Energy and Buildings最新文献

{"title":"Novel thermally activated building system with bi-metal heat pipes as reinforcement for optimal passive heat transport","authors":"M. Marquardt ,&nbsp;J. Jürgensen ,&nbsp;T. Boldt ,&nbsp;R. Kulenovic ,&nbsp;J. Starflinger ,&nbsp;K. Terheiden","doi":"10.1016/j.enbuild.2026.117064","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.enbuild.2026.117064","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Heating and cooling of non-residential buildings account for a significant share of primary energy use in the European Union. Thus, reducing the ecological footprint of the building sector is vital to reach the European Green Deal. Thermally activated buildings systems (TABS) are widely used for cooling. In TABS coolant flows through long pipes integrated in concrete ceilings. This implies several limitations as e.g. coolant warm-up along the pipe resulting in temperature gradients at the ceiling‘s surface. This reduces thermal comfort and limits the maximum cooling capacity as the temperature should not drop below the dew point. Moreover, the length of the pipes introduces hydraulic resistances and the necessity of powerful circulation pumps. Furthermore, the pipes are commonly made of plastic, which increases the thermal resistance while lowering the cooling efficiency. Hence in this study, a novel concept is investigated where the hydronic piping system is replaced by highly efficient heat pipes to mitigate the aforementioned disadvantages. Heat pipes allow passive heat transfer at high transport rates and do not require circulation pumps. Additionally, they provide a uniform ceiling temperature increasing thermal comfort and cooling capacity. Already the prototype without any optimisations shows a very good equivalent heat transfer coefficient of <span><math><mrow><mn>6.1</mn><mspace></mspace><mi>W</mi><msup><mrow><mi>m</mi></mrow><mrow><mo>−</mo><mn>2</mn></mrow></msup><msup><mrow><mi>K</mi></mrow><mrow><mo>−</mo><mn>1</mn></mrow></msup></mrow></math></span>. Another advantage of the novel system is the use of heat pipes for the load bearing capacity as concrete reinforcement. This reduces the overall material consumption and CO₂ footprint. Moreover, the study investigates an environmentally sustainable working fluid. The excellent performance is demonstrated in a full-scale experiment representing a two-person office.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11641,"journal":{"name":"Energy and Buildings","volume":"356 ","pages":"Article 117064"},"PeriodicalIF":7.1,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146071949","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"From ornament to algorithm: reinterpreting vernacular windows through image-based environmental simulation","authors":"Niloufar Mosalmanfarkoosh ,&nbsp;Mazyar Abaee ,&nbsp;Niusha Mosalmanfarkoosh","doi":"10.1016/j.enbuild.2026.117102","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.enbuild.2026.117102","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Recent architectural research emphasizes energy efficiency and daylight optimization as principles long embedded in vernacular design. This study proposes a data-driven image-to-simulation framework that integrates deep learning, building performance simulation, and sensitivity analysis to evaluate the environmental performance of traditional Iranian window typologies, including Orosi, Shabak, and Simple Traditional. Two pretrained convolutional neural networks (CNNs), ResNet50 and EfficientNet-B0, were employed to extract simulation-relevant geometric and optical parameters directly from façade images using explicit operational definitions, eliminating the need for manual three-dimensional modeling while enabling physically meaningful representation of complex vernacular geometries. The extracted parameters were incorporated into EnergyPlus and Radiance simulations to assess energy demand, daylight availability, and glare risk without reliance on CAD-based reconstruction. The simulation results indicate that Shabak windows achieved the most balanced performance, reducing annual cooling demand by up to 14% while maintaining spatial daylight autonomy of 72% and low glare probability, with a daylight glare probability (DGP) value of 0.25. Sensitivity analyses based on SHapley Additive exPlanations (SHAP) and Sobol methods identified Window-to-Wall Ratio (WWR) and solar heat gain coefficient (SHGC) as the dominant drivers of thermal and visual performance, while frame depth and perforation density contributed to improved daylight uniformity. To integrate these outcomes, the Window Environmental Performance Index (WEPI) was developed, through which Shabak windows achieved the highest composite score (0.78), enabling a unified, scalable, and interpretable evaluation of complex vernacular window geometries for climate-responsive design.