Energy and Buildings最新文献

{"title":"An interpretable generalized additive neural networks for electricity theft detection in smart cities using balanced data and intelligent grid management","authors":"N. Nandhini ,&nbsp;V. Manikandan ,&nbsp;S. Elango","doi":"10.1016/j.enbuild.2025.116123","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.enbuild.2025.116123","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The growing demand for electricity calls for efficient energy use in Smart Cities (SC). Balancing imbalanced data enhances model accuracy but may complicate training and obscure true patterns in energy consumption. In this manuscript, an interpretable generalized additive neural network for electricity theft detection in smart cities using balanced data and intelligent grid management (IGANN-ETD-SCBD-IGM) is proposed. Initially, input data are collected from the Smart Grid Corporation of China (SGCC) dataset. The Reduced Noise-Synthetic Minority Over-sampling Technique (RN-SMOTE), which creates synthetic samples for the minority class and decreases noise in the majority class, is then used to balance the unbalanced data. The balanced data undergoes pre-processing using the Reverse Lognormal Kalman Filter (RLKF) to address missing values, handle outliers, and normalize the data. Then the pre-processed data are fed to Multi-dimensional Spectral Graph Wavelet Transform (MSGVT) for extracting the statistical features like Entropy, Mean, Contrast, Kurtosis, Correlation and Variance. Then extracted features are fed to Interpretable Generalized Additive Neural Networks (IGANN) which is used for detecting and classifying electrical thefts such as electrical criminals and real consumers. In general, IGANN does not express adapting optimisation techniques to identify ideal parameters to guarantee accurate electrical theft detection. The Secretary Bird Optimisation Algorithm (SBOA) is used to optimise the IGANN weight parameter. Then the proposed IGANN-ETD-SCBD-IGM is excluded in Python and the performance metrics like Precision, Accuracy, Recall, F1-Score, False Positive Rate (FPR), False Negative Rate (FNR), Matthews Correlation Coefficient (MCC) and<!--> <!-->Rate of Curve (ROC) are analysed. Performance of the IGANN-ETD-SCBD-IGM approach attains 99% higher accuracy, 94.12% higher precision and 91.92% higher recall when analyzed through existing techniques like exploiting machine learning to tackle peculiar consumption of electricity in power grids: A step towards building green smart cities (TPC-EPG-GSC-KNN), a hybrid evolutionary and machine learning approach for smart city planning: digital twin approach (SCP-DTA-SVM) unbalanced data handling techniques for classifying energy theft and defective meters in the provincial electricity authority of Thailand (UDH-CET-PEA-CNN), methods respectively.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11641,"journal":{"name":"Energy and Buildings","volume":"346 ","pages":"Article 116123"},"PeriodicalIF":6.6,"publicationDate":"2025-07-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144654714","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Empowering architectural glass fiber textiles with radiative cooling and photocatalytic self-cleaning performance through hybridization and morphology modulation of TiO2 with diverse features","authors":"Feng Zhang,&nbsp;Junru Guo,&nbsp;Juanjuan Su,&nbsp;Jian Han","doi":"10.1016/j.enbuild.2025.116110","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.enbuild.2025.116110","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Passive daylight radiative cooling (PDRC) is an eco-friendly and advantageous alternative to electric building cooling that can tackle global warming and minimize energy consumption. Hybridized micro-nanorods of TiO₂ (TNr), which possessed simultaneous favorable solar reflectance and UV photocatalysis, were fabricated and modified by utilizing 1H, 1H, 2H, 2H-perfluorodecyltriethoxysilane (PFDTS). It was homogeneously dispersed in a polyvinylidene difluoride (PVDF) precursor solution for spraying processing. A multitude of crosslinked network-like papillae and porous structure was constructed on the PVDF/F-TNr coating. The coated glass fiber textile exhibited a solar reflectance of 94.0 % and an atmospheric window emittance of 92.5 %. The outdoors radiative cooling testing was conducted and a maximum daytime cooling effect of 12.2 °C was realized. The rough porous structure jointly constructed by PVDF and F-TNr endowed the coated textile with favorable superhydrophobicity and photocatalytic properties. The coated glass fiber textile also possessed outstanding self-cleaning and antimicrobial properties, highlighting the potential for building cooling applications.