Energy and Buildings最新文献

{"title":"Refrigerant charge fault diagnosis in VRF systems using Kolmogorov-Arnold networks and their convolutional variants: A comparative analysis with traditional models","authors":"Xue Zhang,&nbsp;Yunxi Cheng,&nbsp;Huanxin Chen,&nbsp;Henda Cheng,&nbsp;Yi Gao","doi":"10.1016/j.enbuild.2025.115608","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.enbuild.2025.115608","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Variable Refrigerant Flow (VRF) air conditioning systems are prone to refrigerant charge faults due to improper human operation or external factors during long-term operation, leading to reduced system performance and energy waste. To address this issue, this paper studies, for the first time, the diagnostic performance of the Kolmogorov–Arnold Network (KAN) and its convolutional neural network variant (Conv-KAN) for diagnosing refrigerant charge faults in VRF systems under cooling conditions, introducing new methods to the field of fault diagnosis in air conditioning systems. From the VRF refrigerant charge fault experiments, 18 significant feature variables were collected and subjected to data preprocessing.<!--> <!-->Using the processed datasets, the structures and parameters of various neural network models were optimized. Subsequently, the models’ performances were compared from multiple dimensions such as convergence speed, model performance change curves, and confusion matrices.<!--> <!-->Finally, comparisons were made with traditional models, and significance tests were conducted based on the comparison results. The results show that both KAN and Conv-KAN outperform traditional neural network models in terms of convergence speed and diagnostic accuracy, achieving diagnostic accuracies of 99.24 % and 99.02 %, respectively, which are 3.86 % and 0.04 % higher than traditional neural network models. Further comparisons with KNN, SVM, and decision tree algorithms reveal that KAN and Conv-KAN still exhibit better performance. This study not only demonstrates the excellent performance of KAN in diagnosing VRF refrigerant charge faults but also compares it with traditional neural network models, contributing to research in this field.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11641,"journal":{"name":"Energy and Buildings","volume":"336 ","pages":"Article 115608"},"PeriodicalIF":6.6,"publicationDate":"2025-03-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143645113","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Dynamic weather-based scheduling for achieving energy savings in factories","authors":"Kung-Yueh Camyale Chao ,&nbsp;Yi-Ting Liu ,&nbsp;Chia-Yi Lee ,&nbsp;Ji-Hong Lin ,&nbsp;Chia-Ping Cheng ,&nbsp;Ming-Hao Lee ,&nbsp;Hung-Chi Kuo ,&nbsp;Tai-Jen George Chen","doi":"10.1016/j.enbuild.2025.115604","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.enbuild.2025.115604","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study optimized heating, ventilation, and air-conditioning (HVAC) operations in an industrial setting on the basis of weather forecasts to achieve energy savings and reduce carbon emissions without the need for infrastructural modifications. Weather forecasts obtained from the Weather Research and Forecasting Model for an electronics factory in Northern Taiwan were integrated into a Python-based scheduling system for adjusting HVAC parameters dynamically for scheduling optimization. Compared with the original scheduling plan, the optimized scheduling plan, which was implemented from July 2023 to June 2024, resulted in electricity consumption reduction of 213,395 kWh, carbon emissions reduction of 105.4 metric tons, an energy-savings rate of 9.67%, and total cost savings of approximately 27,100 USD. Although cooling demand increased, the adopted dynamic scheduling approach resulted in optimized chiller load adjustments, strategic ice melting, and tailored HVAC operations for different seasons; thus, energy efficiency was enhanced. Seasonal variations in weather forecast accuracy were noted, with errors being larger in summer. Such variations affected HVAC operations. These findings highlight the necessity of applying statistical corrections to weather forecasts to better align them with actual conditions before they are used for HVAC scheduling. Overall, this study indicates the potential of leveraging weather forecasts for sustainable energy management and underscores the importance of reducing forecast errors for enhancing HVAC control. By integrating weather forecasts into real-time operations, factories can not only optimize daily energy usage but also plan power allocation for production processes three to seven days in advance.