Energy and Buildings最新文献

{"title":"Quilt coverage monitoring via thermal imaging for sleep health","authors":"Wenhao Wang ,&nbsp;Xiaojing Zhang ,&nbsp;Jianchao Zhang ,&nbsp;Zhiyang Dou ,&nbsp;Jun Luo ,&nbsp;Nan Zhang","doi":"10.1016/j.enbuild.2025.116313","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.enbuild.2025.116313","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Quilts regulate heat exchange between the human body and the environment to maintain comfortable skin temperature. Quilt coverage significantly impacts sleep quality and health, especially for vulnerable groups like children and the elderly with weaker thermoregulatory abilities. In this study, we recruited participants and collected quilt coverage data during sleep using an RGB-T (red, green, blue, thermal) camera, thus constructing an RGB-T dataset (combining visible and thermal images) that involved four thermal resistances (expressed in Clo) and both sexes. To address privacy concerns and assess the feasibility of substituting RGB-T fusion models with thermal-only models, we systematically compared their performance in quilt coverage monitoring. Results showed that within the Clo range of 2.76–4.24, thermal models achieved <em>F</em>1<em>score</em> of 0.97–0.98 on female datasets and 0.96–0.97 on male datasets. These models maintained high accuracy without relying on visible light data and reduced training time by 80 % compared to RGB-T fusion models, thereby significantly enhancing privacy protection and model efficiency. These findings validate the technical feasibility of replacing RGB-T fusion models with thermal models for real-time quilt coverage monitoring, advancing the development of lightweight, privacy-preserving non-contact sleep monitoring devices and providing empirical support for personalized sleep health monitoring.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11641,"journal":{"name":"Energy and Buildings","volume":"347 ","pages":"Article 116313"},"PeriodicalIF":7.1,"publicationDate":"2025-08-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144864978","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Dynamic ventilation control-induced airflow fluctuations: skin temperature response and subjective assessment in adaptive environments","authors":"Weijia Zhang ,&nbsp;Weirong Zhang ,&nbsp;Yingli Xuan ,&nbsp;Xiaoxiao Ding","doi":"10.1016/j.enbuild.2025.116289","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.enbuild.2025.116289","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Appropriate dynamic stimuli in indoor environments benefit humans; however, the fluctuation characteristics of variable dynamic ventilation control remain unquantified, and its impact on human perception remains unclear. To address these challenges, chamber experiments were conducted to assess the skin temperature and subjective responses under three parameters: air supply position, supply angle, and airflow waveform. Data were gathered via real-time questionnaires on sensation, comfort, and satisfaction, alongside continuous skin temperature monitoring. The results revealed minimal environmental temperature fluctuations (∼0.22 °C), with air velocities of 0.052–0.14  m/s. Three metrics—turbulence intensity (<em>TI</em>), the power spectral exponent of velocity (<em>β</em>_v), and the time-weighted average relative velocity difference (TA <span><math><mrow><mi>Δ</mi><msub><mi>u</mi><mrow><mi>rel</mi></mrow></msub><mrow><mo>(</mo><mi>t</mi><mo>)</mo></mrow></mrow></math></span>)—were extracted to quantify the control effects across the temporal, spectral, and spatial domains. Physiologically, changes in the supply position and waveform induced localized thermal discomfort at the calf, although the mean skin temperature fluctuations stayed within a comfortable 0.30 °C range. Subjective evaluations revealed greater sensitivity to dynamic changes than to physiological responses. Even without physical discomfort, the thermal sensation and comfort votes indicated perceptions of coldness or slight discomfort. Multi-dimensional comparisons revealed that position adjustment operated as low-frequency, stable regulation (<em>β</em>_v ≤ 1.0, <em>TI</em> &lt; 27.4 %); angle adjustment simulated medium-frequency dynamics resembling natural wind (<em>β</em>_v ≈ 1.30, <em>TI</em> &lt; 35.2 %); and waveform adjustment induced strong high-frequency disturbances (<em>TI</em> &lt; 38.6 %, TAΔ_urel(t) &gt; 50 %). Angle adjustment is recommended for rapid sensory interventions, whereas position adjustment is more suitable for limited airflow changes. This study supports a shift in ventilation design from static optimization to dynamic, demand-driven adaptation.