Energy and Buildings最新文献

{"title":"An integrated dual control framework for self-sustained single-stage solar energy harvesting system in intelligent air ventilation application","authors":"Mukunda Mahato,&nbsp;Banibrata Mukherjee","doi":"10.1016/j.enbuild.2025.115980","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.enbuild.2025.115980","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In low-powered, self-sustaining, multistage photovoltaic (PV) systems, implementation of several control logics at rapid environmental conditions brings large power losses. To overcome such limitation, this work presents an efficient dual-control scheme for a three-level boost converter (TLBC) based single-stage PV system. In this proposed scheme, an optimized perturbation &amp; observe (P&amp;O) algorithm-based input side MPPT is integrated with the output side PID based load voltage regulation in dual-control coordination to operate the TLBC with tuned inner-outer loop parameters. Comprehensive theoretical, simulation, experimental and stability analysis have been carried out for several loading including charge-storage, closed-loop speed control of DC motor and positional control by low powered servo motor. The developed hardware-setup with laboratory-simulator and rooftop experiment incorporates a low-powered microcontroller to implement the proposed dual-control strategy which further contributes to achieve maximum boosting efficiency of 87.04 % with power density of 10.09 mW/cm². The overall circuital loss during self-powered implementation is obtained as only 20.25 %. The developed system has driven multiple sensors including a temperature measuring system to determine the temperature of ambient PV source. Various performance parameters including self-sustaining efficiency and variable irradiance effect have been demonstrated to be superior with respect to existing literature. The dynamic behaviour of the MPPT algorithm under variable irradiance pattern has been extensively studied as well for variable MPPT step sizes. Accordingly, a maximum MPPT tracking efficiency of 99.98 % and tracking time of 63 ms are achieved. The maximum possible overshoot of 16.24 % and undershoot of 3.28 % are observed in the output response. Further, multiple patterns of partial shading cases are analysed with maximum MPPT tracking efficiency of 98.98 % and high power conversion efficiency of &gt; 70.33 % achieving successful global power point tracking for each kind of shading pattern. Finally, two interesting case studies including self-sustainable automated air ventilation control and smart air conditioning system have been demonstrated using the developed set-up.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11641,"journal":{"name":"Energy and Buildings","volume":"344 ","pages":"Article 115980"},"PeriodicalIF":6.6,"publicationDate":"2025-06-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144262080","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Quantifying outdoor heat stress potential due to city-wide installation of rooftop photovoltaic solar panels","authors":"Samiran Khorat ,&nbsp;Rupali Khatun ,&nbsp;Debashish Das ,&nbsp;Asfa Siddiqui ,&nbsp;Ansar Khan ,&nbsp;Nilabhra Mondal ,&nbsp;Sk Mohammad Aziz ,&nbsp;Prashant Anand ,&nbsp;Quang Van Doan ,&nbsp;Dev Niyogi ,&nbsp;Mattheos Santamouris","doi":"10.1016/j.enbuild.2025.115996","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.enbuild.2025.115996","url":null,"abstract":"&lt;div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Urban heat is becoming increasingly severe in densely populated regions, particularly in the tropical climates, where average summer temperatures frequently reach &gt; 34 °C [307.15 K]. As cities seek sustainable energy solutions, rooftop photovoltaic solar panels (RPVSPs) have gained popularity for their renewable energy potential. However, the microclimatic implications of RPVSPs on urban heat stress remain inadequately understood. This study addresses a critical study gap by being the first to systematically investigate RPVSP-induced heat stress taking the city scale analysis for Kolkata, India focusing on its effects on thermal comfort and the urban microclimate. By comparing buildings equipped with RPVSPs to those without, we analysed variations in key meteorological parameters and heat stress indicators, utilizing the universal thermal comfort index (UTCI) and heat index (HI) at city scale. The present study indicates that RPVSPs contribute to an increase in daytime ambient temperatures by approximately 1.6 °C and surface temperatures by about 3.4 °C, based on simulations incorporating improved surface and urban canopy parameters derived from the University of Texas–Global Building Heights for Urban Studies (UT-GLOBUS) dataset. These findings are consistent with our earlier study conducted without improved surface and urban canopy parameters, which reported that RPVSPs contributed to an increase in daytime ambient temperatures by approximately 1.5 °C and surface temperatures by around 3.2 °C. The results of this study further suggest that this increase in RPVSP-induced