Energy and Buildings最新文献

{"title":"Potentials of energy-active windows with integrated airflow geometries for improved thermal comfort and energy efficiency","authors":"Syed Y. Mahdi ,&nbsp;Mohammed Alhaji Mohammed ,&nbsp;Ismail M. Budaiwi ,&nbsp;Adel A. Abdou","doi":"10.1016/j.enbuild.2025.116567","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.enbuild.2025.116567","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Optimizing building envelope systems is essential for improving energy efficiency and indoor thermal comfort, especially in hot climates with high cooling demand. This study evaluates the performance of an Energy-Active Window (EAW) system enhanced with internal airflow-modifying elements. Return air temperature (outflow), outflow–inflow temperature difference (ΔT), and inner glazing temperature were extracted from CFD steady-state simulations, while whole-building energy demand and occupant comfort were assessed via EnergyPlus using the Fanger PMV model. Optimized EAW configurations were compared to a base case and conventional glazing systems, including double, triple, and Low-E glazing. The square bar design (SA₂), with three bars spaced 0.1 m apart in the outflow slot, showed the best performance, achieving a return air temperature of 39.04 °C and a ΔT of 16.06 °C. Reducing bar spacing to 0.05 m further improved ΔT to 16.45 °C, lowered the inner glazing temperature to 23.3 °C, and reduced the U-value to 0.12 W/m²·K. The optimized EAW reduced cooling demand by 24 % compared to double glazing, 18 % versus triple glazing, 14 % versus double Low-E, and 11 % versus triple Low-E, and 6.16 % over its base case. Comfort analysis confirmed better PMV values (–0.10, 0.07, 0.53) compared to more negative values (–1.46 in double glazing and –1.44 in triple glazing) in conventional systems. These findings identify the SA₂ configuration as a promising strategy for enhancing both energy performance and thermal comfort in energy-active window systems, while demonstrating a competitive advantage over conventional and Low-E glazing technologies.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11641,"journal":{"name":"Energy and Buildings","volume":"349 ","pages":"Article 116567"},"PeriodicalIF":7.1,"publicationDate":"2025-10-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145261676","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Quantifying operational-phase carbon sequestration in urban concrete buildings: A spatiotemporal analysis of Qingdao City","authors":"Peifeng Zhang ,&nbsp;Yudi Fu ,&nbsp;Beibei Jia ,&nbsp;Tadesse Zelele ,&nbsp;Mohamed Al-Hussein","doi":"10.1016/j.enbuild.2025.116549","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.enbuild.2025.116549","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Concrete structures in urban buildings act as carbon sinks, continually capturing and storing carbon dioxide. Accurate calculation of CO₂ uptake in urban concrete buildings and understanding the spatial distribution of carbon sequestration across a city are crucial. In this study, we calculated the carbon sequestration capacity of concrete buildings using an optimized Fick’s law and examined the spatiotemporal characteristics of carbon sequestration in Qingdao City, China. The results indicated that urban concrete buildings in Qingdao sequesters approximately 1.86 million tons of carbon. Carbon sequestration varies significantly by building type, with residential buildings showing the highest ratio of total carbon sequestration and carbon sequestration intensity. Lower buildings generally had a higher proportion and intensity of carbon sequestration. Additionally, carbon sequestration displayed time-dependent characteristics, as older buildings tended to show higher average carbon sequestration and intensity. The spatial distribution of carbon sequestration across Qingdao is uneven, with carbon sequestration decreasing from older to newer urban areas and county-level cities, from district centers to their peripheries, and from the city center to the suburb regions. These findings are critical for evaluating the role of urban concrete buildings as carbon sequestration on an urban scale and provide valuable insights for urban planning and development.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11641,"journal":{"name":"Energy and Buildings","volume":"349 ","pages":"Article 116549"},"PeriodicalIF":7.1,"publicationDate":"2025-10-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145261714","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Enhancing urban thermal resilience in multi-mountainous cities through optimized 3D block morphology: a machine learning framework","authors":"Xun Lin ,&nbsp;Zhitai Wang ,&nbsp;Yu Bao ,&nbsp;Xintong Chen","doi":"10.1016/j.enbuild.2025.116562","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.enbuild.2025.116562","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The accelerated global urbanization process has accelerated the significant transformations in land surfaces, leading to the formation of obvious urban overheating phenomena. Maintaining urban thermal resilience can effectively alleviate the impact of extreme high temperatures on communities during heatwaves. This study takes the built-up area of Guiyang City, a typical multi-mountainous city, as the research area, and establishes an evaluation method for urban thermal resilience (UTR) through the difference between conventional temperature and extreme high temperature. Then, based on multi-source data and the characteristics of the study area, we screened the block scale multi-mountainous