Energy and Buildings最新文献

{"title":"Indoor thermal comfort and energy efficiency in Brazilian social housing: A bibliometric and systematic review","authors":"Egon Vettorazzi ,&nbsp;António Figueiredo ,&nbsp;Maíra Vieira Dias ,&nbsp;Ana Elisa Moraes Souto ,&nbsp;Marcelo Langner ,&nbsp;Laline Elisangela Cenci ,&nbsp;Juciele da Silva Andrade","doi":"10.1016/j.enbuild.2025.116460","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.enbuild.2025.116460","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Social housing plays a fundamental role in meeting the housing needs of vulnerable populations by providing affordable and dignified homes. Additionally, the construction sector is recognized as one of the largest contributors of CO₂ emissions, highlighting the urgent need for sustainable practices, particularly in this context. Despite technological advancements, efforts to improve the energy efficiency and indoor environmental comfort of these housing remain limited in Brazil. This article aims to analyse and synthesize the literature on social housing in Brazil, focusing on indoor thermal comfort and energy efficiency, providing a comprehensive overview of research trends, identifying challenges, advancements, and opportunities for improvement. A systematic literature review of the literature was conducted following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. The research using Scopus and Web of Science databases, resulted in 189 articles published between 2005 and 2024. After filtering and screening, 49 articles were selected for detailed analysis from a bibliometric and content perspectives. VOSviewer software was used to examine the co-occurrence of keywords and co-authorships. The analysis revealed an increasing interest in recent years, with 82% of the studies published in the last decade, and the studies are predominantly located in a few Brazilian regions (nearly 59% is concentrated in the Southeast regions), with a primary focus on thermal comfort and energy efficiency. Moreover, the most commonly used methodological approaches are computer simulation (33.06%) and case study (34.72%), while the least used approaches examine the economic feasibility of the proposed solutions (4.59%). Additionally, a predominance of studies on passive strategies accounts for 50.48% of the research, of which 24.79% focus solely on natural ventilation. Construction systems and materials are present in 29.79% of the studies, with a predominance of masonry construction systems (9.39%). There is also limited attention to industrialized construction systems (3.43%) or the use of alternative and non-standardized materials (4.25%). Active strategies and systems are addressed in 19.73% of the studies. This study contributes to understanding the current state of research on social housing in Brazil, highlighting gaps and suggesting pathways for the development of more efficient, comfortable, and sustainable housing.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11641,"journal":{"name":"Energy and Buildings","volume":"348 ","pages":"Article 116460"},"PeriodicalIF":7.1,"publicationDate":"2025-09-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145094181","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Reward function design in reinforcement learning for HVAC Control: A review of thermal comfort and energy efficiency Trade-offs","authors":"Eisuke Togashi","doi":"10.1016/j.enbuild.2025.116439","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.enbuild.2025.116439","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Reinforcement learning is increasingly applied to Heating, Ventilation, and Air Conditioning control to balance energy efficiency with occupant comfort. However, the design of the reward function, crucial for managing this trade-off, remains a relatively underexplored topic in existing review literature.</div><div>This paper addresses this gap through a systematic review of 79 studies published since 2020. We introduce a novel standardization methodology to enable a systematic comparison of the diverse reward formulations reported in the literature.</div><div>The analysis reveals two primary findings: (1) a substantial heterogeneity in reward function structures, with 68 unique designs identified, a factor that severely impedes research comparability; and (2) a prevalent reliance on empirically derived weighting coefficients that often lack a clear theoretical basis. Furthermore, this study identifies and quantifies the usage patterns of four common design techniques: occupancy consideration, comfort deadbands, error exponentiation, and acceptable limits.</div><div>Based on this comprehensive analysis, we propose a typical piecewise reward function structure that synthesizes common best practices and is grounded in established Heating, Ventilation, and Air Conditioning domain knowledge. This proposed structure is intended to serve as a foundational baseline, addressing the identified limitations and aiming to improve the comparability of future research in Reinforcement learning driven Heating, Ventilation, and Air Conditioning control.