urban temperature can lead to a rise in extreme heat stress exposure, with 44.1 % of daytime hours classified as extreme heat stress (UTCI &gt; 46 °C) for buildings with RPVSPs, compared to 18.5 % for non-RPVSP buildings at city scale. However, these panels also yield a decrease in extreme heat hours at night from 23.4 % to 19.1 %, indicating potential improvements in nighttime thermal comfort. The analysis of cooling degree hours (CDH) showed a 9.71 % increase in maximum daytime CDH, indicating a rise in cooling demand from 200.5 h to 220.6 h in Kolkata city where all buildings were considered equipped with RPVSPs. Nevertheless, a decrease of 7.70 % in maximum nighttime CDH, dropping from 130 h to 120 h, highlights the panels’ capacity to reduce heat retention during cooler hours. Additionally, this study also quantifies the dual role of RPVSPs in mitigating and amplifying thermal stress during Kolkata’s heatwaves. While daytime air conditioning (AC) energy demand averages 25.86 Wm&lt;sup&gt;−2&lt;/sup&gt;, RPVSPs generate 17.61 Wm&lt;sup&gt;−2&lt;/sup&gt; covering 68.1 % of the cooling load. However, nighttime output drops to zero, despite a sustained demand of 19.4 Wm&lt;sup&gt;−2&lt;/sup&gt;. Overall, RPVSPs meet only 48.1 % of daily AC energy demand, with just 20–25 % coverage in dense, high-rise areas but up to 80 % in low-density zones. This study distinctively elucidates the dual role of RPVSP","PeriodicalId":11641,"journal":{"name":"Energy and Buildings","volume":"344 ","pages":"Article 115996"},"PeriodicalIF":6.6,"publicationDate":"2025-06-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144272592","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Low-carbon retrofit of rural dwellings in the dabie mountain region of China based on life-cycle assessment","authors":"Bo Wang,&nbsp;Hui Xi,&nbsp;Wanjun Hou,&nbsp;Yueyao Li","doi":"10.1016/j.enbuild.2025.115991","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.enbuild.2025.115991","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study proposes a multi-objective optimization (MOO) framework to mitigate the high carbon emissions associated with traditional energy dependence and poor building envelopes in rural mountainous dwellings within China’s hot-summer and cold-winter (HSCW) climate zone, using the Dabie Mountain region as a case study. The framework integrates active and passive low-carbon technologies to simultaneously: 1) reduce life-cycle carbon emissions (LCCE) based on life-cycle assessment (LCA), 2) lower building energy use intensity (EUI), 3) improve thermal comfort percentage (TCP), and 4) enhance retrofit net present value (NPV). The optimization process employs Latin hypercube sampling (LHS) to generate combinations of 17 retrofit variables. Building performance simulation is then used to create a dataset for training high-accuracy machine learning (ML) surrogate models, ensuring computational efficiency and predictive reliability. These ML models are subsequently integrated with advanced multi-objective optimization algorithms (MOOAs) to address the high-dimensional MOO problem and obtain Pareto-optimal solutions. Given the reliance on traditional energy sources in the region, two retrofit options are proposed using multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) methods. Option 1: A passive retrofit approach, maintaining reliance on traditional energy sources. This option achieves a 5.1 % reduction in LCCE, a 17.6 % decrease in EUI, and a 35.6 % improvement in TCP, though with an NPV of − 22,730 CNY. Option 2: A renewable energy alternative, reducing LCCE by 36 %, cutting EUI by 24 %, improving TCP by 81.6 % and yielding a positive NPV of 48,070 CNY. This phased strategy provides region-specific solutions for decarbonizing rural housing while addressing the area’s socioeconomic constraints.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11641,"journal":{"name":"Energy and Buildings","volume":"344 ","pages":"Article 115991"},"PeriodicalIF":6.6,"publicationDate":"2025-06-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144321095","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Sex difference in body temperature and thermal perception during nighttime sleep: A time series analysis","authors":"Xinbo Xu ,&nbsp;Hui Zhang ,&nbsp;Zhiwei Lian ,&nbsp;Hongzhi Xu","doi":"10.1016/j.enbuild.2025.115995","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.enbuild.2025.115995","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Sex difference stands as a crucial factor necessitating consideration in personalized sleeping thermal environment control. However, there has been little exploration about sex differences in body temperature and thermal perception during sleep. Based on data from a winter sleep experiment (16, 20, 24°C) involving 14 young participants (7 males, 7 females), a time series analysis of the dynamic body temperature rhythms throughout the night was conducted, revealing sex-specific patterns in local skin temperature and core body temperature. Additionally, the sex difference in the thermal perception votes recalled by subjects