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11641,"journal":{"name":"Energy and Buildings","volume":"347 ","pages":"Article 116289"},"PeriodicalIF":7.1,"publicationDate":"2025-08-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144864990","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Thermal comfort in UK retrofit practice: the practitioners’ perspective","authors":"Athina Petsou,&nbsp;Hector Altamirano,&nbsp;Sung-Min Hong,&nbsp;Valentina Marincioni","doi":"10.1016/j.enbuild.2025.116288","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.enbuild.2025.116288","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study explores the role of thermal comfort in UK retrofit practices through the perspectives of practitioners. A survey of 29 professionals, including engineers, architects, and policy consultants, was conducted to gather data on their priorities, methods, and challenges. The survey included multiple-choice and open-ended questions, analysed using descriptive statistics and thematic analysis.</div><div>Results indicate that energy efficiency and thermal comfort are top priorities for practitioners, but there is an identified gap between these priorities and their practical implementation. Challenges include cost-effectiveness, resident engagement, and balancing heritage conservation with energy efficiency. The study highlights the need for implementation of standards and methodologies to better integrate thermal comfort into retrofit practices. Addressing the identified gaps in practice requires a holistic approach, incorporating user perspectives and adaptive comfort principles to enhance retrofit outcomes and occupant well-being to better support the practitioners.</div><div>The study’s findings could have significant implications for policy and practice in the UK retrofit sector. For policymakers, the results provide evidence for the need for comprehensive standards or process design for thermal comfort within energy efficiency interventions and other criteria that practitioners have recognised as important.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11641,"journal":{"name":"Energy and Buildings","volume":"347 ","pages":"Article 116288"},"PeriodicalIF":7.1,"publicationDate":"2025-08-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144892742","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Research and application of phase change materials in building transparent envelopes","authors":"Guyi Qian ,&nbsp;Xiaona Yan ,&nbsp;Yalong Sun ,&nbsp;Kangyu Gong ,&nbsp;Yan Shen ,&nbsp;Shaojun Qiu ,&nbsp;Xiaoxiao Rao","doi":"10.1016/j.enbuild.2025.116302","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.enbuild.2025.116302","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Transparent building envelopes are responsible for lighting and ventilation in buildings, yet they are the weakest component of the building’s thermal envelope. Phase change materials (PCMs) can enhance the thermal storage capacity of transparent envelopes, reduce building energy consumption, and improve indoor thermal comfort. This study focuses on analyzing the impact of glazing envelopes containing phase change materials (PGE) on energy consumption and thermal comfort under different climatic conditions. The results indicate that the energy-saving rate of PGE ranges from approximately −80% to 60%, depending on geographical location and season. By increasing the thermal resistance of the glass, improving the thermal conductivity of PCM, integrating multiple technologies, and optimizing the mechanical structure, the energy-saving potential of PGE can be optimized for different climate zones. Furthermore, current simulation models still have limitations in simulating the optical properties of PGE, which restricts the evaluation of its impact on the light environment and visual comfort. Based on existing research on active control technology for glazing, a new PGE design is proposed that adapts to seasonal changes from a synergistic light-thermal perspective, providing a theoretical foundation for the scientific popularization of PGE.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11641,"journal":{"name":"Energy and Buildings","volume":"347 ","pages":"Article 116302"},"PeriodicalIF":7.1,"publicationDate":"2025-08-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144864977","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Power-constrained VRF system optimization using symbolic regression for multiple zones environment","authors":"Theint Theint Thu,&nbsp;Kenshiro Kato,&nbsp;Dafang Zhao,&nbsp;Hiroki Nishikawa,&nbsp;Ittetsu Taniguchi,&nbsp;Takao Onoye","doi":"10.1016/j.enbuild.2025.116264","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.enbuild.2025.116264","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The rapid growth in global energy consumption highlights the urgency of doubling energy efficiency