements with the WWC system compared to SSV, achieving up to 5.3 times higher average indoor airflow velocity at 0° wind direction (U_ref = 3.82 m/s), and still achieving up to four times higher velocities at the increased wind speed (U_ref = 7.59 m/s). The WWC consistently reduced stagnation zones and provided more uniform airflow distribution across all floors, particularly evident at challenging wind angles such as 90°, where SSV struggled with stagnation and velocities below 0.05 m/s. Among evaluated turbulence models, the RNG k-epsilon model exhibited the highest accuracy in predicting pressure coefficient, especially at perpendicular wind angles, where other models showed considerably higher discrepancies. This research provides insights and validation for the WWC system, highlighting its potential to advance building ventilation strategies in multi-story buildings.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11641,"journal":{"name":"Energy and Buildings","volume":"349 ","pages":"Article 116427"},"PeriodicalIF":7.1,"publicationDate":"2025-09-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145263965","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Air purification equipment for classrooms in China: An overall indicator for selection based on health, energy consumption and cost","authors":"Wenbin Zhuang ,&nbsp;Yong Guo ,&nbsp;Keqin Yang ,&nbsp;Yiming Wang ,&nbsp;Guangpeng Yao ,&nbsp;Louise B. Weschler ,&nbsp;Zhiwei Sun ,&nbsp;Zhijian Liu ,&nbsp;Yinping Zhang","doi":"10.1016/j.enbuild.2025.116449","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.enbuild.2025.116449","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>To effectively reduce the health hazards of indoor air pollutants, proper selection of air purification equipment is essential. The following factors are important for selection: removal efficiency, energy consumption, control cost and health benefit. For the first time, we propose a method for selecting air purification equipment. Our method yields an overall indicator, namely the coefficient of economic benefit (CEB). By quantifying health benefit using disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) and integrating energy consumption and control costs, we can calculate the economic payback for given economic investment.<!--> <!-->We tested and verified the reliability of this proposed method with measured data. Based on this method, we have determined the most suitable of three types of air purification equipment for school classrooms in Beijing. Subsequently, we estimated CEBs of the three types of air purification equipment for classrooms in 31 cities in China.<!--> <!-->We found that the differences among them can be greater than a factor of 3. While for the 8 cities of Beijing, Tianjin, Shijiazhuang, Chengdu, Taiyuan, Xi’an, Harbin, and Urumqi, fresh air systems without heat recovery are most suitable, air cleaners work best for all other 23 cities. The max CEBs for the cities were all above 1.6, suggesting that using air purification equipment is a cost-effective measure for improving air quality in classrooms. Our results show that the indicator together with the analytical method are satisfactory for optimal selection of air purification equipment in different cities in China.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11641,"journal":{"name":"Energy and Buildings","volume":"348 ","pages":"Article 116449"},"PeriodicalIF":7.1,"publicationDate":"2025-09-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145094177","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Degree days dynamics under extreme representative concentration pathways (RCPs) scenarios in the Indian context","authors":"Rohit Thakur ,&nbsp;Anil Kumar","doi":"10.1016/j.enbuild.2025.116459","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.enbuild.2025.116459","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Global warming, heat waves, and climate change are significant concerns for humanity due to their potential threat to ecosystems and living environments. Climate change substantially affects degree days, directly related to human thermal comfort and energy usage in buildings. This research assesses the impact of climate change on Heating Degree Days (HDDs) and Cooling Degree Days (CDDs) across India under different Representative Concentration Pathways (RCPs) scenarios using Typical Meteorological Year (TMY) data from 1990 to 2014. To ensure comparative analysis, three methods were used to compute degree days: the ASHRAE formula, the Hourly Method, and the UK Met Office (UKMO) equations. Findings indicate a significant rise in CDDs due to increasing temperatures, suggesting growing demand for cooling. Specifically, CDDs are expected to surge 12 % by 2030, 16 % by 2050, and 32.5 to 34 % by the end of the century. Conversely, HDD demand is reduced by about 6–7 % in 2030, 8–9 % in 2050, and 17–19 % by 2100. As India has yet to construct most of its infrastructure, climate change must be included in construction planning, design, and development. This will ensure that future buildings are energy-efficient, climate-resilient, and can provide thermal comfort in rising temperatures and changing weather.