city morphology index system. The impact of block scale urban form on UTR was quantified from both global and local perspectives using SHAP interpretation model and geographically weighted random forest model. The research results indicate that: (1) The UTR of Guiyang presents a spatial distribution characteristic of low in the middle and high at the edges; The highest values are mainly distributed in the southwest direction near the edge of the city. (2) The urban morphologies are significantly correlated with UTR and has a threshold effect; The average ground elevation (MGE) and building density (BD) are the main driving factors affecting UTR. (3) The UTR of Guiyang exhibits significant spatial clustering, and the impact of urban morphology on UTR also shows spatial heterogeneity. This study provides a scientific foundation for enhancing the thermal environment and promoting sustainable planning in multi-mountainous cities.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11641,"journal":{"name":"Energy and Buildings","volume":"349 ","pages":"Article 116562"},"PeriodicalIF":7.1,"publicationDate":"2025-10-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145261882","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Liquid desiccant thermal storage driven by off-peak electricity: synergistic regulation of solution concentration and air humidity for building load shifting","authors":"Chong Zhai,&nbsp;Beiyu Liu,&nbsp;Mengjie Xu,&nbsp;Haibin Han,&nbsp;Yahui Sun,&nbsp;Wei Wu","doi":"10.1016/j.enbuild.2025.116559","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.enbuild.2025.116559","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Building latent cooling and humidification loads are difficult to shift with conventional sensible thermal storage, which limits demand-side flexibility in humid climates. To address this challenge, this study proposes and experimentally evaluates a heat pump–driven liquid desiccant system with integrated preheating and precooling for humidity-based energy storage and peak load shifting. A detailed thermodynamic model and laboratory-scale platform were developed to analyze the coupled dehumidification and regeneration processes, and sensitivity studies were carried out to identify the influence of key operational parameters. Results show that enhancing regeneration effectiveness and internal solution heat exchanger efficiency significantly increases the usable concentration swing and round-trip performance. At the single-building scale, the system achieved peak latent load reductions of 5.4 kW in summer and 4.8 kW in winter with a round-trip effectiveness of approximately 53 %. At the district scale, coordinated operation across multiple buildings in Nanjing delivered an aggregated reduction of 1.54 MW, accompanied by substantial energy cost savings, demand-charge reductions, and carbon mitigation. These findings demonstrate that humidity-based energy storage provides a practical and high-impact pathway to enhance building–grid flexibility and accelerate low-carbon urban energy transitions.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11641,"journal":{"name":"Energy and Buildings","volume":"349 ","pages":"Article 116559"},"PeriodicalIF":7.1,"publicationDate":"2025-10-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145261718","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A novel method for controllable and interpretable load scenario generation based on LPR-Net and SRGAN","authors":"Hongxia Guo ,&nbsp;Yuan Li ,&nbsp;Lin Li ,&nbsp;Jianxue Wang ,&nbsp;Qian Ma","doi":"10.1016/j.enbuild.2025.116560","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.enbuild.2025.116560","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Accurate load scenario generation is critical for capturing complex demand uncertainty in power system planning under varying seasonal conditions. However, existing methods often lack controllability over scenario attributes and provide limited interpretability, making it difficult to understand the influence of load characteristic indicators on generated scenarios. These limitations hinder reliable decision-making in demand-side management. This study aims to develop a controllable and explainable framework for generating high-resolution load scenarios that capture complex peak-valley patterns. A joint probability model of daily load characteristic indicators is first established using Kernel Density Estimation and Gaussian copulas to capture their statistical dependencies. A two-stage generation framework is then introduced: (i) the Load Profile Reconstruction Network (LPR-Net) deterministically reconstructs low-resolution load profiles from sampled indicators, and (ii) a Super-Resolution Generative Adversarial Network (SRGAN) stochastically refines these profiles to high-resolution scenarios by introducing realistic variability. SHapley Additive exPlanations (SHAP) are further applied to quantify the contribution of each indicator, enhancing interpretability. The proposed approach achieves superior alignment with historical load distributions across all seasons, reconstructs peak-valley patterns with high fidelity, and exhibits stable convergence compared to single-stage generative models. It captures both overall load levels and intraday variability while preserving statistical dependencies among indicators, demonstrating robustness and generalizability under diverse operating conditions. The framework supports demand response and reserve scheduling by providing reliable, interpretable scenarios, enhances power system planning, and facilitates privacy-preserving synthetic data sharing. These capabilities improve the adaptability and reliability of decision-making in modern power systems.