improvements by 2030. Heating, ventilation, and air-conditioning (HVAC) systems, which account for nearly half of building energy use, represent a critical target for optimization. Conventional HVAC control strategies, however, often suffer from inefficient power allocation, high peak demand, and compromised thermal comfort, especially under dynamic occupancy and environmental conditions. Existing multi-zone control methods often overlook peak power constraints and are not designed to optimize energy use under variable occupancy conditions, resulting in suboptimal energy performance. This study proposes a symbolic regression-based model predictive control (MPC) framework to address these challenges. The framework optimizes energy consumption and thermal comfort for multi-zone variable refrigerant flow (VRF) systems while addressing peak power constraints to reduce energy costs and improve thermal comfort. The method is evaluated under three operating priorities, <span><math><mi>ω</mi></math></span> = 0.1, 0.5, and 0.9, across varying power constraints. Simulation results demonstrate that the proposed method consistently outperforms a decentralized MPC state-of-the-art (<em>SOTA</em>) baseline, achieving up to 16 % energy savings under a 30 % power constraint, with average temperature deviations (ATD) remaining within comfortable bounds (<span><math><mrow><mo>&lt;</mo><msup><mn>2</mn><mo>∘</mo></msup><mi>C</mi></mrow></math></span>). Even under tight energy constraints, the framework maintains stable control performance, outperforming existing methods that fail to adequately manage peak loads. Compared to rule-based and model-based MPC approaches, the proposed method is more flexible and robust, as it does not require detailed system identification or extensive training data. These results highlight the method’s potential as a scalable and energy-efficient solution for contributing to global energy efficiency goals.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11641,"journal":{"name":"Energy and Buildings","volume":"347 ","pages":"Article 116264"},"PeriodicalIF":7.1,"publicationDate":"2025-08-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144886429","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Benefits of Dual Fuel Heat Pump Grid-responsive Control: A Model-based Control Optimization Approach Using Building and Equipment Co-simulation","authors":"Zhenning Li,&nbsp;Kyle Gluesenkamp,&nbsp;Bo Shen,&nbsp;Steve Kowalski","doi":"10.1016/j.enbuild.2025.116287","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.enbuild.2025.116287","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Conventional dual fuel heat pumps lack the intelligent control mechanisms to efficiently manage the switch between heat pump and furnace, leading to sub-optimal energy usage and, in some cases, increased operating costs. To resolve this gap, this study applies optimized control on hybrid heat pumps. With a focus on equipment control strategies, we compare the performances of five spacing heating equipment, including a conventional heat pump (HP), a conventional furnace, a dual fuel heat pump (DFHP) with conventional control, a dual fuel heat pump with smart control, and a novel seamlessly fuel flexible heat pump (SFFHP). While DFHP runs on either gas or electricity at any given moment, SFFHP concurrently consumes gas and electricity by continuously optimizing the proportion of each.</div><div>In this research, a co-simulation framework is developed by integrating a building envelope model with a physics-based heat pump simulation model to analyze the benefits of grid-responsive controls of DFHP and SFFHP. The model-based optimal controls adjust the operation of the heat pump and gas furnace based on utility price signals and marginal grid emission to minimize utility cost and CO₂ emissions for multiple climate zones, different utility tariffs, and marginal grid emission scenarios. Case studies in Chicago and Los Angeles demonstrate that SFFHP and DFHP, with model-based optimal control, can deliver significant reductions in peak demand, utility cost, and CO₂ emission. In Chicago, SFFHP and smart controlled DFHP yield up to 64.7% and 61.7% utility cost reduction and up to 15.7% and 8.5% CO₂ emission reduction compared to the gas furnace. In Los Angeles, SFFHP and smart controlled DFHP achieve up to 43.6% and 40.1% utility cost reduction and up to 13.8% and 14.1% CO2 emission reduction compared to conventional heat pumps. By leveraging the fuel flexibility nature of dual fuel heat pumps, the model-based control optimization approach makes dual fuel heat pump an attractive option for demand response programs.