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11641,"journal":{"name":"Energy and Buildings","volume":"348 ","pages":"Article 116459"},"PeriodicalIF":7.1,"publicationDate":"2025-09-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145094182","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"From global evidence to local action plan: a novel building decarbonization maturity scale and roadmap for nZEB office buildings in developing contexts − case of Türkiye","authors":"Başak Yüncü Karanfil ,&nbsp;Nuri Cihan Kayaçetin ,&nbsp;Ayşegül Tereci ,&nbsp;Neslihan Bıyıklı ,&nbsp;Merve Kılınç Gilisıralıoğlu ,&nbsp;Diğdem Karaer","doi":"10.1016/j.enbuild.2025.116443","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.enbuild.2025.116443","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>To effectively combat climate change, various policies and strategies are being developed to reduce emissions by 2050. The construction sector assumes a pivotal role in achieving decarbonization targets. It is imperative to acknowledge the potential of practices in developing countries, which can provide the critical part of carbon reduction on a global scale. In this context, Nearly Zero Energy Buildings (nZEB) are attracting global attention as a key component of sustainable construction and urban regeneration. Despite high level of energy efficiency and potential to utilize renewable energy, nZEBs have not found widespread application in developing countries. This study benefits from a systematic review of the whole-life decarbonization process of nZEB office buildings. The study evaluated policy frameworks, implementation, and potential emission reduction strategies through energy efficiency measures, material selection, and the integration of renewable energy. In response, the study proposes a structured, context-sensitive decarbonization maturity scale and roadmap to guide policy and practice in developing countries and utilized Türkiye as a case study example. The findings reveal that Türkiye’s current nZEB definition positions it at Level 2 (Emerging) on the decarbonization maturity scale. The country’s high carbon intensity signals the urgency of prioritizing demand reduction and efficiency. Despite enhancements, nZEB offices in Türkiye exhibit high carbon emissions, with operational emissions ranging from 7.5 to 35 kgCO₂-eq/m²/year and embodied carbon from 182 to 201 kgCO₂-eq/m². As a result, the maturity scale identifies leverage points offering a mechanism to benchmark progress and accelerate climate action in line with international examples approaching Level 5.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11641,"journal":{"name":"Energy and Buildings","volume":"348 ","pages":"Article 116443"},"PeriodicalIF":7.1,"publicationDate":"2025-09-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145120015","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Rethinking BIPVs: Evaluating the thermal trade-offs of building-integrated photovoltaics","authors":"Foad Foroutanfar,&nbsp;Blanca Tejedor,&nbsp;Miquel Casals","doi":"10.1016/j.enbuild.2025.116451","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.enbuild.2025.116451","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Building-integrated photovoltaics (BIPVs) are increasingly adopted in both new constructions and retrofitting projects, yet their thermal impact on building performance remains challenging and highly context-dependent. This review systematically explores the negative thermal effects of BIPVs by analyzing studies published between 2004 and 2024. A combined bibliometric and qualitative analysis was conducted using six targeted search queries in Scopus, categorizing relevant publications into experimental, simulation-based, and integrated approaches. Reported drawbacks include increased cooling demand during summer, unwanted heat accumulation, and higher winter heat losses, often resulting from installation issues or limited airflow around modules. Extended field investigations are still lacking and usually fail to capture detailed behavior across different climates. Additionally, many simulation models simplify airflow dynamics and overlook thermal interactions at the urban scale. Only a limited number of studies have successfully combined field measurements with thermal modeling to generate more reliable and context-driven insights. The broader contribution of BIPVs to the Urban Heat Island (UHI) effect also remains largely unaddressed, creating a persistent knowledge gap. This review emphasizes the necessity for integrated and interdisciplinary approaches that are tailored to local climate conditions to accurately assess the thermal performance of BIPV systems under diverse environmental conditions.