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11641,"journal":{"name":"Energy and Buildings","volume":"349 ","pages":"Article 116560"},"PeriodicalIF":7.1,"publicationDate":"2025-10-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145261712","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A novel comprehensive frosting characteristic index jointly considering the refrigerant and configuration of air source heat pumps","authors":"Shiquan Wang ,&nbsp;Wenzhe Wei ,&nbsp;Jianfei Luo ,&nbsp;Wei Wang ,&nbsp;Yuying Sun ,&nbsp;Zhaoyang Li ,&nbsp;Wanpeng Zhu ,&nbsp;Shiming Deng","doi":"10.1016/j.enbuild.2025.116558","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.enbuild.2025.116558","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The refrigerant and configurations represent pivotal elements in the development process of the air source heat pumps (ASHPs), exerting a considerable influence on the formation of frosting. Nevertheless, the refrigerant influence mechanism on the frosting performance remains unclear. To comprehensively quantify the frosting performance for different refrigerants, a detailed theoretical analysis of ASHPs was conducted on the outdoor exchanger heat transfer process. The essential physical parameters of the refrigerant and the configuration that affects the frosting performance of ASHPs were determined. Then, a novel frosting characteristic index (<em>CICOR</em>) was proposed, considering the joint influence of these physical parameters. Moreover, the frosting experiments were conducted using four experimental ASHPs, and the empirical numerical relationships among <em>CICOR</em>, frosting driving force and frosting duration were established. The results indicate that an elevated <em>CICOR</em> value is associated with enhanced frosting suppression capability. The frosting duration can be predicted by calculating the <em>CICOR</em>. With an increase in the <em>CICOR</em> value from 11.26 × 10⁻² to 52.68 × 10⁻² (s·m⁵)/kJ², the frosting duration increased from 21 min to 122 min for ASHPs utilizing R410A. Meanwhile, when the value of <em>CICOR</em> increased from 14.46 × 10⁻² to 54.82 × 10⁻² (s·m⁵)/kJ², the frosting duration increased from 23 min to 69 min for ASHPs using R32.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11641,"journal":{"name":"Energy and Buildings","volume":"349 ","pages":"Article 116558"},"PeriodicalIF":7.1,"publicationDate":"2025-10-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145261717","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Achieving thermal comfort through vernacular wisdom: a morphological typology of earth-sheltered dwellings in hot-arid climates (Semnan, Iran)","authors":"Nika Nasiri ,&nbsp;Nader Rahbar ,&nbsp;Seyed Majid Mofidi Shemirani ,&nbsp;Hossein Moradinasab ,&nbsp;Amirreza Khaksar","doi":"10.1016/j.enbuild.2025.116552","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.enbuild.2025.116552","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Underground residential spaces are an integral part of vernacular architecture in Iran’s hot-arid climate, playing a significant role in providing passive thermal comfort. However, the morphological principles governing their thermal effectiveness have not been systematically classified. This research addresses this gap by developing a new typology based on a case study of 80 underground spaces in Semnan (35°34′N, 53°23′E), Iran. The analysis involved a descriptive frequency study, a relational analysis of key variables, and a cumulative performance scoring system. The results identify an optimal typology characterized by multi-sided earth contact, north–south orientation, composite form, and no direct openings. A new performance scoring reveals a significant gap between this ideal and common practice: none of the 80 spaces met all four optimal criteria, and only 10% achieved a high-performance score of 3 out of 4. The analysis also uncovers key correlations, such as the tendency to pair greater earth contact with fewer openings, demonstrating a sophisticated, integrated design logic. These findings provide an evidence-based framework for architects, demonstrating how principles from vernacular architecture can be leveraged to create sustainable, low-energy buildings. The developed typology serves as an actionable guide for optimizing new residential designs in hot-arid climates worldwide.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11641,"journal":{"name":"Energy and Buildings","volume":"349 ","pages":"Article 116552"},"PeriodicalIF":7.1,"publicationDate":"2025-10-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145261780","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A reinforcement learning-based segmented cooperative air balancing control method for multiple dampers","authors":"Fanyong Cheng ,&nbsp;Minglu Zhang ,&nbsp;Chongjing Zhang ,&nbsp;Shilin Liu ,&nbsp;Hang Lin","doi":"10.1016/j.enbuild.2025.116555","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.enbuild.2025.116555","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Air balancing is a latent energy-saving technology in heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) system, which ensures accurate airflow delivery to satisfy indoor air quality. Due to the complex and diverse structure of ventilation duct systems and the strong coupling between associated branches, the existing air balancing methods suffer from slow convergence speed and low