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11641,"journal":{"name":"Energy and Buildings","volume":"356 ","pages":"Article 117102"},"PeriodicalIF":7.1,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146185942","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Using comparative life-cycle assessment (CLCA) as an early decision design tool: analysis of environmental impacts of retrofit or reconstruction","authors":"Shireen Bader Alqadi ,&nbsp;Lana M.Z. Abu Munshar ,&nbsp;Sameeha M.S. Hushlamoun ,&nbsp;Maesa Hushlamoun","doi":"10.1016/j.enbuild.2026.117006","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.enbuild.2026.117006","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Choosing the most appropriate strategy between retrofitting and reconstructing an existing building is a difficult and complex decision-making issue, which requires extensive knowledge, skills and experience from project managers. Today, due to the variety of available technologies and the need to take into account the balance between the environmental impacts and the growing requirements for buildings, including technological, economic, functional, etc., the decision for green building managers is becoming harder. whether to construct a new building or retrofit an existing one while maintaining acceptable levels of indoor comfort and energy performance. In order to take an environmentally-conscious decision, the environmental impacts of the entire life during the construction phase for the two approaches must be known. This study performed a comparative Life cycle assessment LCA on a new retrofitted extension in the Holy Family Hospital as a case study to determine whether the retrofit was a right decision. The assessment was carried out with the online calculator One Click LCA (2015) to measure and compare the impact of environmental pressures related to the embodied energy and embodied CO2 to take a less impact decision between reconstructing and retrofitting an existing building. The findings reveal a strong link between retrofit strategies and the energy sector, highlighting their role in reducing embodied energy, CO₂ emissions, and primary energy demand. The results showed that retrofit decision reduced the carbon emissions and the embodied energy by 36% and 24% respectively, compared with the demolishing and rebuilding the existing part of the case study. Where the material extraction and production had the largest share among the construction phase. Moreover, The retrofit scenario results in a substantially lower social cost of carbon than reconstruction, reflecting a reduction of approximately 64% and demonstrating the clear social and climate advantage of retrofit interventions. The method used in this paper can be useful to order to make more sustainable choices at the building’s construction, retrofitting, and maintenance levels. The novelty of this study lies in offering a quantified, decision-oriented comparison between retrofit and reconstruction at the construction stage, grounded in embodied energy and embodied carbon metrics rather than relying solely on operational performance.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11641,"journal":{"name":"Energy and Buildings","volume":"356 ","pages":"Article 117006"},"PeriodicalIF":7.1,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145995561","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Low-carbon renovation of old residential blocks: An envelope-focused assessment framework for carbon reduction effects and economic benefits","authors":"Shen Xu ,&nbsp;Yichen Dong ,&nbsp;Hongxin Guo ,&nbsp;Zhen Yu ,&nbsp;Bo Pan ,&nbsp;Congyue Qi ,&nbsp;Gaomei Li","doi":"10.1016/j.enbuild.2026.117098","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.enbuild.2026.117098","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Retrofitting building envelopes in the era of existing stock is an effective pathway to achieving carbon neutrality goals, requiring a comprehensive consideration of carbon reduction benefits and economic benefits. However, existing research focuses on the individual buildings and has not yet established a comprehensive assessment method at the block scale. This study aims to propose a multi-objective framework to assess the operational carbon reduction and economic benefits of retrofitting building envelopes in old residential blocks. First, this study employs architectural typology and cluster method to categorize 102 real cases of old residential blocks in Wuhan into three fundamental categories along with twelve derived variants. Second, under both single-component and multi-component retrofit scenarios, 2472 renovation schemes are generated. Then, sensitivity and variance analyses within the framework identify the key retrofit components and elements under each objective. Finally, the optimal renovation scheme sets for 3 types of old residential blocks are obtained, and the multi-level technical