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11641,"journal":{"name":"Energy and Buildings","volume":"348 ","pages":"Article 116451"},"PeriodicalIF":7.1,"publicationDate":"2025-09-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145109764","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Optimizing multi-objective peer-to-peer energy trading in green homes: Robust strategies to address non-probabilistic uncertainty using IGDT with integrated demand response","authors":"Hassan Gharibi ,&nbsp;Reza Gharibi ,&nbsp;Reza Khalili ,&nbsp;Rahman Dashti ,&nbsp;Mousa Marzband ,&nbsp;Muhyaddin Rawa","doi":"10.1016/j.enbuild.2025.116435","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.enbuild.2025.116435","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Residential renewable energy systems, including Photovoltaic (PV), Energy Storage Systems (ESS), and hydrogen storage, are increasingly widespread, fostering a shift towards sustainable energy consumption. Peer-to-peer (P2P) energy trading emerges as a promising avenue for consumers to exchange self-generated renewable energy, promoting community resilience and green energy adoption. This study investigates the implications of P2P energy trading within microgrids, where homes are equipped with renewable sources and energy storage systems. Leveraging Information Gap Decision Theory (IGDT), we address uncertainties inherent in consumer demand and renewable energy generation, enhancing the robustness of microgrid operations. Through Sequential Linear Goal Programming (SLGP), we analyze case studies with and without P2P energy exchange, revealing diverse outcomes. P2P energy trading leads to a significant 17 % reduction in residential energy costs, stimulating the uptake of renewables and fostering local energy autonomy. Furthermore, strategic optimization of energy exchange pathways within the green homes yields a notable 20.5 % decrease in losses, enhancing overall system efficiency. Integrating demand response program (DRP) proves pivotal in reshaping energy consumption patterns, bolstering microgrid resilience, and mitigating residential expenses. These findings underscore the efficacy of DR in microgrid management, empowering communities with enhanced adaptability, load management capabilities, and energy reliability.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11641,"journal":{"name":"Energy and Buildings","volume":"348 ","pages":"Article 116435"},"PeriodicalIF":7.1,"publicationDate":"2025-09-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145120013","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Deploying deep reinforcement learning for low-level HVAC control in multi-zone buildings: A comparative study with ASHRAE G36 sequences","authors":"Sabrina Savino ,&nbsp;Giuseppe Razzano ,&nbsp;Michele Pagone ,&nbsp;Carlo Novara ,&nbsp;Alfonso Capozzoli","doi":"10.1016/j.enbuild.2025.116456","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.enbuild.2025.116456","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This paper proposes a methodology for optimizing HVAC control in multi-zone buildings using Deep Reinforcement Learning. The study focuses on optimizing the central AHU system by controlling all low-level components within both the air and water loops, addressing the complex dynamics of multi-zone interactions. The case study is based on a building within the Politecnico di Torino campus. Modelica-based simulations are used to model both the HVAC system and building dynamics, allowing the integration and evaluation of the ASHRAE G36 control standard as a benchmark. Two DRL strategies are developed and evaluated, Zone-Aware and Zone-Integrated, under both winter and summer conditions, with the goal of improving energy efficiency, indoor temperature control, and indoor <span><math><msub><mtext>CO</mtext><mn>2</mn></msub></math></span> concentration, under varying occupancy profiles. The results reveal that both DRL strategies outperform the G36 baseline in terms of energy savings (up to 17 %), indoor temperature violations, and <span><math><msub><mtext>CO</mtext><mn>2</mn></msub></math></span> concentration. Additionally, DRL controllers demonstrate strong generalizability and adapt seamlessly to unseen occupancy profiles without manual tuning. This research highlights the potential of DRL to provide scalable, adaptive, and energy-efficient HVAC control solutions for multi-zone buildings.