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11641,"journal":{"name":"Energy and Buildings","volume":"336 ","pages":"Article 115604"},"PeriodicalIF":6.6,"publicationDate":"2025-03-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143705482","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Prescriptive tool for zero-emissions building fenestration design using hybrid metaheuristic algorithms","authors":"Rosana Caro ,&nbsp;Lorena Cruz ,&nbsp;Arturo Martínez ,&nbsp;Pablo S. Naharro ,&nbsp;Santiago Muelas ,&nbsp;Kevin King Sancho ,&nbsp;Elena Cuerda ,&nbsp;María del Mar Barbero-Barrera ,&nbsp;Antonio LaTorre","doi":"10.1016/j.enbuild.2025.115594","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.enbuild.2025.115594","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Designing Zero-Emissions Buildings (ZEBs) involves balancing numerous complex objectives that traditional methods struggle to address. Fenestration, encompassing façade openings and shading systems, plays a critical role in ZEB performance due to its high thermal transmittance and solar radiation admission. This paper presents a novel simulation-based optimization method for fenestration designed for practical application. It uses a hybrid metaheuristic algorithm and relies on rules and an updatable catalog, to fully automate the design process, create a highly diverse search space, minimize biases, and generate detailed solutions ready for architectural prescription. Nineteen fenestration variables, over which architects have design flexibility, were optimized to reduce heating, cooling demand, and thermal discomfort in residential buildings. The method was tested across three Spanish climate zones. Results demonstrate that the considered optimization algorithm significantly outperforms the baseline Genetic Algorithm in both quality and robustness, with these differences proven to be statistically significant. Furthermore, the findings offer valuable insights for ZEB design, highlighting challenges in reducing cooling demand in warm climates, and showcasing the superior efficiency of automated movable shading systems compared to fixed solutions.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11641,"journal":{"name":"Energy and Buildings","volume":"336 ","pages":"Article 115594"},"PeriodicalIF":6.6,"publicationDate":"2025-03-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143705867","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Design optimization of a composite typology based on RC columns and THVS girders to reduce economic cost, emissions, and embodied energy of frame building construction","authors":"Iván Negrin ,&nbsp;Moacir Kripka ,&nbsp;Víctor Yepes","doi":"10.1016/j.enbuild.2025.115607","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.enbuild.2025.115607","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The construction industry significantly contributes to global energy consumption and emissions, necessitating sustainable alternatives to conventional practices. In this context, this study introduces a novel composite structural typology that combines reinforced concrete (RC) columns with transversely hybrid variable section (THVS) steel girders as beam-type elements. The proposed building frame leverages the high horizontal stiffness of RC columns and the reduced weight of steel girders to lower material consumption. The THVS variant has proven to be one of the most sustainable steel I-girder configurations. Two arrangements are analyzed: one with fixed beam-column connections and another with pinned joints. Structural design optimization problems are formulated, targeting three objectives: economic cost, CO₂(e) emissions, and embodied energy. These indicators are evaluated using a “cradle-to-site” approach. Results demonstrate that the fixed connection typology is optimal for buildings with shorter spans (4 m), achieving reductions in economic cost (6 %), emissions (16 %), and embodied energy (11 %) compared to traditional RC structures. The pinned variant is more suitable for longer span buildings (8 m), resulting in economic gains of around 5 % and a 6 % reduction in emissions despite higher energy requirements. Optimal THVS configurations indeed employ higher-grade steels in flanges than in the web, with tapered geometries varying by span length and connection type. The study also highlights that the THVS girders’ lighter weight significantly lowers axial loads on columns and foundations, further reducing construction costs and environmental impacts of the structural assembly. These findings underscore the potential of composite designs to enhance sustainability in building construction.