Energy and Buildings最新文献

{"title":"Long-term thermo-mechanical behaviour of an energy pile installed in clay: Field experiments and numerical simulations","authors":"Changhao Qiu ,&nbsp;Roxana Vasilescu ,&nbsp;Mirna Doghman ,&nbsp;Hussein Mroueh ,&nbsp;Thibault Badinier ,&nbsp;Fabien Szymkiewicz ,&nbsp;Aghiad Khadour ,&nbsp;Van Tri Nguyen ,&nbsp;Jean-Michel Pereira ,&nbsp;Panagiotis Kotronis ,&nbsp;Anh Minh Tang","doi":"10.1016/j.enbuild.2025.116498","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.enbuild.2025.116498","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study investigates the long-term thermo-mechanical behaviour of an energy pile installed in clay using field experiments and numerical simulations, aiming both to understand its response under sustained mechanical loads and cyclic thermal loading, and to develop a novel numerical model that can provide practical guidance for the design of energy piles. Firstly, full-scale experiments were performed on energy piles (0.42 m in diameter and 12 m in length) subjected to constant axial loads combined with three or five cyclic thermal loads. One pile was loaded to 30 % of its bearing capacity, and another to 50 %. Under these constant axial loads, the piles were subjected to several thermal loading cycles. Mechanical loading was finally applied to these piles after thermal cycles. A third pile was only mechanically loaded until the pile’s bearing capacity was reached. Results for the pile temperature and axial strain, pile head displacement, and axial load are shown. Secondly, a numerical model was developed based on a one-dimensional nonlinear finite element approach to investigate the long-term thermomechanical behaviour. This model was validated against the experimental results. It was then used to simulate 30 thermal cycles, revealing that the irreversible settlement of the pile head increases with higher axial loads, and that the first thermal cycle induces the largest irreversible settlement.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11641,"journal":{"name":"Energy and Buildings","volume":"349 ","pages":"Article 116498"},"PeriodicalIF":7.1,"publicationDate":"2025-10-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145264050","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Thermal environment in rammed earth structures: a systematic review on thermal comfort, thermal performance, and climate strategies","authors":"Ankita Yonzan,&nbsp;Zheng Li,&nbsp;Qingwen Zhang,&nbsp;Diwas Bajracharya,&nbsp;Guoqing Song","doi":"10.1016/j.enbuild.2025.116542","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.enbuild.2025.116542","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The global movement towards sustainable building practices has shifted the focus towards energy-efficient alternatives like rammed earth structures to reduce environmental impact without disturbing human comfort and well-being. Especially in light of climate change, rammed earth presents promising solutions because of its notable thermal mass and capability to regulate indoor temperatures. Despite numerous studies and reviews, the collective understanding and complex interplay between thermal comfort, performance, architectural factors, and climatic conditions in rammed-earth structures remains insufficiently explored. This paper systematically investigates the advancements in the thermal performance of rammed earth and its effectiveness in providing thermal comfort, focusing on the role of material composition, construction methods, and climate-responsive strategies. The scientometric analysis showed that hygrothermal studies and the inclusion of phase-changing material(PCM) are the current key focus areas. A standardized climate zone-specific adaptable model is needed to optimize thermal comfort across climatic and seasonal variations, with more studies in colder alpine climates. Although studies focus on typical stabilized rammed earth (53%), composite materials and composite structures are thermally better under seasonal variations. By modifying material, geometry, and the use of external devices, thermal simulation is a more suitable option for understanding the indoor thermal environment, which is effective and cost-saving compared to full-scale experiments. Moreover, material modification has been used the most as a climate-responsive strategy for passive heating of rammed earth structures. Developing climate-specific strategies along with climate-specific adaptive comfort models should be included in the thermal comfort standardization of rammed earth.