Energy and Buildings最新文献

{"title":"Co-quantification of building energy flexibility considering the synergistic effect of HVAC and lighting systems","authors":"Zhe Tian ,&nbsp;Junze Li ,&nbsp;Yakai Lu ,&nbsp;Jide Niu ,&nbsp;Haizhu Zhou ,&nbsp;Cheng Zhen","doi":"10.1016/j.enbuild.2025.115879","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.enbuild.2025.115879","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) systems, along with lighting systems, are flexible resources in buildings suitable for demand response. The electrical power adjustment of the lighting system directly impacts the heat dissipation, which indirectly affects the load and power consumption of the HVAC system. Therefore, when both systems are involved in demand response simultaneously, how to account for their synergistic effect to accurately quantify flexibility is a critical issue worth exploring. This paper proposes a co-quantification method for the building energy flexibility of HVAC and lighting systems. First, a method is defined to describe the flexibility of the HVAC and lighting systems, as well as their synergistic effect. Then, a dynamic co-simulation model that considers the coupling relationship between light, heat, and electricity is established for power calculation under flexible system operations. Finally, a parallel simulation and data processing mechanism, led by user strategies, is created to build a flexibility co-quantification platform. The flexibility and the synergistic effect between systems are evaluated throughout the cooling season, with a case study conducted on an office building in Tianjin, China. The results show that the synergistic effect influences various flexibility indicators of the HVAC system. In the peak shaving scenario, as the temperature adjustment decreases and the response duration increases, the synergistic effect gradually enhances the HVAC system’s average reduction power during demand response (0 % ∼ 300 %) and the maximum rebound power after the response (−90 % ∼ 30 %). Additionally, higher cooling loads further enhance the peak shaving benefits attributable to the synergistic effect.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11641,"journal":{"name":"Energy and Buildings","volume":"342 ","pages":"Article 115879"},"PeriodicalIF":6.6,"publicationDate":"2025-05-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144083984","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Advancing building energy simulations: Integrating photobioreactor façades for enhanced energy efficiency and comfort","authors":"Yonca Yaman ,&nbsp;İrem Deniz ,&nbsp;Gülden Köktürk ,&nbsp;Mehmet Akif Ezan ,&nbsp;Ayça Tokuç","doi":"10.1016/j.enbuild.2025.115860","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.enbuild.2025.115860","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Photobioreactors (PBRs) offer to reduce energy consumption, enhance thermal and visual comfort, capture carbon, and generate energy in buildings. Despite their potential, PBRs remain under development and face theoretical and practical challenges. Theoretical issues include the inherent characteristics of PBR elements, complicating their simulation by building professionals. Practical challenges involve the continuous maintenance required for their operation. This study aims to advance the understanding of PBRs as building elements that can be evaluated using common simulation tools. Particularly flat plate PBRs, which comprise two transparent sheets containing a liquid medium for growing microalgae. By treating these PBRs as windows in energy and lighting simulations, this research seeks to make them accessible to building professionals. The novel contribution of this study lies in the fact that the changes in viscosity and thermal conductivity during the growth of microalgae in liquid media have not been analysed in literature. Alongside light transmittance, these values can characterize windows for use in building energy simulation tools. Through parametric analysis and multi-objective optimization, this study demonstrates the renovation potential of a building with three alternative PBR façade configurations. The results show that PBR façades can significantly control daylight transmission and affect building energy loads. All optimal solutions of Façade Proposal 2 show improvements on daylighting and energy use while other façades have mixed effects, up to 12 % for daylight and 37 % for energy. Meanwhile, all Façade Proposals improved thermal comfort, with 1, 2, and 3 showing improvements of 37–91 %, 0–99 %, and 62–87 %, respectively.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11641,"journal":{"name":"Energy and Buildings","volume":"342 ","pages":"Article 115860"},"PeriodicalIF":6.6,"publicationDate":"2025-05-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144067231","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Economic and environmental perspectives of flexible demand in PV-based Italian energy communities with residential end-users","authors":"Paolo Lazzeroni,&nbsp;Gianmarco Lorenti,&nbsp;Aldo Canova,&nbsp;Maurizio Repetto","doi":"10.1016/j.enbuild.2025.115853","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.enbuild.2025.115853","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Nowadays, the sharing of energy production within Energy Communities is promoting the diffusion of a decentralized energy system where renewable generation can be locally self-consumed by its members. The maximization of the matching between generation and demand is then crucial to ensure higher economic and environmental benefits for residential end-users joining Energy Communities. In this view, an optimization approach based on Mixed Integer Linear Programming is proposed to model end-users flexibility for investigating how