after waking was analyzed. The results showed that: (1) For both sexes, the skin temperatures reached to stable condition in 2–3 h after getting into bed, and core temperatures changed over the entire night. The average value and maximum increase value of overnight skin temperature at distal parts (hands and feet) were prone to sex differences, which become more pronounced at lower ambient temperature. (2) Females’ core body temperature was generally higher than that of males at the same time points. Due to the influence of estrogenic hormones, the maximum reduction in core body temperature during sleep was typically smaller in females than in males, with significant differences (<em>p</em> &lt; 0.05) observed under the 16 °C and 24 °C conditions. (3) Females exhibited higher psychological demands for the sleeping thermal environment than males. Males reported feeling more comfortable than females in the 16 °C and 20 °C conditions. Additionally, males generally showed greater acceptance and satisfaction with all thermal environments compared to females. Overall, the creation of personalized sleeping thermal environments must account for sex differences in both skin temperature and core body temperature. This study provides a theoretical foundation for personalized sleeping thermal environment design from the perspective of thermo-physiology.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11641,"journal":{"name":"Energy and Buildings","volume":"344 ","pages":"Article 115995"},"PeriodicalIF":6.6,"publicationDate":"2025-06-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144242516","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Performance evaluation and optimization of air-to-air thermoelectric heat pump system","authors":"Je-Hyeong Bahk,&nbsp;Thiraj D. Mohankumar,&nbsp;Abhishek Saini,&nbsp;Sarah J. Watzman","doi":"10.1016/j.enbuild.2025.115994","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.enbuild.2025.115994","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Thermoelectric (TE) heat pumps are promising solid-state technology for space cooling and heating owing to their unique advantages such as environmental friendliness with no harmful refrigerants, small form factors, low noise, robustness with no moving parts, and demand-flexible operation. However, their low coefficient of performance (COP) presents a challenge towards broader adaptation of the technology at the market level. Built on our previous theoretical framework for a modular system design aimed at improving both COP and cooling capacity, this study focuses on experimental characterization and optimization of a unit air-to-air TE heat pump system. We employ double-sided heating/cooling and counterflow configuration for uniform heat transfer with TE modules and heat exchangers. System-level evaluations validate the theoretical model and show the variation of air temperature change and system COP with different electric current inputs and air flowrates. A maximum cooling COP of 4.4 and a maximum heating COP of 6.0 were obtained at optimized current levels. Further analysis shows that parasitic thermal resistances in the system significantly reduced both COP and air temperature change by over 50%.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11641,"journal":{"name":"Energy and Buildings","volume":"344 ","pages":"Article 115994"},"PeriodicalIF":6.6,"publicationDate":"2025-06-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144242519","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Multi-criteria assessment of vegetated walls: a scientific approach to nature-based solutions","authors":"Marco Bellomo,&nbsp;Simona Colajanni","doi":"10.1016/j.enbuild.2025.115973","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.enbuild.2025.115973","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The integration of nature-based solutions (NbS) into urban regeneration is increasingly recognized as a priority to address environmental, social, and economic challenges. However, the selection of vegetated wall systems remains complex due to the diversity of available technologies and their context-dependent performance. This study presents a methodological framework designed to support decision-making in this field, grounded in the MIVES multi-criteria approach. The framework integrates qualitative and quantitative indicators into a hierarchical requirements tree, structured across environmental, social, and economic dimensions. Indicator selection was informed by a literature review and stakeholder input, while weights were assigned using the Delphi method. The model was applied to a real-world pilot case at the University of Palermo, where five green wall alternatives were evaluated through a complete multi-criteria assessment. Among the 15 indicators analyzed, a new environmental performance criterion was experimentally tested on-site: the reduction of CO₂ concentration (I₈). Preliminary measurements showed a reduction of over 190 ppm in CO₂ levels near vegetated surfaces compared to control areas. The overall framework has also been tested through sensitivity analysis and multi-scenario simulations to evaluate the stability of rankings under varying stakeholder priorities. This research offers a replicable and adaptable methodology for evaluating NbS strategies, enabling transparent comparison across multiple sustainability objectives. By focusing on methodological development within a real context, it contributes to more informed, participatory, and context-sensitive planning in architectural and urban design.