lists of envelope components-renovation materials-thermal parameters are formed. The proposed scheme sets and multi-level technical lists demonstrated good robustness after undergoing uncertainty analysis and comprehensive verification. The results indicated that multi-component retrofits enhance the carbon reduction effect by 9.25 to 23.95%, compared to single-component approaches. The heat transfer coefficient of external walls primarily affects the carbon reduction effects, while the heat transfer coefficient of external windows and the solar heat gain coefficient primarily affect economic benefits. In terms of comprehensive benefits, the heat transfer coefficient of exterior windows and that of exterior walls collectively serve as decisive factors. The technical framework proposed in this study enables policymakers and practitioners to rapidly assess the effectiveness of schemes and identify renovation priorities in the early stage of renovation. It provides a scalable technical pathway for decarbonizing old residential blocks worldwide, thereby supporting energy efficiency, emissions cuts, and sustainability within the building sector.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11641,"journal":{"name":"Energy and Buildings","volume":"356 ","pages":"Article 117098"},"PeriodicalIF":7.1,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146098303","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Photothermal heating and solar harvesting through multiple transparent Fe3O4@Cu2-xS thin films with a solar dome","authors":"Meher Saketh Gandharapu ,&nbsp;Anudeep Katepalli ,&nbsp;Anton Harfmann ,&nbsp;Mathias Bonmarin ,&nbsp;John Krupczak ,&nbsp;Donglu Shi","doi":"10.1016/j.enbuild.2026.117083","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.enbuild.2026.117083","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>A novel building utility heating system is developed based on solar harvesting through multiple transparent photothermal (PT) panels arranged in a tunnel structure. Sunlight is collected by a rooftop solar dome and guided into a Photothermal Solar Tunnel (PTST), which achieves efficient conversion of solar radiation into thermal energy for passive heating. The PT panels are fabricated from thin films of Fe₃O₄@Cu_2-xS plasmonic nanoparticles, which, due to localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR), exhibit strong absorption in the UV and IR regions while maintaining minimal absorption in the visible band. This unique optical property enables high average visible transmittance (AVT), allowing sunlight to penetrate sequential panels within the PTST while the system functions as a transparent heat radiator. Controlled experiments under diverse environmental conditions, including extreme subzero temperatures, demonstrate the PTST’s strong heating capability: interior tunnel surfaces reached above 30.9°C from ambient temperatures of −7°C with only minimal insulation. These results establish PTST as a scalable, cost-effective, and off-grid technology for sustainable building heating. By eliminating the need for complex solar system integration or bulky components, this approach opens a new pathway for passive solar energy utilization, advancing energy-neutral and environmentally resilient solutions for next-generation buildings.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11641,"journal":{"name":"Energy and Buildings","volume":"356 ","pages":"Article 117083"},"PeriodicalIF":7.1,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146095871","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Of demographics, technology, and geography: The social determinants of energy consumption patterns and user behaviour in Saudi Arabia’s residential sector","authors":"Muhammad Asif ,&nbsp;Benjamin K. Sovacool ,&nbsp;Zulfiqar Ali ,&nbsp;Erin Heinz ,&nbsp;Thomas Alan Kwan ,&nbsp;Johan Nordensvärd ,&nbsp;Arunima Krishna ,&nbsp;Patrick Thollander ,&nbsp;Patrik Rohdin ,&nbsp;Weimin Zhang","doi":"10.1016/j.enbuild.2026.117061","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.enbuild.2026.117061","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Driven by increased exposure to climate change hazards and energy price reforms, the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA) is keen to transform its energy-intensive building sector, with air-conditioning (AC) accounting for 70% of the energy used in buildings. While much past research has focused on technological solutions, this study investigates some of the critical AC usage patterns and energy conservation behavior in the Saudi residential sector. Harnessing a novel and original public survey with spatial granularity, this study explores socio-demographic, economic, and behavioral determinants of AC usage, thermostat preferences, and energy conservation attitudes. The study identifies household income and energy expenditure as among the more