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11641,"journal":{"name":"Energy and Buildings","volume":"349 ","pages":"Article 116542"},"PeriodicalIF":7.1,"publicationDate":"2025-10-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145261801","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Correcting the 120-watt assumption: Demographic-aware metabolic rates for energy savings and thermal comfort equity in buildings","authors":"Hongshan Guo ,&nbsp;Ruiji Sun ,&nbsp;Youmin Xu","doi":"10.1016/j.enbuild.2025.116525","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.enbuild.2025.116525","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Building energy codes universally assume an occupant metabolic heat gain of 120 W/person, embedded in standards such as ASHRAE 90.1 and EN 16798-1. Field and laboratory studies of basal and resting metabolic rates consistently show lower sedentary values (<span><math><mo>≈</mo></math></span> 70–110 W/person), particularly for women and older adults. This study quantifies the energy and comfort impacts of this 120 W/person assumption using 96 annual EnergyPlus simulations across four DOE prototypes and four climates. Demographic-aware metabolic profiles derived from &gt;22,000 occupant records indicate a median load of 93 W/person. Relative to the 120 W default, using this realistic median reduced annual HVAC site energy by 4–10 % without increasing discomfort; adding PMV-based adaptive control raised savings to 12 % and halved gender-based comfort gaps. These simulation results–conservative lower-bound estimates pending empirical validation–highlight both theoretical contributions (demographic-sensitive metabolic modeling, PMV inversion) and practical benefits (energy savings, improved comfort equity, standards-ready defaults). Updating codes and simulation defaults to reflect realistic occupant heat gains could yield substantial efficiency and inclusivity gains in buildings.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11641,"journal":{"name":"Energy and Buildings","volume":"349 ","pages":"Article 116525"},"PeriodicalIF":7.1,"publicationDate":"2025-10-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145261808","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Comprehensive performance evaluations of heating system recycling waste heat from data center using multi-objective optimization method","authors":"Xiang Li ,&nbsp;Jian Li ,&nbsp;Kaiyong Hu ,&nbsp;Xu Chen ,&nbsp;Mingzhe Yu ,&nbsp;Yunfei Zhang ,&nbsp;Xingying Chen ,&nbsp;Jun Shen","doi":"10.1016/j.enbuild.2025.116532","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.enbuild.2025.116532","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Recycling waste heat from data center for heating is an effective approach to realize waste heat recovery and carbon reduction. Transcritical carbon dioxide heat pump serves as a key technology in this process. However, the thermodynamic, economic, and environmental performance of this heating scheme competes obviously. Achieving a reasonable tradeoff among different performance pursuits is crucial, but it is unclear. This work optimizes the comprehensive performance of this heating scheme in various scenarios using multi-objective optimization method. Optimal tradeoff results of thermodynamic, economic, and environmental performance were obtained. Effects of heating temperature and heating duration on tradeoff results were analyzed. Performance differences between multi-objective tradeoffs and single-objective optimums are quantitatively compared. Results indicate that the tradeoff between thermodynamic and economic performance deteriorates with increasing heating temperature, whereas the balanced environmental performance enhances. Longer heating duration improves the economic-environmental balances but causes noticeable fluctuations in thermodynamic performance. Tri-objective tradeoff well balances different performance pursuits, but the tradeoffs will worsen remarkably compared to optimal single-objective results, where the coefficient of performance (<em>COP</em>) and annual reduction emission (<em>ARE</em>) decrease by 11.4 %, and 33.4 % at most, respectively; and levelized cost of heat (<em>LCOH</em>) increases by 176.7 %. Nevertheless, the comprehensive performance of system is attractive, with the balanced <em>COP</em>, <em>LCOH</em>, and <em>ARE</em> can be 3.62, 0.019 $/kWh, and 22,822 t, respectively; presenting financially feasible with significant energy saving and carbon reduction effects. Proposed heating scheme is particularly suitable for scenarios with long heating duration and low heating temperature, where the comprehensive benefits are larger.