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11641,"journal":{"name":"Energy and Buildings","volume":"344 ","pages":"Article 115973"},"PeriodicalIF":6.6,"publicationDate":"2025-06-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144261892","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Intelligent design of rural residential floor plans integrated with features of room orientation and shape and Strategy of energy saving","authors":"Fang’ai Chi,&nbsp;Mingrui Zhang,&nbsp;Guoqing Zhu","doi":"10.1016/j.enbuild.2025.115993","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.enbuild.2025.115993","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>A generative design (i.e., Intelligent Design) method for the floor plans in the rural residential buildings was proposed, integrated with the features of the functional room orientations and shapes, and the energy saving strategies. Firstly, the spatial orientation characteristics of different functional rooms in the local rural residential buildings were explored, and integrated into our proposed algorithm model to assign the functional rooms to the selected spatial layout pattern. Secondly, to enhance the total energy saving efficiency for the generated design scheme, the functional rooms with large energy requirements were assigned to the spatial locations with low AECSMHs, to generate the functional room layout. Thirdly, according to the statistical data of the length-to-width ratios for various functional rooms, the shapes of all the functional rooms in the generated floor plan were constrained. Finally, the generated design scheme was energy-efficiently optimized again, via selecting the minimum sum of lengths and widths of the external walls in the AL + AC rooms. The research result was applied to the floor plan designs of a study case under Hangzhou’s climate, and found that the total energy efficiency of the generated schemes was improved by 5.1 % and 7.9 % for the second and third floors, respectively.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11641,"journal":{"name":"Energy and Buildings","volume":"344 ","pages":"Article 115993"},"PeriodicalIF":6.6,"publicationDate":"2025-06-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144254819","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Hybrid thermal load prediction model for the regional built environment based on random forest feature screening","authors":"Jiangxing Zhu ,&nbsp;Tonghua Zou ,&nbsp;Dongxia Wu ,&nbsp;Yongchun Feng ,&nbsp;Tianlei Wang ,&nbsp;Jiarui Huang ,&nbsp;Baomin Dai ,&nbsp;Chendong Wang ,&nbsp;Jiaming Gao","doi":"10.1016/j.enbuild.2025.115987","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.enbuild.2025.115987","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>With the Chinese government’s strong call for energy conservation and emission reduction, the regulatory requirements for optimizing the energy-carbon relationship in buildings are increasing. Accurate thermal load prediction in the built environment is essential for optimizing heating system design and operational strategies. To correctly forecast the heating energy load of regional buildings, this research proposes a hybrid prediction model that uses random forest (RF) feature screening as input variables and the bi-directional long short-term memory (Bi-LSTM) network for extracting the relationships between the features and the loads. The comparison results demonstrate that the hybrid model enhanced by RF has dramatically improved the calculation speed and prediction accuracy compared to the original model. The proposed RF-Bi-LSTM model showed significant improvements in prediction accuracy and computational efficiency compared with traditional models (exemplified by LSTM). Specifically, the root mean square error (RMSE) decreased by 12.7% from 1.057 for the conventional model to 0.923, the coefficient of variation of the root mean square error (CV-RMSE) was reduced by 12.7% (from 0.055 to 0.048), and the mean absolute percentage error (MAPE) decreased by 9.5% (from 4.54% to 4.11%). Furthermore, the computational time was significantly shortened by 37.8%, decreasing from 111 s to 69 s. These results highlight the superior performance of the hybrid model in balancing accuracy and efficiency for building load forecasting tasks. The model can contribute to energy saving and carbon reduction by reducing building energy consumption through precision load forecasting.