influential predictors of user behavior. Lower-income households are significantly less likely to use AC extensively, which may indicate potential equity and affordability concerns, while higher-income groups exhibit extended usage patterns, particularly year-round use and daily operation exceeding 18 h. Education, dwelling type, and ownership status are also influential factors, though with a modest effect. Regional differences, particularly in Makkah and Riyadh, reveal further contextual variations in behavior. AC switch-off and thermostat adjustment attitudes reflect a mix of economic constraints and habitual behavior. Drawing from these findings, the study underscores the need for integrated policy frameworks that combine efficiency measures with targeted behavioral interventions.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11641,"journal":{"name":"Energy and Buildings","volume":"356 ","pages":"Article 117061"},"PeriodicalIF":7.1,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146048123","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Multi-method fault detection considering uncertainty through MC dropout for enhanced voting","authors":"Henrik Alexander Nissen Søndergaard,&nbsp;Hamid Reza Shaker,&nbsp;Bo Nørregaard Jørgensen","doi":"10.1016/j.enbuild.2026.117082","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.enbuild.2026.117082","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Creating a robust process monitoring system is critical for energy systems to ensure satisfactory performance in terms of quality of service and cost. Most frameworks for fault detection have focused on (sub)systems with data that leverage accompanying fault labels for supervised training. However, this approach cannot be leveraged in systems with fewer fault occurrences and/or unknown fault patterns. Creating a robust framework that can detect faults in energy systems with residual methods trained on data with verified normal operation is necessary. This paper addresses this challenge by proposing a framework consisting of an ensemble of neural networks that predict each process variable and vote on a final value based on uncertainty calculations enabled by Monte Carlo dropout. Thereafter, it detects anomalies with residuals informed by the variables’ uncertainty and ranks them based on fault probability by employing the Chernoff bound. Finally, the anomalies are categorized based on their influence on identified key performance indicators. This enables maintenance crews to prioritize their time to focus on faults with a higher probability of being a fault and impacting operational key performance indicators. The proposed methodology was applied to the Tennessee Eastman process benchmark dataset to facilitate direct comparison with other fault detection approaches. It demonstrated a satisfactory trade-off between minimizing false alarm rates and ensuring prompt detection of known faults, outperforming several existing methods. Additionally, the methodology was tested on a case study within the building domain, where it achieved effective fault categorization and demonstrated robust performance.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11641,"journal":{"name":"Energy and Buildings","volume":"356 ","pages":"Article 117082"},"PeriodicalIF":7.1,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146071925","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evaluating envelope retrofitting strategies to enhance thermal comfort and energy efficiency in Jordanian affordable housing","authors":"Dana B. Khalaf ,&nbsp;Anas Kh. Mahmoud","doi":"10.1016/j.enbuild.2026.117077","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.enbuild.2026.117077","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Thermal comfort is a critical component of indoor environmental quality, directly affecting the health, productivity, and well-being of occupants—especially in affordable housing, where thermal discomfort often persists due to poor envelope design and limited resources. This study investigates the thermal performance of Jordanian affordable housing during the winter season through simulation-based analysis using DesignBuilder software. The research aims to assess how different envelope retrofit strategies—such as wall insulation, and roof modifications—can enhance indoor thermal comfort while maintaining cost feasibility for low-income households under heating-dominated conditions. A series of simulation scenarios were conducted for a representative affordable housing unit in Irbid, Jordan. The results were analyzed to determine which retrofit interventions provide the most effective balance between winter thermal comfort improvement and affordability. The findings reveal that specific combinations of envelope upgrades significantly enhance winter comfort levels with reasonable investment costs, making them both energy-efficient and economically feasible within the winter-calibrated scope of the study. The study highlights the potential of simulation tools as a decision-making aid for policymakers, designers, and housing authorities seeking to improve the thermal performance of affordable housing in cold and heating-dominated climates.