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11641,"journal":{"name":"Energy and Buildings","volume":"348 ","pages":"Article 116439"},"PeriodicalIF":7.1,"publicationDate":"2025-09-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145109683","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Investigation of the relationships between enclosed architectural spatial forms and indoor–outdoor thermal comfort based on explainable machine learning and optimization algorithms","authors":"Liang Yuan ,&nbsp;Yuxin Zhou ,&nbsp;Kun Wang ,&nbsp;Linyue Wei ,&nbsp;Chenyu Huang ,&nbsp;Taoyuan Zhang ,&nbsp;Hongzhi Mo ,&nbsp;Shi Yin ,&nbsp;Yixin Jian ,&nbsp;Yixi Wang ,&nbsp;Sihan Xue","doi":"10.1016/j.enbuild.2025.116465","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.enbuild.2025.116465","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>To address the climate change-induced challenges to thermal comfort, in this study, an innovative framework that integrates multiobjective optimization (MOO) and explainable machine learning (ML) is introduced to investigate the influencing mechanisms of spatial morphology on indoor–outdoor thermal comfort (IOTC) and to provide quantitative guidance for high-performance design. An MOO model was developed using a genetic algorithm (GA), with nine morphological parameters—six related to building form and three related to courtyard form—serving as decision variables to simultaneously optimize predicted mean vote (PMV) and universal thermal climate index (UTCI) values in summer (minimization) and winter (maximization). An ensemble ML model, enhanced through Bayesian hyperparameter optimization, was employed for thermal comfort prediction, among which XGBoost demonstrated superior performance. Furthermore, SHapley Additive exPlanations (SHAP) analysis was applied to quantitatively interpret the contributions and interaction effects of key morphological parameters. The results show that three parameters—the building shape index (BSI), morphological coefficient (FSC), and building-to-courtyard ratio (BCR)—collectively account for over 76% of the thermal comfort variation, with a particularly notable interaction effect between the BSI and BCR. By transcending the limitations of conventional black-box optimization, the proposed framework can be used to establish a decision-support tool that in which global optimization capability and mechanistic interpretability are integrated. The results not only deliver optimal design solutions but also elucidate the underlying reasoning, thereby offering a data-driven, interpretable, and scalable methodology for climate-adaptive architectural design.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11641,"journal":{"name":"Energy and Buildings","volume":"348 ","pages":"Article 116465"},"PeriodicalIF":7.1,"publicationDate":"2025-09-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145109686","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Advanced control of multi-source heat pump systems: Synergizing Taguchi experimental design with entropy weight method for multi-criteria coordination","authors":"Shicheng Xin ,&nbsp;Jinghui Luo ,&nbsp;Junqing Liu ,&nbsp;Yongchang Zhou ,&nbsp;Kanhong Wang ,&nbsp;Jinggang Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.enbuild.2025.116461","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.enbuild.2025.116461","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Against the backdrop of global building decarbonization, multi-source heat pump systems face technical challenges in multi-objective optimization, including subjective weight assignments in evaluation frameworks and high experimental validation costs. This study innovatively integrates the Taguchi method and entropy weight method to propose a novel Taguchi-entropy weight collaborative methodology, addressing the complexity of dynamic energy coupling in multi-source heat pump operations. The entropy weight method is leveraged. A dynamic Comprehensive Evaluation Index (CEI) is established. This index quantifies the energy, economic, and environmental benefits of heterogeneous heat sources (solar, sewage-source, and gas boiler), overcoming limitations of traditional methods in handling multi-source dynamic switching, multi-objective conflicts, and time-varying weight allocation. The Taguchi orthogonal experimental design reduces experimental costs while revealing the core mechanism of heat source switching delay (93% contribution to CEI). The optimal parameter combination achieves a 6.73% CEI improvement, forming a transferable control strategy paradigm for multi-source energy systems. This method provides a reusable optimization model to advance building decarbonization by systematically balancing technical feasibility, economic efficiency, and environmental sustainability.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11641,"journal":{"name":"Energy and Buildings","volume":"348 ","pages":"Article 116461"},"PeriodicalIF":7.1,"publicationDate":"2025-09-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145094180","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Advances in frosting suppression air source heat pump device: definition and classification","authors":"Yao Lin ,&nbsp;Wei Wang ,&nbsp;Jianfei Luo ,&nbsp;Shiquan Wang ,&nbsp;Wenzhe Wei ,&nbsp;Qing Luo ,&nbsp;Yuying Sun ,&nbsp;Chuanmin Dai","doi":"10.1016/j.enbuild.2025.116455","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.enbuild.2025.116455","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>It has been known that space heating air source heat pumps (ASHPs) are energy-saving, low-carbon, and popular worldwide. The combination of low-temperature and high humidity can lead to frosting formation on the outdoor coil surface, resulting in a low operating coefficient of performance. However, there is no definition and classification of frosting suppression ASHP devices, resulting in a slow development of frosting suppression technology. Therefore, this paper defines and classifies frosting suppression ASHP devices to address the gap. Firstly, several parameters to describe the frosting suppression performance of the ASHP device were defined. Secondly, the experimental platform, unit, and operating conditions were set up in detail. Thirdly, the definition and classification for frosting suppression ASHP devices were established. It is shown that when the output heating capacity decay rate during frosting (Ɛ_f) reaches 5 %, if the corresponding time (<em>t</em>_f) ≥ 68 min, is a frosting suppression ASHP device. Furthermore, if <em>t</em>_f &gt; 96 min, is a first level frosting suppression performance; if 68 ≤ <em>t</em>_f ≤ 96 min, is a second level. At the same time, the frosting suppression device can improve energy efficiency by up to 78 %. The result could offer practical guidance for equipment manufacturers to enhance the frosting suppression performance, and lay a foundation for developing Chinese standards for frosting suppression ASHP devices.