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11641,"journal":{"name":"Energy and Buildings","volume":"349 ","pages":"Article 116532"},"PeriodicalIF":7.1,"publicationDate":"2025-10-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145261851","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"An explainable deep learning model for energy performance classification and retrofitting recommendations","authors":"Maria Anastasiadou ,&nbsp;Vitor Duarte dos Santos ,&nbsp;Miguel Sales Dias","doi":"10.1016/j.enbuild.2025.116522","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.enbuild.2025.116522","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Energy-efficient building retrofitting is crucial in reducing carbon emissions and enhancing sustainability. This study presents a novel Deep Learning-based Explainable AI model for energy efficiency classification and retrofit recommendation. Our model integrates a neural network with L2 regularisation, dropout layers, learning rate scheduling, and the Synthetic Minority Over-sampling Technique for class balancing, ensuring robust generalisation. The model is trained on an extensive dataset of buildings from the EPC Dataset − Region Lombardy, Italy, classifying structures into energy-efficient (A4) and non-energy-efficient (D-G) classes. The proposed model achieved a test accuracy of 99.95%, surpassing conventional machine learning and hybrid AI approaches in the literature. Additionally, it provides more accuracy by incorporating SHAP-based explainability to interpret model decisions and identify the key factors influencing energy efficiency. Counterfactual explanations provide personalised retrofit recommendations, focusing on insulation, renewable energy adoption, and efficient lighting solutions. The insights from this study provide a transparent, interpretable AI model that supports decision-makers, policymakers, and stakeholders in optimising retrofitting strategies for sustainable urban development.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11641,"journal":{"name":"Energy and Buildings","volume":"349 ","pages":"Article 116522"},"PeriodicalIF":7.1,"publicationDate":"2025-10-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145261802","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Geographic variance in the effectiveness of renewable energy and solar energy advancement with strategic management against energy poverty in China","authors":"Lansheng Cao","doi":"10.1016/j.enbuild.2025.116512","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.enbuild.2025.116512","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Existing research has primarily examined the variables that affect energy poverty (EP), with limited emphasis on the relationship between EP and the advancement of renewable energy and solar energy innovation (RSEAI). This research employs a moment quantile regression model to evaluate the energy poverty index system and determine the impact of renewable and solar energy innovation (RSEAI) on energy poverty (EP). The data is sourced from a panel of 30 provinces in China spanning the years 2003 to 2019. Our results indicate that renewable and solar energy innovations reduce EP. Moreover, our analysis using linear and non-linear models suggests that the climatic vulnerability index (CVI) serves as a moderating and threshold variable in this context. Research indicates that when CVI is comparatively low, renewable and solar energy innovations diminish EP. Conversely, at elevated CVI circumstances, the opposite is seen. Furthermore, this moderating impact exhibits notable spatial variation, occurring only in the western parts of China, with no substantial effects seen in the middle and eastern provinces. This work builds upon existing knowledge in the sector, providing critical insights for developing effective strategies to mitigate energy poverty and promote sustainable energy development.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11641,"journal":{"name":"Energy and Buildings","volume":"349 ","pages":"Article 116512"},"PeriodicalIF":7.1,"publicationDate":"2025-10-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145261809","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Passive design patterns for Hotan earth buildings under hot-arid climatic conditions of the Taklamakan Desert","authors":"Mengyao Li ,&nbsp;Liu Yang ,&nbsp;Yan Liu ,&nbsp;Yuhao Qiao ,&nbsp;Xinrong Zhu ,&nbsp;Qimeng Cao","doi":"10.1016/j.enbuild.2025.116546","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.enbuild.2025.116546","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Traditional earth dwellings in the Hotan region of the Taklamakan Desert feature distinctive glass roofs and building envelopes. However, their impact on indoor thermal environments has not been quantitatively analyzed, limiting the application of this vernacular wisdom in modern energy-efficient design. This study first employed computer vision and field surveys to identify the O-shaped courtyard (88 %) as the dominant typology, characterized by seasonal spatial migration patterns and three types of glass roofs. Through on-site measurements and numerical simulations, key