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11641,"journal":{"name":"Energy and Buildings","volume":"356 ","pages":"Article 117077"},"PeriodicalIF":7.1,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146138296","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A bi-level optimization framework for integrated energy system with time-varying carbon capture and multi-energy sharing networks: Towards zero-carbon community","authors":"Yang-wen Wu,&nbsp;Xiao-li Chen,&nbsp;Si-qi Gong,&nbsp;Xiong Zhang,&nbsp;Xin-yue Zhou,&nbsp;Qiang Lu","doi":"10.1016/j.enbuild.2026.117106","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.enbuild.2026.117106","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Developing the integrated energy system (IES) has emerged as a critical pathway toward achieving zero-carbon communities. However, existing studies still face challenges such as limited carbon reduction effectiveness and weak inter-regional coordination, hindering further progress. Herein, this study introduces a community integrated energy system (CIES) that incorporates carbon capture systems (CCS) and inter-community energy exchange and sharing mechanisms. A multi-energy coupling model encompassing residential, commercial, and industrial zones is established. A bi-level optimization framework for simultaneous capacity configuration and operational scheduling is formed, which strengthens the synergy between planning and operation and enables efficient cross-zone coordination. Furthermore, a time-varying CCS scheduling strategy accounting for real-time electricity pricing and dynamic carbon emissions is proposed, effectively enhancing both the system operational flexibility and the carbon reduction efficiency. Case study results demonstrate that the proposed system enhances renewable energy utilization, carbon reduction, and energy self-sufficiency by 14.48%, 38.19%, and 26.15%, respectively, while regional energy coordination increases by 16.45%. These findings validate the technical feasibility of the proposed CIES model and provide a practical solution for advancing zero-carbon community development.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11641,"journal":{"name":"Energy and Buildings","volume":"356 ","pages":"Article 117106"},"PeriodicalIF":7.1,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146186273","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Flexible energy management of residential clusters: predictive coordination of EV charging and space heating in dynamic pricing environments","authors":"Jiaqi Xu, Yangshan Cui, Lei Shu","doi":"10.1016/j.enbuild.2026.117401","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enbuild.2026.117401","url":null,"abstract":"Rapid electric vehicle (EV) proliferation in China’s residential sector introduces critical coordination challenges between transportation electrification and building thermal management. This study proposes an ensemble-based predictive framework that harmonizes heat pump operations with EV charging across multi-dwelling communities. The methodology integrates three computational modules: a 3R2C2α resistance–capacitance thermal network (prediction deviation: 0.31–0.82°C), support vector regression for appliance load estimation (CV-RMSE: 24.7–58.3%), and Monte Carlo vehicle behavior simulation. A novel Individual Stress Level (ISL) metric quantifies household-specific grid stress contributions within an economic model predictive control (eMPC) optimizer. Validation using high-resolution data from ten dwellings in eastern China reveals that time-of-use pricing amplifies average consumption by 19.4–28.7% and instantaneous peaks by 8.2–41.6% versus flat-rate baselines. Vehicle-to-home configurations achieve 38.9% peak suppression during on-peak windows but elevate valley demand by 29.3%. Flexibility indices range from 61 to 103% (evening) to 82–147% (morning), while coordinated control reduces daily electricity costs by 18.8–36.3%. Demand charge sensitivity analysis shows bidirectional systems trigger ISL responses 52% more intensely than unidirectional alternatives, and envelope resistance variations of ±30% induce 15–23% flexibility fluctuations. These findings provide quantitative guidance for distribution network planning and tariff design in high-electrification residential ecosystems.","PeriodicalId":11641,"journal":{"name":"Energy and Buildings","volume":"127 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.7,"publicationDate":"2026-03-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147587587","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}