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11641,"journal":{"name":"Energy and Buildings","volume":"348 ","pages":"Article 116455"},"PeriodicalIF":7.1,"publicationDate":"2025-09-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145094130","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Improving thermal comfort and working performance in windowless environment: Relieving thermal response by introducing artificial view windows","authors":"Yuyan Chen ,&nbsp;Nianping Li ,&nbsp;Xiaoyu Tian ,&nbsp;Xinhao Hu","doi":"10.1016/j.enbuild.2025.116444","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.enbuild.2025.116444","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Although windowless environments are increasingly adopted due to urban land scarcity, they often lead to negative effects on human well-being. Artificial windows simulating natural views may serve as an effective intervention strategy, yet related research remains limited. This study investigated the functions of artificial view windows from three perspectives: psychological responses, physiological responses, and working performance.</div><div>A four-phase controlled experiment was conducted in climate chambers with the air temperature of 28 °C. The conditions included without window (Control group), real-natural view window (RW), artificial window in illustration form (AWI), and in displayer form (AWD), with different semantic content and window-to-wall ratio (WWR). Thermal comfort and physiological response, and working performance tests were collected from 80 participants.</div><div>The results show that artificial windows have the function of real-natural view windows to some extent. Compared to the control group, both real-natural/artificial view windows significantly reduced thermal sensation (p &lt; 0.05) while improving thermal comfort and thermal acceptance. AWD increased relative completion speed in working performance tests (p &lt; 0.01), though accompanied by elevated reports of dizziness and eye fatigue, while AWI showed advantages in relieving sick building symptoms. Thermal comfort and thermal acceptance showed significant correlations with semantic parameters: greenery ratio and natural element proportion. The results demonstrate that natural element density in artificial windows critically influences thermal comfort optimization. This establishes empirical evidence for semantic-content prioritization in artificial window design.</div><div>The conclusions could offer suggestions for the selection of artificial windows, which could ameliorate the adverse effects of a windowless building environment, optimizing energy allocation.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11641,"journal":{"name":"Energy and Buildings","volume":"348 ","pages":"Article 116444"},"PeriodicalIF":7.1,"publicationDate":"2025-09-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145094136","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evaluation of the energy and environmental performance of a novel BIPV window system for net-zero energy buildings","authors":"Bo Rang Park ,&nbsp;A. Young Kim ,&nbsp;Eun Ji Choi ,&nbsp;Yongseok Jun ,&nbsp;Jin Woo Moon","doi":"10.1016/j.enbuild.2025.116453","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.enbuild.2025.116453","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study analyzes the indoor environmental performance, energy efficiency, and power generation effects of a horizontal solar strip window (HSSW) employed as a building-integrated photovoltaic system in an elementary school. Using DesignBuilder simulations, the indoor illuminance, indoor temperature, heating and cooling energy demand, lighting energy consumption, power generation capacity, and potential electricity-cost savings are evaluated. The results show that, compared to the reference model employing a low-emissivity window, the HSSW model exhibits a higher annual solar heat gain and indoor temperature, which leads to a lower heating demand and a slight increase in the cooling demand. Due to lower heat loss and higher visible light transmittance, the HSSW model reduces the annual total energy consumption by 1.66%. It also generates 60,575.8 kWh of electricity annually, offsetting the building’s total energy use and producing a surplus of 13,460.99 kWh. Employing a net metering scheme with this surplus leads to an annual electricity cost reduction of approximately 1.44 million KRW, illustrating the feasibility of HSSWs as a cost-saving prosumer energy solution. Collectively, these results highlight the potential of HSSWs to contribute to the establishment of net-zero energy buildings and suggest that combining HSSWs with virtual power plants, peer-to-peer energy trading, and energy storage systems may further enhance their economic and energy efficiency.