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11641,"journal":{"name":"Energy and Buildings","volume":"345 ","pages":"Article 116110"},"PeriodicalIF":6.6,"publicationDate":"2025-07-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144571076","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Building function, ownership, and space heating: Exploring adaptive reuse pathways in Swedish building stock","authors":"Ilia Iarkov ,&nbsp;Victor Fransson ,&nbsp;Dennis Johansson ,&nbsp;Ulla Janson ,&nbsp;Henrik Davidsson","doi":"10.1016/j.enbuild.2025.116108","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.enbuild.2025.116108","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Adaptive reuse, the conversion of existing buildings to new functions, offers a sustainable alternative to demolition and new construction by reducing environmental impact, conserving materials, and minimising costs. This study presents the first large-scale, systematic analysis of adaptive reuse in Sweden, using Energy Performance Certificates (EPCs) from 141 778 buildings issued between 2007 and 2023. EPCs provide measured data on building function, conditioned floor area, construction year, and space heating energy use—a dominant contributor to operational emissions in cold-climate regions. The study identifies common conversion pathways and examines how building characteristics and ownership influence reuse patterns. Conversions were most frequent in buildings sized 1 000–5 000  m² and constructed between the 1930s and 1970s. Office–to–residential conversions were most common in absolute terms, but normalised data revealed frequent reuse of care facilities and retail spaces. Ownership analysis showed that corporate and public actors are the primary initiators of reuse, while private and cooperative owners are underrepresented. Energy performance analysis revealed that 82 % of converted buildings were associated with reductions in space heating energy use, and 54 % outperformed their non-converted counterparts. The average reduction for converted buildings was 9.6  kWh/m²·year, compared to 9.3  kWh/m²·year for non-converted buildings; office–to–residential conversions achieved mean savings of up to 19  kWh/m²·year. However, sign tests indicated that statistically significant trends were present in only a subset of conversion pairs, suggesting that the direction of energy use change is not uniformly robust. These differences likely reflect a combination of changes in building use intensity and renovation measures introduced during conversion. The findings demonstrate that adaptive reuse is physically feasible, broadly applicable, and, in some cases, associated with measurable energy efficiency gains. Although national in scope, the methodology is transferable to other regions with structured building energy datasets, and the results are relevant for countries with similar climatic conditions and ageing building stocks. This study provides an empirical basis for cautiously integrating adaptive reuse into energy efficiency policy, housing strategy, and long-term decarbonisation planning.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11641,"journal":{"name":"Energy and Buildings","volume":"345 ","pages":"Article 116108"},"PeriodicalIF":6.6,"publicationDate":"2025-07-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144563001","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Adaptive transfer reinforcement learning (TRL) for cooling water systems with uniform agent design and multi-agent coordination","authors":"Zhechao Wang,&nbsp;Zhihong Pang","doi":"10.1016/j.enbuild.2025.116071","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.enbuild.2025.116071","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Transfer Reinforcement Learning (TRL) offers a promising approach to optimizing building cooling water systems by improving both energy efficiency and operational effectiveness. This study introduces a novel TRL framework designed to accelerate the learning process of Reinforcement Learning (RL) agents by systematically leveraging prior experience from analogous systems. Unlike conventional RL approaches that start from scratch, our framework enhances initial performance while mitigating negative transfer through an adaptive multi-agent supervision mechanism. Our methodology involves three key innovations. First, we collect field data from three cooling water systems and train individual data-driven models to enable realistic energy and control simulations. Next, we design a uniform RL model with ratio-based inputs and outputs, ensuring transferability across systems with varying characteristics. This model includes two controllers—one for cooling towers and the other for cooling water pumps. Third, we introduce a structured TRL process in which a pre-trained RL model from a source system is transferred to two target systems. Within this transfer framework, we integrate three types of agents: one completely new agent and two variants of the trained RL model. A key feature of the framework is a supervision mechanism that coordinates these agents for positive transfer. It dynamically adjusts the selection probability of each agent through a constantly updated preference function and modifies learning objectives at different training stages. Various scenarios are tested to evaluate the framework’s performance with different transferred agents and learning stages. Simulation results demonstrate a 10 % improvement in energy savings—both initially and at convergence—compared to learning from scratch. Moreover, the proposed TRL framework effectively mitigates negative transfer and avoids converging to the suboptimal performance of a transferred agent. More importantly, it significantly reduces the effort required to select appropriate source systems, highlighting its practical applicability and potential for widespread adoption in building cooling water system optimization.