parameters influencing indoor thermal environments were determined: for summer, these include glass roof height (maximum cooling of 0.41 °C), west-facing window-to-wall ratio (maximum cooling of 0.23 °C), roof soil cover and structural thickness (maximum cooling of 0.55 °C/1.26 °C), sunken floor depth (maximum cooling of 0.74 °C), and interior wall thickness (maximum cooling of 1.30 °C); for winter, they comprise roof soil cover and structural thickness (maximum heating of 0.18 °C/3.32 °C), raised floor height (maximum heating of 0.81 °C), and exterior wall thickness (maximum heating of 0.57 °C). The results elucidate a synergistic passive design pattern: summer strategies achieve cooling through stack ventilation, roof soil and structural insulation, shallow geothermal cooling, and interior wall thermal inertia, while winter strategies enhance thermal retention by improving the heat storage capacity of the building envelope. This research provides key parameters and design patterns for optimizing traditional dwellings and offers scientific support for energy-efficient building design in hot-arid regions.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11641,"journal":{"name":"Energy and Buildings","volume":"349 ","pages":"Article 116546"},"PeriodicalIF":7.1,"publicationDate":"2025-10-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145263911","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Exploring dynamic thermal responses during indoor and outdoor walking in summer of a typical cold city of China: Effect of transient thermal stimulation on thermal pleasure","authors":"Qihui Zhang ,&nbsp;Min Xu ,&nbsp;Yunsong Han","doi":"10.1016/j.enbuild.2025.116545","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.enbuild.2025.116545","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Considering thermal alliesthesia, dynamic thermal environments contribute to improving thermal comfort. However, poor spatial organization may lead to uncomfortable stimuli and even pose health risks. The design of outdoor space in cold-climate cities often overlooks coping with hot weather. With the increasing frequency of extreme hot weather, limited shading in cold-climate cities intensifies thermal stimulations between indoor and outdoor areas, exacerbating thermal discomfort. This study examined pedestrians’ dynamic thermal perceptions during transitions between indoor environments and various outdoor areas, including UEB (underneath an elevated building), shaded, and sunlit areas. As a non-invasive technique, infrared facial thermography was used to capture temperature features from 7 facial regions during movement. The results showed that the buffering effect of UEB is superior to shade, which can effectively alleviate the thermal discomfort by 0.7 scales caused by direct sun exposure. The optimal spatial sequence conducive to thermal pleasure was indoor-UEB-sunlit-shade-indoor. When the thermal environment changed, thermal adaptation began to take effect at the 8th minute. Following abrupt changes in outdoor wind speed, both thermal pleasure and facial skin temperature response are delayed by approximately 4 min. For physiological parameters, eyes and cheeks showed the highest correlation with skin temperature. When combined with environmental variables and TSV as model inputs, they achieved a stacked ensemble learning model for predicting thermal pleasure (accuracy of 63%). The findings of this study can guide the passive design of urban walking environments and are attributed to the prediction of pedestrian thermal pleasure in real-time urban thermal comfort monitoring systems.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11641,"journal":{"name":"Energy and Buildings","volume":"349 ","pages":"Article 116545"},"PeriodicalIF":7.1,"publicationDate":"2025-10-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145264049","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A two-axis mobile measuring system (TAMMS) for high-resolution air velocity analysis in indoor environments","authors":"Gianluca Coccia,&nbsp;Feliciano Falcone,&nbsp;Luca Tarabelli,&nbsp;Costanzo Di Perna","doi":"10.1016/j.enbuild.2025.116510","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.enbuild.2025.116510","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The trade-off between cost, time and measurement density often limits experimental acquisition with high spatial resolution of indoor environmental variables, such as air velocity (<span><math><mi>V</mi></math></span>). This becomes critical when validating HVAC systems, ensuring thermal comfort, and supporting numerical modeling, where standard techniques lack flexibility (point sensors) or require complex configurations (e.g., PIV). This study presents the development and validation of a two-axis mobile measurement