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11641,"journal":{"name":"Energy and Buildings","volume":"348 ","pages":"Article 116456"},"PeriodicalIF":7.1,"publicationDate":"2025-09-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145156360","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Active prefabricated façade with building-integrated photovoltaic (APF-BIPV) technologies for high energy efficient building renovation: a systematic review of recent research advancements","authors":"Graziano Salvalai,&nbsp;Feiyu Zhao","doi":"10.1016/j.enbuild.2025.116440","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.enbuild.2025.116440","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Active Prefabricated Façade with building-integrated photovoltaic (APF-BIPV) technologies used in the prefabricated building envelope component offer a promising approach to energy-efficient building renovation, combining renewable energy generation with modular construction advantages. This study systematically reviews APF-BIPV technologies, assessing their technological development, performance optimization, economic feasibility, and policy implications. Based on PRISMA methodology, the review includes not only peer-reviewed publications from Scopus and Web of Science but also analyzes research outputs from European-funded projects, highlighting the significant technological advancements that have transformed prefabricated façade components from basic cladding systems into highly integrated, multifunctional building elements, integrating PV technology for renewable energy production. This systematic review study shows that the combination of PV integrated in modular prefabricated construction holds significant future relevance, offering a dual benefit: reducing the energy consumption while promoting energy self-sufficiency in buildings. Over the past decade, the number of research publications on Active Prefabricated Façades (APF) has increased by approximately 3.5 times across the Scopus and Web of Science databases, demonstrating the significant potential of this technology. At the same time, APF-related projects in Europe have been strongly supported and promoted through funding schemes and policy initiatives. The integration of PV systems in modular prefabricated construction represents a strategic win–win collaboration between research and industry projects, where academic innovation meets practical application. This research aims to establish a reference framework for innovation in the field of active prefabricated envelope systems, offering a comprehensive overview of current technologies, integration strategies, and emerging trends.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11641,"journal":{"name":"Energy and Buildings","volume":"348 ","pages":"Article 116440"},"PeriodicalIF":7.1,"publicationDate":"2025-09-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145156815","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A fault detection and diagnosis method based on DWVMD-PCA-LightGBM for multi-sensor faults at VAV terminals in office areas of industrial buildings","authors":"Xinyu Xu ,&nbsp;Wei Quan ,&nbsp;Junqi Yu ,&nbsp;Zhiwei Wang ,&nbsp;Guangyu Liu ,&nbsp;Yanni Kang","doi":"10.1016/j.enbuild.2025.116462","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.enbuild.2025.116462","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In variable air volume (VAV) air-conditioning systems, sensor faults can cause control strategy failures, leading to increased energy consumption and reduced operational efficiency. To enable effective detection and classification of sensor faults, this study proposes a novel fault detection approach that integrates signal denoising, feature extraction, and fault classification. The method first employs an improved dynamic weighted variational mode decomposition (DWVMD) to denoise the raw sensor signals, effectively suppressing the interference of measurement noise during model training. Subsequently, principal component analysis (PCA) is used to reduce the dimensionality of the extracted multivariate feature vectors and perform initial fault detection. Finally, based on the PCA-transformed features and their corresponding labeled fault types, a light gradient boosting machine (LightGBM) classifier is trained to accurately identify both single-source fault (SSF) and multi-source fault (MSF). The study is based on real operational data from the VAV system in the office area of an industrial building, covering 7 types of SSFs and 6 types of MSFs. Comparative analysis was performed against five other diagnostic methods. The results indicate that the proposed DWVMD-PCA-LightGBM method demonstrates strong robustness and high accuracy in sensor fault detection, achieving diagnostic accuracies between 93.8% and 100%, with a false alarm rate (FAR) of only 0.07% and a fault detection rate (FDR) of 99.13%. Compared with the five benchmark methods, the proposed approach consistently delivers superior performance under complex operating conditions.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11641,"journal":{"name":"Energy and Buildings","volume":"348 ","pages":"Article 116462"},"PeriodicalIF":7.1,"publicationDate":"2025-09-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145094164","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}