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11641,"journal":{"name":"Energy and Buildings","volume":"345 ","pages":"Article 116071"},"PeriodicalIF":6.6,"publicationDate":"2025-07-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144581017","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Streamlining occupant-centric HVAC operations through multi-modal infrared array sensing technology","authors":"Deok-Oh Woo ,&nbsp;Wooyoung Jung ,&nbsp;Jonathan Menna ,&nbsp;Mazin Al-Hamando","doi":"10.1016/j.enbuild.2025.116106","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.enbuild.2025.116106","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study systematically evaluates a novel occupant-centric heating, ventilation, and air-conditioning (HVAC) control strategy that integrates multi-modal infrared (IR)-based sensing technology. The proposed system dynamically adjusts HVAC setpoints based on real-time occupant information, including presence, count and operative temperature. Unlike previous studies, which explored IR array sensors primarily for recognizing occupants in small-sized private spaces, this study integrates IR sensing into occupant-centric controls for systematic assessment. To accurately and promptly recognize occupant-related parameters, the proposed system incorporated multiple heat transfer mechanisms and advanced counting-based control strategies aimed at heating energy use without compromising adaptive comfort. A simulation model was developed to replicate an open office space (100 m²) in Michigan, validated with field measurements, and assessed using 2023 local weather data. Results showed that the multi-modal sensing technology achieved 95 % accuracy in detecting occupant presence and effectively calculated operative temperatures from background thermal data. The proposed OCC yielded a 33.7 % reduction in heating energy consumption, with a payback period of 8.1 years when using a 110° vision angle IR array sensor. However, while the multi-modal OCC outperformed baseline and presence-based two-position control strategies in energy savings, it exhibited the most pronounced negative impact on thermal comfort, with a 13.6 % adaptive comfort penalized percentage during the heating season. This finding highlights the inherent trade-off between energy efficiency and occupant comfort. The contribution of this study is the development and validation of a comprehensive control framework that leverages multi-modal sensing to enhance the intelligence, adaptability, and energy performance of occupant-centric HVAC systems.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11641,"journal":{"name":"Energy and Buildings","volume":"346 ","pages":"Article 116106"},"PeriodicalIF":6.6,"publicationDate":"2025-07-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144713030","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Impact of urban form on energy performance, outdoor thermal comfort, and urban heat Island: A case study in Istanbul","authors":"Eda Köse Murathan,&nbsp;Gülten Manioğlu","doi":"10.1016/j.enbuild.2025.116109","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.enbuild.2025.116109","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Urban density and typology are critical design variables for optimizing building energy performance and outdoor thermal comfort conditions. However, these variables also significantly influence the microclimate in settlements. Therefore, this study adopted a holistic perspective on climate-responsive urban design, focusing on changes not only in buildings and urban blocks but also in atmospheric conditions such as urban heat island effect. Based on this, the study aims to determine the most optimal urban form by simultaneously evaluating energy consumption, outdoor thermal comfort conditions, and urban heat island effect across urban form alternatives generated with different design variables. The proposed approach was tested in Istanbul, a metropolitan city, considering factors such as increasing residential building demand due to rapid population growth, coexistence of high- and low-density residential areas, and rapidly changing microclimatic conditions influenced by city’s topography. The complex relationships among energy consumption, outdoor thermal comfort condition, and urban heat island effect (performance criteria) in various urban form alternatives were evaluated based on design variables, including residential building typology (courtyard, scatter, high-rise, and slab), urban density (Floor area ratio / FAR: FAR1, FAR2, and FAR3), window-to-wall ratio (20 %, 40 %, 60 %, and 80 %), and road width (10 m, 15 m, and 20 m). Geometric models representing the temperate-humid climate of Istanbul were created for this research. Rhinoceros/Grasshopper and its plugins were used to develop parametric combinations (180 urban form alternatives) based on these design variables. The effects of the variables on performance criteria (EUI, Av.UTCI, and Av.UHI) were analyzed for each urban form. According to the results, energy efficiency for heating, cooling, and total loads varied by 73.66 %, 55.49 %, and 58.14 %, respectively, among alternatives. Changes in Average Universal Thermal Climate Index (Av.UTCI) and Average Urban Heat Island (Av.UHI) were smaller in alternatives with geometrically similar typologies. Regression analysis revealed that the FAR ratio was the most influential variable. The calculations using the weighted sum method revealed that urban form alternatives with the best conditions were achieved using Slab typologies (f = 0.0507), whereas the worst conditions were associated with Courtyard (f = 0.8726) and Scatter (f = 0.8316) typologies.