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11641,"journal":{"name":"Energy and Buildings","volume":"336 ","pages":"Article 115607"},"PeriodicalIF":6.6,"publicationDate":"2025-03-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143637296","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Radiative cooling improvement by retro-reflective materials","authors":"Federico Rossi ,&nbsp;Alessia Di Giuseppe ,&nbsp;Abdul Rehman Soomro ,&nbsp;Andrea Nicolini ,&nbsp;Mirko Filipponi ,&nbsp;Beatrice Castellani","doi":"10.1016/j.enbuild.2025.115597","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.enbuild.2025.115597","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Cool materials are essential for reducing energy demand in buildings and for mitigating the Urban Heat Island (UHI) phenomenon. Their effectiveness relies on two primary physical properties: the ability to reflect solar energy and the capacity to emit infrared radiation, both of which are especially beneficial on horizontal surfaces like roofs and pavements. However, vertical surfaces, such as façades, also play a significant role in urban thermal balance. Conventional materials often underperform on these surfaces due to non-directional properties. This study measures the emissivity of Retro-Reflective (RR) materials, investigating their behaviour in the thermal infrared range. Results show that emissivity depends just on the superficial temperature and there are no angular variations. Therefore, RR materials have a directional behaviour only in the reflected radiation and not in the emitted one. Since emissivity is one of the parameters used in the calculation of the Cooling Power Potential (CPP), a critical knowledge gap regarding the CPP of RR coatings at varying orientations was found in literature. To address this limitation, an original measurement campaign was conducted, where several kinds of RR materials were realized by varying the size and density of embedded glass beads. RR materials significantly enhance CPP compared to conventional diffusive surfaces. At a typical façade temperature of 55 °C, RR materials increased CPP by an average of 20 %, demonstrating their superior cooling capability. Further research should focus on the long-term durability and environmental impact of RR materials to ensure their effectiveness over time.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11641,"journal":{"name":"Energy and Buildings","volume":"336 ","pages":"Article 115597"},"PeriodicalIF":6.6,"publicationDate":"2025-03-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143637297","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Bio-phase change materials based on stearin of sheep tail-fats loaded with nanoparticles: Melting performance analysis in rectangular cavity as a sustainable building envelopes","authors":"Abdulmunem R. Abdulmunem ,&nbsp;Izhari Izmi Mazali ,&nbsp;Pakharuddin Mohd Samin ,&nbsp;Kamaruzzaman Sopian ,&nbsp;Habibah Ghazali","doi":"10.1016/j.enbuild.2025.115612","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.enbuild.2025.115612","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Applying bio-based phase change materials (BPCM) using environmentally acceptable resources as an alternative to petroleum-based phase change materials (PCM) in buildings presents an opportunity to reduce greenhouse gas emissions to almost zero, besides decreasing energy consumption in achieving thermal comfort in a building. Thus, this research aims to investigate numerically and experimentally the melting behavior of stearin of sheep tail-fats (SSTF) as the BPCM in a rectangular cavity acting as the sustainable building envelope, as well as the effects of carbon nanotube (CNT) additives on the SSTF melting behaviors. The results suggest that the convection heat transfer mechanism plays an important role in the heat transfer within the SSTF envelope due to its poor thermal conductivity. This leads to the non-uniform melting progress inside the container. The inclusion of 0.03% CNT in the SSTF leads to a slight increase in the thermal conductivity of the SSTF composite because of the high number of the CNTs’ tangled tube bundles inside the SSTF. When compared to the SSTF without the CNT, it quickens the melting process and the melted SSTF’s velocity (the convection strength) by about 11% and 8.7%, respectively. Not only that, it also enhances the heat transfer and the thermal storage rate by about 13.7% and 7.5% respectively. Therefore, this research concludes that the SSTF with CNT as the additive offers a potential to be the effective passive TES envelopes for the building walls that leads to a potential application in the low-carbon thermal comfort control of buildings.