the change in consumption habits can improve energy sharing by maximizing the match between renewable production and demand. The user’s discomfort is also considered to figure out the impact on the existing behavior. An Italian multi-family residential building case study is considered to highlight energy, economic, environmental, and social impacts due to flexible demand. Results reveal that if end-users fully agreed to flexible demand, self-consumption increased up to 95.9 %, with a decrease in energy bills and carbon emissions of 4.6 % and 9 %, respectively. Otherwise, if a lower availability of end-users flexibility is also included in a multi-objective perspective, a possible trade-off between the energy and discomfort point of view can be found. In fact, suitable economic and environmental performances are still reached with self-consumption increased up to 93.7 % and cost and emission savings of 3.8 % and 7.5 %, respectively.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11641,"journal":{"name":"Energy and Buildings","volume":"342 ","pages":"Article 115853"},"PeriodicalIF":6.6,"publicationDate":"2025-05-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144072301","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Simulation of economic, energy-saving, and environmental benefits of the centralized-decentralized two-stage heating mode","authors":"Lingyan Li ,&nbsp;Chenxi Zhang ,&nbsp;Haoming Xia ,&nbsp;Mimi Duan ,&nbsp;Jixian Yang","doi":"10.1016/j.enbuild.2025.115869","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.enbuild.2025.115869","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The centralized heating system (CH) effectively addresses low temperature issues but is limited by fixed operating hours, reduced flexibility, and energy waste during the heating period. This paper introduces a centralized-decentralized two-stage (CD-TSH), room-based, time-scheduled heating model. Using DeST software, it compares the heating load and energy consumption across different family schedules and heating modes, while also assessing their economic, energy-saving, and environmental impacts. The results indicate that the centralized-air source heat pump (C-ASHP) and centralized-split air conditioner (C-SAC) modes provide the greatest overall benefits for families with daytime occupants (Family X) and families without daytime occupants (Family Y), respectively. The annual life cycle costs for the two types of families are reduced by 5.58 % and 12.12 %, respectively, compared to CH, with economic costs decreasing by 3.65 % and 10.36 %. The energy consumption and pollutant emissions of Family X are reduced by 50.87 %, while those of Family Y decrease by 53.45 %, demonstrating substantial advantages in terms of economics, energy-savings, and environmental impact. CD-TSH, room-based, time-scheduled heating model, compared to traditional centralized heating, enhances flexibility in temperature control, improves user comfort, optimizes energy efficiency, and provides substantial economic, energy-saving, and environmental benefits. It offers an innovative solution for achieving carbon neutrality goals.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11641,"journal":{"name":"Energy and Buildings","volume":"341 ","pages":"Article 115869"},"PeriodicalIF":6.6,"publicationDate":"2025-05-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143942588","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Experimental study on flexible energy use feature of multi-split air-conditioning system with different control schemes in summer","authors":"Anqi Ye ,&nbsp;Shuo Liu ,&nbsp;Tao Zhang ,&nbsp;Zhigang Zhao ,&nbsp;Qiuhao Yang ,&nbsp;Xiaohua Liu","doi":"10.1016/j.enbuild.2025.115875","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.enbuild.2025.115875","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Demand response (DR) serves as the primary avenue through which building air-conditioning (AC) flexible resources engage in power grid regulation. Considering a dynamic outdoor environment and the constraints of indoor comfort and system mechanical limits, specifying the response accuracy and flexibility potential of the system in the actual response process is beneficial to enhance the response effect and improve the energy efficiency. This study focused on two flexible regulation strategies of AC in DR: global temperature adjustment (GTA) and direct power control (DPC). An experimental investigation was conducted to clarify the flexible regulation characteristics of multi-split AC systems under these two strategies and quantitatively evaluate their flexible potential. The results showed that the DPC strategy achieved a superior response accuracy of 90.4 %, while the GTA strategy’s response accuracy was 23.8 %. And there was a discernible upward trend in flexibility potential with rising outdoor temperatures and increased adjustment steps for GTA, with an associated 1 to 6 W/m² load reduction for each 1 °C increment in temperature set-point. Considering the mechanical limits of the equipment, the theoretical available regulation capacity of the DPC strategy for high, medium, and low outdoor temperature conditions were determined to be 75 %, 50 %, and 25 %, respectively. Moreover, narrowing the temperature gap between the baseline temperature and the upper comfort temperature limit shortened the available response duration. The study further explored the balance between flexible responsiveness and operational efficiency, suggesting that lowering the set-point temperature for valley filling can help improve system performance. These insights offer an exhaustive perspective on anticipating and managing flexible capacity of multi-split AC systems within the context of DR initiatives.