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11641,"journal":{"name":"Energy and Buildings","volume":"345 ","pages":"Article 116109"},"PeriodicalIF":6.6,"publicationDate":"2025-07-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144597487","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Bio-adaptive reflective photovoltaic (BARP) facade system: a multimodal energy-saving solution based on light reflection","authors":"Yiheng Feng ,&nbsp;Minghao Xu ,&nbsp;Tianyi Chen ,&nbsp;Jianglong Liu ,&nbsp;Li Li","doi":"10.1016/j.enbuild.2025.116105","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.enbuild.2025.116105","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Buildings account for approximately 40% of global energy consumption, creating an urgent need for innovative solutions that enhance energy efficiency while maintaining occupant comfort. Traditional photovoltaic (PV) façades are often constrained by low energy output, limited intelligence, single functionality, and poor environmental interaction. This study presents a Bio-Adaptive Reflective Photovoltaic (BARP) facade system incorporating dynamic reflection technology with smart control systems to substantially improve both energy generation and indoor environmental quality (IEQ). The system employs biomimetic finger-like adaptive reflective blades that precisely track solar trajectories through a specialized mechanical structure. These blades dynamically redirect incident sunlight onto strategically positioned PV panels while supporting multimodal operation, including an indoor light-guiding mode that optimizes natural illumination. The design methodology combines computational fluid dynamics simulation, parametric optimization, and physical prototyping. A novel ray-tracing algorithm was developed to optimize the reflective panel geometries and motion control parameters. Experimental validation conducted at 31.65°N, 120.75°E demonstrates that the BARP system achieves peak power outputs 2.4 times higher than conventional fixed PV panels, with daily energy generation approximately 1.8 times greater. The system’s biomimetic mechanism effectively mitigates efficiency losses from self-shading while maintaining stable performance across seasonal variations. Indoor light measurements confirm that the system’s guidance mode improves illumination uniformity by 40% compared to traditional façades. This research establishes a comprehensive framework for integrating adaptive reflection technology with PV systems, with significant implications for green building adoption in urban environments. Implementation in commercial buildings could reduce energy consumption while providing flexible control over IEQ, though widespread adoption will require addressing challenges related to maintenance costs, durability under extreme weather conditions, and integration with existing building management systems.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11641,"journal":{"name":"Energy and Buildings","volume":"345 ","pages":"Article 116105"},"PeriodicalIF":6.6,"publicationDate":"2025-07-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144613931","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Adaptive fuzzy load frequency controller with time-varying delay and V2G penetration","authors":"Farrukh Nagi ,&nbsp;Khairul Salleh ,&nbsp;Jawaid I. Inayat-Hussain ,&nbsp;Muhamad Bin Mansur ,&nbsp;Navinesshani Permal ,&nbsp;Marayati Marsadek","doi":"10.1016/j.enbuild.2025.116098","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.enbuild.2025.116098","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This paper presents a Takagi-Sugeno-Kang (TSK) based Adaptive Fuzzy Controller for Load Frequency Control (LFC) with time-varying time delay Electric Vehicle (EV) penetration. The adaptive fuzzy controller mitigates time-varying delay signals from smart grid communication and load disturbances. It identifies and controls the LFC system at each time step to minimize frequency deviation. Zero-order TSK fuzzy membership functions are tuned using Gradient Descent (GD), optimized with an H2-optimal performance objective. Simulated time-varying delays are introduced to assess the adaptive fuzzy controller’s effectiveness. The unsupervised, indirect adaptive method enables online learning using LFC process measurements. The proposed adaptive fuzzy controller is robust against large load disturbances and time-varying delays in Vehicle-to-Grid (V2G) mode.