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11641,"journal":{"name":"Energy and Buildings","volume":"344 ","pages":"Article 115987"},"PeriodicalIF":6.6,"publicationDate":"2025-06-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144261890","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Adaptive spatial planning for equitable renewable energy allocation in multi-owned buildings: A policy-integrated digital twin approach","authors":"Aravind Poshnath ,&nbsp;Yiqun Chen ,&nbsp;Behzad Rismanchi ,&nbsp;Abbas Rajabifard","doi":"10.1016/j.enbuild.2025.115988","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.enbuild.2025.115988","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Under-utilised rooftops in Multi-owned Buildings (MOBs) represent a vital yet untapped potential for renewable energy generation in urban areas. However, equitable energy allocation and shared benefits pose substantial challenges, hindering Renewable Energy Systems (RES) adoption. This study introduces a policy-driven adaptive framework integrating building and region-specific parameters to identify suitable energy allocation models, facilitating widespread RES adoption. The framework assesses the physical and managerial MOB characteristics, such as building age, height, and common property ownership type, alongside regional parameters, including renter proportion, affordability, and regulatory conditions. Consequently, five policy instruments are analysed, identifying how tailored region-specific policy interventions can mitigate risks, enabling equitable energy allocation. A case study in Melbourne demonstrates that high-density, low-affordability regions like the Central Business District benefit from floor area allocation models when supported by financial incentives, while affluent regions like South Melbourne thrive with dedicated legal platforms supporting energy allocation. Our findings underscore the importance of adaptive, region-specific policies over the one-size-fits-all approach for advancing RES adoption. This adaptive model selection framework, enhanced with digital twin technology for scenario analysis, offers policymakers a data-driven tool for making informed decisions, supporting resource efficiency and sustainability, and laying a pathway for equitable RES integration across urban settings.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11641,"journal":{"name":"Energy and Buildings","volume":"344 ","pages":"Article 115988"},"PeriodicalIF":6.6,"publicationDate":"2025-06-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144290608","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Capturing available solar energy on urban-scale building surface: A multi-dimensional perspective","authors":"Ye Tao ,&nbsp;Zengfeng Yan ,&nbsp;Pingan Ni ,&nbsp;Bao-Jie He ,&nbsp;Guojin Qin ,&nbsp;Yingjun Yue ,&nbsp;Fuming Lei ,&nbsp;Zhuoxin Zheng ,&nbsp;Xue Zhang","doi":"10.1016/j.enbuild.2025.115989","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.enbuild.2025.115989","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The available solar energy on urban building surfaces is essential for the energy transformation. Many cities have installed building photovoltaic, but it has not fully exploited the potential of the building surface. Based on geographic information and open-source meteorological data, the methodology employs the Radiance simulation engine to generate multi-condition sky luminance distribution matrices. Through spatial partitioning of the buildings into thousands of clusters based on Area of Interest, the analysis evaluates shading impacts at building level. The calculation results deconstruct the complex solar radiation condition on urban-scale buildings from a multi-dimensional perspective (space, time, solar radiation types) to maximize solar energy utilization. The findings indicate that: (1) Building surfaces in Hangzhou capture 1.74 × 10¹¹ kWh of global solar radiation each year, with roofs and facades accounting for 54 % and 46 %. The roof and southern facades offer excellent opportunities for solar energy utilization. (2) 1.41 × 10¹¹ kWh of global solar radiation each year meets the usage criteria with a direct-to-diffuse ratio of 0.8. The solar power potential<!--> <!-->of building surfaces is estimated at 1.99 × 10¹⁰ kWh, which fulfill 28 % of the city’s annual electricity demand, with greater generation capacity during summer. (3) The levelized cost of electricity of different plans demonstrate that prioritizing rooftop photovoltaic deployment yields optimal economic returns, followed by southern facades. Leveraging the technical and economic potential, it is recommended that policymakers continue rooftop photovoltaic development, advance southern photovoltaic, explore pilot projects for eastern and western photovoltaic. The study provides actionable strategies to further exploit photovoltaic potential, evidencing solar energy’s crucial role in facilitating urban energy transitions and advancing sustainable development goals.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11641,"journal":{"name":"Energy and Buildings","volume":"344 ","pages":"Article 115989"},"PeriodicalIF":6.6,"publicationDate":"2025-06-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144313682","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}