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11641,"journal":{"name":"Energy and Buildings","volume":"347 ","pages":"Article 116287"},"PeriodicalIF":7.1,"publicationDate":"2025-08-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144890598","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Hybrid time-scale variable-step optimization scheduling of integrated energy systems considering thermal-electric energy storage coordination","authors":"Lingzhi Yi ,&nbsp;Wei He ,&nbsp;Yahui Wang ,&nbsp;Le Yang ,&nbsp;Jingyu Hu ,&nbsp;Hui Zhang ,&nbsp;Zhehao Huang","doi":"10.1016/j.enbuild.2025.116300","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.enbuild.2025.116300","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This paper focuses on the residential community integrated energy system (RIES) with a high penetration of renewable energy and the problem of improving the system scheduling flexibility and economy in the face of renewable energy and load uncertainties, taking full advantage of the different dynamic characteristics of multiple energy. A hybrid time-scale variable-step optimal scheduling strategy considering thermal-electric energy storage synergy is proposed. Firstly, to address the problem of large-scale disordered grid connection of EVs, an EV set-based dispatcher model is constructed based on Minkowski summation; meanwhile, the inertia features of pipeline heat supply are used to form a buffer between supply and demand, and a pipeline elasticity heat storage scheduling model is established, which together form the energy storage scheduling potential model of the RIES. Then, based on the supply and demand characteristics of cold-heat-electricity energy and the renewable energy output features, a hybrid time-scale variable-step optimization scheduling framework is constructed to change the dispatcher step with the fluctuation situation. The results show that the proposed model reduces the system cost from ¥90,536.50 to ¥64435.73, and the consumption rate of renewable energy increases from 70.06 % to 98.65 %.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11641,"journal":{"name":"Energy and Buildings","volume":"347 ","pages":"Article 116300"},"PeriodicalIF":7.1,"publicationDate":"2025-08-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144858161","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Deep learning and remote sensing for scalable building age prediction in urban energy modeling","authors":"Qingyu Li ,&nbsp;Genyu Xu ,&nbsp;Ziqi Gu","doi":"10.1016/j.enbuild.2025.116303","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.enbuild.2025.116303","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Building energy modeling (BEM) is crucial for addressing global energy challenges and improving urban sustainability, yet a fundamental parameter for accurate modeling—building age—remains unavailable in most cities, severely limiting effective energy planning. The goal of this study is to create and test a scalable framework that uses remote sensing and deep learning to guess how old buildings are for large-scale energy modeling without having to do a lot of field surveys. We created the Netherlands Building Age (NLBA) dataset comprising 5,000 annotated aerial image-building age pairs across five Dutch cities, categorized into three age groups corresponding to distinct energy performance periods (pre-1980, 1980–2000, and post-2000). Deep learning models were trained on this dataset to classify building ages from aerial imagery, and we validated our approach in Wuppertal, Germany, comparing energy consumption estimates derived from our predicted building ages against those using official statistics at individual building, block, city, and country levels. Our approach achieved 93.48% overall accuracy in building age classification, producing energy estimates with a root mean squared error (RMSE) of 337.82 MWh/year (5.13% error), which outperformed both city-level (400.29 MWh/year) and country-level statistics (795.58 MWh/year), while performing slightly below fine-grained city-block statistics (255.95 MWh/year, 3.90% error). Remote sensing-based building age classification offers a viable, efficient alternative to traditional statistical methods for urban energy modeling, enabling rapid deployment across cities using only publicly available aerial imagery while providing spatial granularity sufficient for evidence-based energy policies and sustainable urban planning.