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11641,"journal":{"name":"Energy and Buildings","volume":"345 ","pages":"Article 116098"},"PeriodicalIF":6.6,"publicationDate":"2025-07-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144572430","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Enhancing thermal performance of low-temperature phase change materials based on tetradecane","authors":"Changnv Zeng ,&nbsp;Qingqing Shu ,&nbsp;Wanwan Li ,&nbsp;Xiaofei Qin","doi":"10.1016/j.enbuild.2025.116112","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.enbuild.2025.116112","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Low-temperature phase change materials (PCMs) play a crucial role in mitigating ice and snow accumulation on asphalt pavements, thereby improving road safety and reducing maintenance costs. However, their practical implementation is hindered by the inherently low thermal conductivity and limited thermal stability. In this study, n-tetradecane (C14) with a phase change temperature of 5℃ was chosen as the phase change substrate. To improve its stability, polycaprolactone (PCL), a low-melting-point polymer was employed as a support matrix, while expanded graphite (EG) was incorporated as a thermal conductivity enhancer. Three different preparation methods including melt blending, vacuum adsorption, and directional freezing were explored to analyze their impact on the microstructural distribution of EG and the resultant thermal properties of the composite PCMs. A systematic analysis was then conducted to evaluate the influence of compaction density, EG content, and the microstructural arrangement of EG on the thermal conductivity of composite PCMs. The effectiveness of the three fabrication techniques in enhancing thermal conductivity was also compared. The experimental findings confirm that the integration of PCL successfully overcomes the compatibility limitations associated with conventional PCM support matrices, leading to the development of a functional low-temperature PCM with a phase change point at 5℃. The thermal conductivity of the composite PCM increased with higher compaction density and EG content. Among the three fabrication methods, the directional freezing technique proved to be the most effective in improving EG alignment, thereby optimizing heat transfer pathways. Specifically, when the EG content reached 15 % and the compaction density was 760 kg/m³, the axial thermal conductivity of the composite PCM with a directionally structured microstructure reached 4.482 W/(m·K), approximately 20 times higher than that of pure C14. The strategic selection of support matrices and the structured alignment of EG significantly enhance the thermal conductivity of PCMs. With the increase of PCMs content from 0 % to 8 %, the thermal conductivity decreased by up to 26.2 % at most. For every 2 % increase in the dosage of the composite PCM, the temperature of the test block can be regulated by approximately 1℃. After 100 cycles of the test block with an 8 % dosage, the winter heat storage time was prolonged by 3.2 h, and the stability of the test block was good after the phase change cycle. These findings offer valuable insights for improving the design, construction, and maintenance of asphalt pavements in cold environments, reducing reliance on de-icing chemicals and improving overall road durability.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11641,"journal":{"name":"Energy and Buildings","volume":"345 ","pages":"Article 116112"},"PeriodicalIF":6.6,"publicationDate":"2025-07-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144631147","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Diverse paths of green building development from a stakeholder collaboration perspective","authors":"Dongming Gu ,&nbsp;Xiaofei Hu ,&nbsp;Jianing Zhang ,&nbsp;Meiling Chen","doi":"10.1016/j.enbuild.2025.116115","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.enbuild.2025.116115","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Promoting green building development (GBD) is of great significance for China’s achievement of “dual-carbon” strategic goals. The improvement paths of GBD and their mechanisms remain unclear, especially from a stakeholder collaboration perspective. This study integrated the stakeholder theory to develop a novel quadruple helix theoretical model for GBD. We examined data from 13 prefecture-level cities from 2011 to 2020 in Jiangsu Province, China, and explored the paths of GBD using necessary condition analysis and dynamic qualitative comparative analysis. These results indicated that no single condition was indispensable for achieving GBD. Four distinct configurations of conditions collectively contributed to high levels of GBD: government-industry collaboration, government-academia collaboration, balanced government-industry-academia collaboration, and multiple collaboration. Over time, the explanatory power of these configurations increased throughout the study period. Spatially, the configurations exhibited varying preferences across different regions. Additionally, the pathways for achieving different star ratings for green buildings were significantly divergent. Public concern and industry scale emerged as critical factors in attaining high-star GBD. These findings elucidate the complex interactions among green building stakeholders and offer valuable insights into further enhancing GBD in complex and dynamic environments.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11641,"journal":{"name":"Energy and Buildings","volume":"345 ","pages":"Article 116115"},"PeriodicalIF":6.6,"publicationDate":"2025-07-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144581019","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}