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11641,"journal":{"name":"Energy and Buildings","volume":"342 ","pages":"Article 115875"},"PeriodicalIF":6.6,"publicationDate":"2025-05-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144067230","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Multi-objective optimization for balancing CO2 emissions and thermal comfort in a central heat pump system: A case study of a Danish office building","authors":"Yujie Yang,&nbsp;Muhyiddine Jradi","doi":"10.1016/j.enbuild.2025.115870","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.enbuild.2025.115870","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Buildings consume a large portion of global energy and contribute significantly to CO₂ emissions, with HVAC systems being major energy users. Improving HVAC efficiency is crucial for sustainability and climate goals. Model Predictive Control (MPC) has shown promise in optimizing HVAC operations, enhancing energy savings while maintaining comfort. However, full-scale implementation of MPC in real-world buildings remains limited. This study bridges that gap by developing a high-fidelity energy model of an office building at the University of Southern Denmark to evaluate MPC performance in practice. Unlike traditional methods focusing on terminal components, this research targets the central heat source, a heat pump, and uses MPC to balance CO₂ emissions and thermal comfort. A multi-objective optimization framework is used, weighing CO₂ emissions at 0.6 and thermal comfort at 0.4 when selecting control strategies at each prediction step. Results show that MPC reduced average indoor temperature by 0.74 °C, cut total energy use by 27.96 %, and lowered CO₂ emissions by 26.63 %. Additionally, the optimized heat pump operation aligns energy use with periods of higher renewable energy availability, further reducing dependence on fossil fuels. By shifting the optimization focus to the central heat source and integrating grid-responsive strategies, this study offers a scalable and intelligent solution for decarbonizing HVAC systems. The findings underscore MPC’s potential to enhance building energy performance and contribute to a more sustainable and resilient energy future.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11641,"journal":{"name":"Energy and Buildings","volume":"342 ","pages":"Article 115870"},"PeriodicalIF":6.6,"publicationDate":"2025-05-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143942051","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"An optimal scheduling method for building energy system integrating solar energy based on adaptive hybrid mechanism model and learning-based model predictive control","authors":"Cheng Qian ,&nbsp;Ning He ,&nbsp;Zihao Cheng ,&nbsp;Huiping Li","doi":"10.1016/j.enbuild.2025.115833","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.enbuild.2025.115833","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Building energy system integrating solar energy as a new form of sustainable energy use, reduces energy consumption and provides great flexibility for energy saving and emission reduction; however, the stochasticity and fluctuation of solar energy supply makes it difficult to utilize efficiently and reduce the economy of building energy system. Optimal scheduling can fully coordinate the output of each equipment unit, effectively improve the energy utilization rate and further enhance the economic operation; however, optimal scheduling method depends on the accurate system model, and the uncertainty and lack of accuracy hinder the effective implementation of the optimal scheduling method. This paper presents an optimal scheduling method based on adaptive hybrid mechanism model (AHMM) and learning-based model predictive control (LMPC). Firstly, an AHMM is constructed to profile the actual output of the system more accurately to help optimal scheduling methods to be implemented more effectively, in which mechanism model is used to explain the theoretical output characteristics of the system, and the data-driven model is introduced to describe and quantify the uncertainty of the energy coupling. Secondly, an optimal scheduling based on LMPC is proposed, wherein, LMPC with dynamic optimization characteristics is designed to address the economic performance degradation caused by fluctuations in solar energy supply, and the prediction horizon of LMPC is updated by an online learning mechanism to improve the economic performance and computational efficiency of optimal scheduling. Finally, a typical building energy system based on simulation platform is used as the experimental object. The results illustrate that the proposed AHMM has more accurate output and smaller prediction error, and the proposed optimal scheduling method improves the cost saving and computational efficiency by about 21.09% and 17.28% respectively. The proposed method can quantify the uncertainty of the model, better profile the system response, and have application potential and advantage under the situation of the declining computer efficiency.