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11641,"journal":{"name":"Energy and Buildings","volume":"336 ","pages":"Article 115612"},"PeriodicalIF":6.6,"publicationDate":"2025-03-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143637744","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Hygrothermal analysis of external walls with hemp wool and phase change materials insulation in Mediterranean climate: A case study of Tetouan, Morocco","authors":"Salma Kouzzi ,&nbsp;Sara El Hassani ,&nbsp;Souad Morsli ,&nbsp;Mohammed El Ganaoui ,&nbsp;Mohammed lhassane Lahlaouti","doi":"10.1016/j.enbuild.2025.115602","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.enbuild.2025.115602","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Energy-efficient wall systems are vital for sustainable construction, especially in humid Mediterranean climates. This study assesses the thermal and hygrothermal performance of four double hollow brick wall assemblies incorporating various insulation materials: air gaps, hemp wool, and phase change materials (PCMs) combined with hemp wool. Simulations were conducted using WUFI Pro software to analyze heat and moisture transfer under the Mediterranean climate of Tetouan, Morocco. The results reveal that the configuration with PCM placed before hemp wool delivers optimal performance. This setup achieves a thermal transmittance (U-value) of 0.38 W/m²·K, representing a reduction of 47 % compared to regulatory maximum standards. This configuration also demonstrates effective moisture control, keeping the hemp wool moisture content below the critical threshold of 18 % throughout the entire simulation period, thus preventing condensation and mold growth. In contrast, the air gap configuration failed to meet thermal standards and showed increased risks of mold growth. The PCM placed after hemp wool, while achieving a favorable U-value (0.38 W/m²·K), led to significant condensation at the critical interfaces with hemp wool. The highest mold growth was recorded at the right interface near the indoor environment (1632 mm), compromising long-term hygrothermal stability. These findings emphasize the importance of optimizing PCM placement and highlight the synergistic effects of combining PCM with hemp wool to enhance energy efficiency and indoor comfort. This study underscores the potential of such sustainable insulation systems in reducing energy demand while ensuring hygrothermal stability in humid Mediterranean buildings.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11641,"journal":{"name":"Energy and Buildings","volume":"336 ","pages":"Article 115602"},"PeriodicalIF":6.6,"publicationDate":"2025-03-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143637743","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Machine learning-driven hybrid cooling system for enhanced energy efficiency in multi-unit residential buildings","authors":"Mehran Bozorgi,&nbsp;Syeda Humaira Tasnim,&nbsp;Shohel Mahmud","doi":"10.1016/j.enbuild.2025.115613","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.enbuild.2025.115613","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The rising demand for energy-efficient cooling systems in Multi-Unit Residential Buildings (MURBs) presents a challenge, as traditional centralized systems often lead to excessive energy consumption, especially during peak demand periods. Addressing this issue requires innovative solutions that can reduce both the size of the central system and overall energy use, while still maintaining thermal comfort for occupants. This study proposes a novel hybrid cooling system that combines a central cooling system with localized thermoelectric coolers. A key innovation in this research is the use of a Machine Learning (ML) model to predict real-time cooling loads based on factors such as temperature, humidity, solar radiation, and occupancy. The system was evaluated through simulations conducted for a 40-unit MURB in Toronto, Canada, over the summer months. System components included solar evacuated tube collectors, absorption chillers, phase change material storage, and thermoelectric coolers. Cooling load analysis revealed that the building operates near peak capacity for less than 10 % of the time, underscoring the potential for hybrid system optimization. A Machine Learning model was developed to control the operation of the thermoelectric coolers, achieving a high R-squared value (R² = 0.9937) and a SMAPE of 15.87 %, ensuring accurate cooling load predictions. Results showed that both the central and hybrid systems provided acceptable thermal comfort, with PMV and PPD values within acceptable ranges. However, the hybrid system demonstrated higher energy efficiency, achieving a COP of 1.36 compared to 1.28 for the central system. These findings establish the hybrid cooling system, integrated with ML-based control, as a viable and sustainable solution for reducing energy consumption and enhancing cooling performance in residential buildings.