accuracy. This paper proposes a reinforcement learning-based segmented cooperative air balancing control method (RLSC-AB) for multiple dampers. This method designs a Markov property-based control process to accelerate the convergence speed of air balancing and a fine-adjustment to enhance the accuracy. It features two control models: reinforcement learning model and dynamic fine-adjustment model. Firstly, reinforcement learning model is trained by a dynamic target approach across multiple terminal shapes, which enhances the generalization on both diverse target airflow levels and different shape terminals, and it is employed to rapidly converge the airflow within the ASHRAE standard when the air balancing system deviates from the standard. Subsequently, dynamic fine-adjustment model is conducted to further enhance convergence accuracy when the air balancing system falls within the standard. The method performance is validated on an experimental platform and the results demonstrate that the proposed RLSC-AB method can control the air balancing error within 3.17%, and exhibits excellent general performance for various airflow levels and different shape terminals.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11641,"journal":{"name":"Energy and Buildings","volume":"349 ","pages":"Article 116555"},"PeriodicalIF":7.1,"publicationDate":"2025-10-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145261800","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Optimizing PV performance with hydroponic green roofs in hot Climates, the case of Riyadh","authors":"Akram Rajeh,&nbsp;Abdel Rahman Elbakheit,&nbsp;Aasem Alabdullatief","doi":"10.1016/j.enbuild.2025.116527","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.enbuild.2025.116527","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Photovoltaic (PV) power is increasingly promoted as a sustainable energy source, yet its efficiency remains hindered by high operating temperatures. To address this issue, this study explores the novel integration of hydroponic green roofs with PV systems in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Unlike conventional green roofs, hydroponic systems offer enhanced cooling potential and reduced structural and maintenance constraints. The experimental investigation, conducted between August 2024 to August 2025, assessed solar panel temperature regulation and energy production efficiency. Results indicate that the integrated hydroponic–PV roof system lowers panel surface temperatures and increases energy efficiency by up to 5.22%. Beyond technical gains, the system provides additional value by enhancing rooftop usability for recreational and social functions, aligning with sustainable urban design goals. However, the findings are limited to a single geographic and climatic context and a single annual cycle, water management, and long-term economic feasibility unaddressed. Despite these limitations, the study demonstrates the potential of hydroponic PV roof systems as a scalable and multifunctional solution for hot, arid regions, offering dual benefits of improved renewable energy generation and urban livability.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11641,"journal":{"name":"Energy and Buildings","volume":"349 ","pages":"Article 116527"},"PeriodicalIF":7.1,"publicationDate":"2025-10-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145261847","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Multi-day optimal operation of rural integrated energy systems with comfort and meteorological sensitivity considerations","authors":"Anjun Zhao ,&nbsp;Wenbo Sun ,&nbsp;Xiangli Lv ,&nbsp;Zengxi Feng ,&nbsp;Wei Quan ,&nbsp;Xili Wei","doi":"10.1016/j.enbuild.2025.116548","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.enbuild.2025.116548","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The flexibility of Integrated Energy Systems (IES) can effectively mitigate supply–demand imbalances caused by uncertainties in renewable energy generation and load demand. To fully leverage IES flexibility, a method integrating comfort and weather sensitivity with multi-day operational optimization is proposed. Specifically, based on field research, energy demand variations stemming from rural users’ sensitivity to indoor comfort and weather conditions were quantified. During system operation, a multi-day cross-period scheduling strategy was developed considering multi-day flexibility in renewable energy output and user load. Furthermore, user-side demand response potential was comprehensively explored to enhance IES scheduling flexibility. Building on this, a two-stage optimization method was introduced, where temporal resolution was determined according to IES equipment ramping capabilities. The formulated model was solved to obtain optimal scheduling results. Results demonstrate that the proposed method reduces total system costs by approximately 30.3 %. Environmentally, carbon emissions decrease by 12.6 %. Regarding system autonomy and reliability, independence improves by 28.8 %, with maximum continuous off-grid operation covering 73 % of the scheduling period. These findings confirm that the proposed method enhances IES flexibility while effectively mitigating operational uncertainties from renewable generation and load demand.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11641,"journal":{"name":"Energy and Buildings","volume":"349 ","pages":"Article 116548"},"PeriodicalIF":7.1,"publicationDate":"2025-10-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145261840","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}