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11641,"journal":{"name":"Energy and Buildings","volume":"341 ","pages":"Article 115833"},"PeriodicalIF":6.6,"publicationDate":"2025-05-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143942589","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Study on window size and indoor color of typical residential units based on EEG measurement and semantic differential method coupling analysis","authors":"Zihuan Zhang ,&nbsp;Zao Li ,&nbsp;Jiayi Xu","doi":"10.1016/j.enbuild.2025.115855","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.enbuild.2025.115855","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Architectural windows introduce natural light and color into indoor spaces, impacting users’ evaluations of interior environments and their physical and mental responses. Quantitative research to find better solutions for inner space is crucial for its implications in physiology and architecture. This study engaged 30 volunteers to evaluate the impact of window dimensions and interior colors within a virtual environment created by Enscape. Utilizing electroencephalography (EEG) and the semantic differential (SD) method, it examined the effects of rectangular window proportions (X and Y ratios from 0.2 to 0.8) and the HSL color model across 17 setups in four hues, adjusting luminance and saturation. EEG used a calculation method to measure the production of different EEG frequency bands while participants viewed various stimuli, while SD gauged spatial, physiological perceptions, and satisfaction, offering insights from both quantitative and qualitative angles. EEG analyses showed that overly large or overly small window openings are not conducive to a relaxed state. Preference leaned towards vertical over horizontal windows for the same area, with lighter, less saturated colors fostering relaxation and Alpha wave production, aside from green (H = 120) which differed. The study underscores the profound influence of window size and interior color conditions on physiological and psychological responses, advocating for a balanced approach in architectural design that considers both.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11641,"journal":{"name":"Energy and Buildings","volume":"342 ","pages":"Article 115855"},"PeriodicalIF":6.6,"publicationDate":"2025-05-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144072300","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Energy environmental matrix for buildings energy performance certificate evaluation","authors":"Michał Kaczmarczyk","doi":"10.1016/j.enbuild.2025.115859","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.enbuild.2025.115859","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The residential building sector accounts for over 40 % of global energy demand and more than 35 % of CO₂ emissions. While energy performance certificates (EPC) are widely used to assess building efficiency, they lack clarity in communicating real energy and environmental impacts. This paper introduces the Energy Environmental Matrix (EEM), a novel three-dimensional method that simultaneously considers primary energy demand (EP), final-to-useful energy ratio, and equivalent emissions (ZrSO₂). A case study involving a single-family house located in southern Poland was used to evaluate 9 different heating system configurations. The results indicate that traditional fossil fuel systems, such as coal and oil boilers, exhibit high primary energy demand (70.9 and 69.8 kWh/m²year) and equivalent emissions (39.36 and 5.90 kg/year, respectively). In contrast, brine/water heat pumps combined with photovoltaic systems achieve the best performance, with primary energy demand reduced to 7.0 kWh/m²year and equivalent emissions as low as 0.62 kg/year – over 90 % lower than fossil fuel-based systems. The EEM matrix facilitates an intuitive and visual comparison of system efficiency and sustainability, providing a significant improvement over current EPC methods. This tool supports stakeholders in selecting low-emission technologies, aligning with ESG goals and climate action strategies.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11641,"journal":{"name":"Energy and Buildings","volume":"341 ","pages":"Article 115859"},"PeriodicalIF":6.6,"publicationDate":"2025-05-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143942587","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Establishing the thresholds for outdoor thermal comfort in cold climate urban areas","authors":"Sevgi Yilmaz ,&nbsp;Fatih Canan","doi":"10.1016/j.enbuild.2025.115861","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.enbuild.2025.115861","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The present study investigated outdoor thermal comfort conditions in the city of Erzurum, Turkiye, which is located in a cold climate zone (Dfb). A one-year field survey was conducted in various locations throughout the city, taking into consideration seasonal variations and pedestrian flow. A total of 2632 valid questionnaires were collected. For each participant, the Physiological Equivalent Temperature (PET,⁰C) value was determined using operational variables from the questionnaires and environmental variables recorded during the survey. The obtained PET values were combined with subjective data, which included participants’ assessments of their perception of microclimatic conditions. This enabled the determination of the Neutral PET value, the neutral PET range, and the neutral PET intervals corresponding to the thermal sensation categories for Erzurum. The lower 12.2 °C and upper bounds 19.3 °C of the PET for Erzurum differ from the 18.1 °C to 23.0 °C range identified for Central and Western Europe. This demonstrated that the population of Erzurum exhibits greater resistance to cold weather conditions compared to that of Central and Western Europe Furthermore, using linear multiple regression, a new thermal comfort index named Erzurum Outdoor Thermal Comfort Index (EOCI) was developed to predict the thermal perception of a large group of individuals living in the cold climate zone of Erzurum. The results highlight the importance of obtaining specific values for the analysis of outdoor thermal comfort in distinct climatic regions.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11641,"journal":{"name":"Energy and Buildings","volume":"342 ","pages":"Article 115861"},"PeriodicalIF":6.6,"publicationDate":"2025-05-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143947676","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}