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11641,"journal":{"name":"Energy and Buildings","volume":"336 ","pages":"Article 115613"},"PeriodicalIF":6.6,"publicationDate":"2025-03-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143644896","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Investigation of photovoltaic thermal performance using air jet impingement as cooling system with varying jet diameters and phase change material","authors":"Mays N. Shaeli ,&nbsp;Jalal M. Jalil ,&nbsp;Mounir Baccar","doi":"10.1016/j.enbuild.2025.115596","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.enbuild.2025.115596","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>One of the most important factors affecting the electrical and thermal efficiency of Photovoltaic/thermal (PV/T) is the rise in their temperature due to sunlight. In this study, the experimental effect of jet cooling on solar cells with different diameters and with phase change material (PCM) as an energy storage source was investigated. Two jet diameters (5 and 8 mm) were used to test the PV cell temperature. The goal is to maximize the cooling and optimize the high efficiency of the PV panel and to achieve a hotter air outflow. The 8 mm hole diameter jet appears to be the better choice, especially during peak hours of solar irradiance. The result shows an enhancement in electrical conversion efficiency in case 8 mm, achieving a 9.4 % improvement compared with the case without jet and PCM. The thermal efficiency of diameter 8 mm is higher and it reaching to a 5 % improvement comparison in case 5 mm diameter. The experimental results were favorable when compared to the theoretical results obtained using numerical solution.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11641,"journal":{"name":"Energy and Buildings","volume":"336 ","pages":"Article 115596"},"PeriodicalIF":6.6,"publicationDate":"2025-03-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143637353","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Thermal and electric multidomain dynamic model for integration of power grid distribution with behind-the-meter devices","authors":"Jian Sun ,&nbsp;Yanfei Li ,&nbsp;Jamie Lian ,&nbsp;Yuan Liu ,&nbsp;Wei Du","doi":"10.1016/j.enbuild.2025.115606","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.enbuild.2025.115606","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>As renewable energy sources like solar and wind power become more integrated into the grid, coordinated control of behind-the-meter devices is crucial for enhancing grid flexibility and reliability and for meeting cost targets, with standardized models being developed to support this transition. The increasing flexibility and uncertainty of integrated renewable energy grids, along with interactions between various subsystems, make traditional steady-state modeling insufficient to capture transient and dynamic behaviors. Current models (e.g., composite load and battery equivalent models) focus on thermodynamic or electrical characteristics but overlook critical electromechanical interactions. This limits the ability to share performance information for grid services and hampers fast dynamic simulations. In addition, motor stalling is usually triggered by a fault event and attributed to the characteristics of the mechanical torque of the motor, resulting in absorption of a large amount of reactive power during the stalling period. This significant withdrawal of reactive power will deteriorate the dynamic voltage stability of power grids and cause delayed voltage recovery [<span><span>1</span></span>]. Therefore, an in-depth modeling of the thermodynamics or mechanical torque is essential to study the impacts of the realistic torque characteristics of those behind-the-meter devices on power system voltage stability. This study developed a dynamic multidomain model for building HVAC systems, such as air-source heat pumps, to simulate their thermal and electrical responses to grid transients. The model can accurately predict power metrics with a mean absolute percentage error of 10 %, by validating against with power system computer-aided design performance data. Case studies demonstrate the model capability of capturing the transient response to sudden voltage changes, rapid load fluctuations, and system shutdowns respectively. During a sudden voltage drop (30 % for 0.1 s), a fully loaded heat pump’s motor speed dropped, continued declining, and shut down after 3.6 s, with severe power oscillations and a torque spike. A partially loaded unit experienced temporary oscillations but stabilized. Under higher building loads, compressor speed increased from 64 % to 100 %, with power and torque rising before stabilizing. In safety-triggered shutdowns, power decreased after minor fluctuations, and torque briefly spiked before dropping to zero.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11641,"journal":{"name":"Energy and Buildings","volume":"336 ","pages":"Article 115606"},"PeriodicalIF":6.6,"publicationDate":"2025-03-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143637745","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}