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11641,"journal":{"name":"Energy and Buildings","volume":"348 ","pages":"Article 116453"},"PeriodicalIF":7.1,"publicationDate":"2025-09-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145094131","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Building microgrid profile scheduler (BMPS): A web-based open tool for operation profile dispatching towards flexible energy system design and control","authors":"Xuyuan Kang ,&nbsp;Xiao Wang ,&nbsp;Zhaoru Liu ,&nbsp;Yi Wu ,&nbsp;Xue Liu ,&nbsp;Da Yan","doi":"10.1016/j.enbuild.2025.116458","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.enbuild.2025.116458","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Demand-responsive building microgrid systems contribute significantly to supply–demand matching in overall power grids and effectively reduces operational energy consumption and carbon emissions in buildings. It is critical to evaluate the operational performance of building microgrids integrating onsite renewable power generation, energy storage, and flexible demand management. There is a research gap regarding efficient methods and tools for operational profile dispatching in sophisticated building microgrids. This paper proposes a novel approach for building microgrid profile scheduling. Four typical types of microgrid components were defined with detailed attribute parameters, and two policy-based profile scheduling methods were proposed, targeting load tracing and cost-minimization objectives. A web-based open tool, the Building Microgrid Profile Scheduler (BMPS), was developed for the rapid performance simulation of microgrid operations. A case study involving a small office building was used to evaluate the performance of the BMPS. Compared with the baseline MPC model with differential evolution optimizer, the BMPS tool achieved an average energy cost saving of 13.76 % and 61,654 times a computational speed acceleration. The BMPS software provides precise, efficient, user-friendly, flexible, and expandable features for the fast operational evaluation of building microgrids, supporting the optimization of design and control in building microgrid engineering practices.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11641,"journal":{"name":"Energy and Buildings","volume":"348 ","pages":"Article 116458"},"PeriodicalIF":7.1,"publicationDate":"2025-09-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145094132","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Machine learning-based localized predictive modeling of household energy consumption in the Netherlands","authors":"Sorena Jafarigorzin ,&nbsp;Fleur C. Khalil ,&nbsp;Lionel J. Khalil ,&nbsp;Jeanne A. Kaspard","doi":"10.1016/j.enbuild.2025.116420","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.enbuild.2025.116420","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study explores annual energy consumption by postal code through the impact of localized climatic factors, demographic traits, and building features on Household Energy Consumption (HEC) in the Netherlands over 11 years. Aggregating annual data at the level of postal codes and street level, the research provides an inclusive analysis of the impact of temperature, urbanization, household size, building age, and building surface on electricity and gas consumption patterns. Using machine learning methods, specifically the XGBRegressor Time Series Model, the study finds that previous years’ consumption, building age, and building surface at the postal code level are the primary factors in predicting annual energy consumption at the street level; demographic factors and climatic factors have a relatively lesser impact at this level of aggregation. The study’s findings highlight the importance of energy policies and infrastructure planning that are sensitive to local needs and increase energy resilience in environmental change. This research adds to the current debates on climate change adaptation by providing actionable recommendations to policymakers seeking to improve energy resilience in the context of environmental change.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11641,"journal":{"name":"Energy and Buildings","volume":"348 ","pages":"Article 116420"},"PeriodicalIF":7.1,"publicationDate":"2025-09-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145094160","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Optimization of an innovative delignified wood-structured phase change roof integrated with sky radiation cooling","authors":"Ziyu Huo ,&nbsp;Kun Yang ,&nbsp;Na Du ,&nbsp;Jie Wang ,&nbsp;Jiaxuan Li ,&nbsp;Yuzhu Chen","doi":"10.1016/j.enbuild.2025.116445","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.enbuild.2025.116445","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This research develops a delignified wood-based phase-change composite roof system synergized with sky radiative cooling (DIPCM-SRC), designed to mitigate building energy consumption and operational carbon footprint. Parameter optimization was performed, and the energy-saving and carbon-reduction performance was evaluated across different climate zones. Systematic single-factor and orthogonal experimental optimization of roof parameters yielded an optimal phase change material (PCM) melting temperature of 24.0 °C (20 °C–28 °C), with a 30 mm (10 mm–100 mm) DIPCM layer and 40 mm (10 mm–100 mm) insulation layer. Subsequent COMSOL simulations demonstrated that the optimized DIPCM-SRC roof reduced exterior and interior surface heat fluxes by 42.3 % and 51.3 %, respectively, compared to references wooden roof of identical construction, while extending indoor thermal comfort duration by 2.2-fold. Full-scale EnergyPlus modeling of the experimental setup quantified an average cooling energy savings rate of 17.4 % with associated carbon emission reductions averaging 3.2 %, reaching 7.7 % when excluding severe cold regions. The optimized DIPCM-SRC roof effectively integrates PCM thermal storage technology and sky radiative cooling technology, thereby contributing to energy savings and carbon emission reduction in buildings during summer operational conditions.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11641,"journal":{"name":"Energy and Buildings","volume":"348 ","pages":"Article 116445"},"PeriodicalIF":7.1,"publicationDate":"2025-09-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145094154","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}