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11641,"journal":{"name":"Energy and Buildings","volume":"347 ","pages":"Article 116303"},"PeriodicalIF":7.1,"publicationDate":"2025-08-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144852144","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Influence of automated façades on comfort and energy: A critical review","authors":"P. de la Barra ,&nbsp;E. Brembilla ,&nbsp;A. Prieto ,&nbsp;C. Vásquez ,&nbsp;U. Knaack ,&nbsp;A. Luna-Navarro","doi":"10.1016/j.enbuild.2025.116290","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.enbuild.2025.116290","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In recent years, several studies have assessed the influence of automated façades on energy savings, IEQ, and occupant satisfaction. However, discrepancies exist between the expected advantages of automated façades predicted in research and the actual benefits observed in real-world tests. To assess how automated façade operation enhances building performance, in particular within office building contexts, this study reviews and analyzes current evidence on the influence of automated façades. In this review, 91 studies were identified presenting evidence of their performance. A total of 34 studies investigated performance in laboratory settings, 23 in real office buildings, and 34 in simulations. Only 13 laboratory studies and 17 real office building studies included human participants. Visual and thermal quality were the main indoor environmental domains investigated, with limited exploration of others. Existing studies show large variability in contextual factors (e.g., type of shading and control) or experimental designs (e.g., different benchmark scenarios), hindering the comparison of results. Consistent evidence shows the potential of automated façades for energy savings, particularly in lighting and cooling demands, which outperform manual control systems. Automated controls are more effective in reducing excessive daylight and glare, while evidence of the impact on thermal and air quality remains limited. Regarding occupant satisfaction, evidence is unclear since, in some cases, occupants prefer manually controlled façades and, in others, automated ones. Further research is suggested on human-centered studies in real office buildings to capture occupant behavior and preferences while exploring solutions that dynamically identify and integrate factors affecting occupant interaction with buildings.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11641,"journal":{"name":"Energy and Buildings","volume":"347 ","pages":"Article 116290"},"PeriodicalIF":7.1,"publicationDate":"2025-08-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144880040","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Meteorological effects on the thermal performance of earth–air heat exchanger: Insights from interpretable Machine learning","authors":"Yingjun Yue ,&nbsp;Zengfeng Yan ,&nbsp;Pingan Ni ,&nbsp;Fuming Lei ,&nbsp;Duo Zhang","doi":"10.1016/j.enbuild.2025.116304","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.enbuild.2025.116304","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>As an efficient and sustainable passive building energy-saving technology, the Earth-air heat exchanger (EAHE) exhibits thermal performance significantly influenced by meteorological conditions. However, the mechanisms underlying these influences remain unclear, and traditional approaches often struggle to interpret such complex relationships. To address this gap, this study proposes an interpretable machine learning framework to predict EAHE thermal performance and uncover the effects of meteorological variables. First, 34 commonly used machine learning algorithms were compared to identify the optimal model, followed by hyperparameter optimization using Optuna and generalization testing through holdout validation. Then, the SHapley Additive Explanations (SHAP) were employed to quantify the contributions of different meteorological variables on EAHE thermal performance, identify key influencing factors, and analyze their interactions. The results indicate that: (1) XGBoost outperformed all other models, achieving a coefficient of determination (R²) of 0.85 and a root mean square error (RMSE) of 0.25 after hyperparameter optimization, demonstrating strong predictive capability on unseen data. (2) Ground temperature, ambient air temperature, and direct normal irradiance were the dominant factors influencing EAHE outlet air temperature, with feature importance values of 45.4%, 23.8%, and 10.4%, respectively. (3) Both ground and ambient air temperatures were positively correlated with outlet temperature, while direct normal irradiance exhibited a negative correlation due to its indirect and delayed impact. These findings provide a theoretical basis for climate-adaptive EAHE system design, contributing to the advancement of sustainable development goals.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11641,"journal":{"name":"Energy and Buildings","volume":"347 ","pages":"Article 116304"},"PeriodicalIF":7.1,"publicationDate":"2025-08-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144860218","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}