system (TAMMS), a device equipped with a point sensor and governed by an adaptive refinement algorithm. The system was tested in a full-scale climate chamber. Measurements were carried out at different air exchange rates (<span><math><mi>n</mi></math></span> = 1.5, 3 and <span><math><mrow><mn>5</mn><mspace></mspace><msup><mrow><mrow><mi>h</mi></mrow></mrow><mrow><mo>−</mo><mn>1</mn></mrow></msup></mrow></math></span>) and in three different cross sections by iteratively adjusting the measurement grid with the adaptive algorithm. The high repeatability of the tests was confirmed by uncertainty values of less than 0.2 %. The velocity maps obtained allowed the verification of comfort thresholds in the conventionally occupied zone, highlighting stagnation areas for <span><math><mrow><mi>n</mi><mo>≤</mo><mn>3</mn><mspace></mspace><msup><mrow><mrow><mi>h</mi></mrow></mrow><mrow><mo>−</mo><mn>1</mn></mrow></msup></mrow></math></span> (<span><math><mrow><mi>V</mi><mo>&lt;</mo><mn>2</mn><mspace></mspace><mrow><mrow><mi>c</mi></mrow><mi>m</mi></mrow><mspace></mspace><msup><mrow><mrow><mi>s</mi></mrow></mrow><mrow><mo>−</mo><mn>1</mn></mrow></msup></mrow></math></span>) and areas of intense variability for <span><math><mrow><mi>n</mi><mo>=</mo><mn>5</mn><mspace></mspace><msup><mrow><mrow><mi>h</mi></mrow></mrow><mrow><mo>−</mo><mn>1</mn></mrow></msup></mrow></math></span> (<span><math><mrow><msub><mi>V</mi><mrow><mi>s</mi></mrow></msub><mrow><mi>m</mi><mi>a</mi><mi>x</mi></mrow><mo>=</mo><mn>23</mn><mspace></mspace><mrow><mrow><mi>c</mi></mrow><mi>m</mi></mrow><mspace></mspace><msup><mrow><mrow><mi>s</mi></mrow></mrow><mrow><mo>−</mo><mn>1</mn></mrow></msup></mrow></math></span>). Depending on the flow variability, convergence was obtained with 1–3 iterations, achieving a 96 % reduction in measurement time compared to uniform grids and thus demonstrating the validity of the adaptive algorithm.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11641,"journal":{"name":"Energy and Buildings","volume":"349 ","pages":"Article 116510"},"PeriodicalIF":7.1,"publicationDate":"2025-10-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145264044","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Thermal comfort and concentration in transitional spaces in severe cold area: The mediating role of thermal pleasure","authors":"Jia Zhao ,&nbsp;Zhaojun Wang ,&nbsp;Yi Zhou ,&nbsp;Diwu Guan ,&nbsp;Fanzhuo Zhou","doi":"10.1016/j.enbuild.2025.116543","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.enbuild.2025.116543","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In order to study the thermal environment characteristics of transitional space in the cold area and its influence law on human thermal comfort, a field study was conducted in the transitional space of a university in Harbin. The transitional space was categorized into three types according to the location of the transitional space in different buildings. Comparative analysis of the differences between the thermal environment parameters of different transitional spaces and human thermal responses, such as thermal sensation and thermal comfort votes; proposed an adaptive thermal comfort model for transitional spaces; research on the participant’s preference for the choice of spatial location and the change rule of the subjective perception indexes (including the degree of attention, the degree of sleepiness and the degree of thermal pleasure). A thermal comfort model was proposed for transitional spaces. The results show that: the temperatures are falling within the range of 15.5 ∼ 17.5℃in three types of transitional spaces, lower than those in the classrooms and other closed spaces; and the thermal neutral temperature is 15.3 °C. Meanwhile, it is found that thermal pleasure can reduce sleepiness and enhance concentration to a certain extent. An indirect mediator-only model of thermal pleasure was developed. Temperature has a significant indirect effect on the degree of preoccupation through thermal pleasure, where the indirect effect of the mediation model accounts for 90.6 % of the total effect. And the mediating effect of thermal pleasure in the emotion-cognition process and its chain mechanism are proposed, which provides a new rationale for the design of transitional space environments.</div><div>And the mediating effect of thermal pleasure in the emotion-cognition process and its chain mechanism are proposed, which provides a new theoretical basis for the design of transitional space environment.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11641,"journal":{"name":"Energy and Buildings","volume":"349 ","pages":"Article 116543"},"PeriodicalIF":7.1,"publicationDate":"2025-10-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145264051","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}