Energy and Buildings最新文献

{"title":"Fluctuating power holder and operating power rectification for energy disaggregation in non-intrusive load monitoring","authors":"Yusen Zhang ,&nbsp;Hao Wu ,&nbsp;Qing Ma ,&nbsp;Lianji Liang ,&nbsp;Chuan Feng","doi":"10.1016/j.enbuild.2025.116102","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.enbuild.2025.116102","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Non-intrusive load monitoring is a technique that separates the energy consumption of the individual loads contained in aggregated energy consumption data. However, current energy disaggregation methods suffer from significant bias, which primarily originates from the disaggregation of appliances in the ON states according to extensive experimental results reported in the literatures. The diversity of load types and operating modes leads to significant variations in actual operating power across different scenarios, which are the key factors contributing to this problem. To address this problem, we are motivated to propose a method for extracting power fluctuation information caused by load state transitions from the aggregated signal. And by preserving this fluctuation for a certain period, the energy disaggregation algorithm can more accurately capture the actual energy consumption of the target load from the input signal. Subsequently, a novel energy disaggregation model incorporating both temporal and spatial convolution pathway is proposed to extract spatial and temporal features from the raw aggregated signals and fluctuating power, with spatiotemporal fusion achieved through lateral connections. Further, we propose an operating power rectification unit to adjust the predicted operating power of the target appliance. The extensive experimental results on publicly available datasets demonstrate that the proposed method not only exhibits remarkable precision and robustness in energy disaggregation but also shows a distinct advantage in event detection compared to reference methods across multiple metrics.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11641,"journal":{"name":"Energy and Buildings","volume":"345 ","pages":"Article 116102"},"PeriodicalIF":6.6,"publicationDate":"2025-07-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144605964","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Commercial building HVAC demand flexibility with model predictive control: Field demonstration and literature insights","authors":"Ettore Zanetti,&nbsp;David Blum,&nbsp;Hongxiang Fu,&nbsp;Chris Weyandt,&nbsp;Marco Pritoni,&nbsp;Mary Ann Piette","doi":"10.1016/j.enbuild.2025.116097","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.enbuild.2025.116097","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Model Predictive Control (MPC) for building Heating Ventilation and Air Conditioning (HVAC) systems is beginning to gain traction in the market, with a few controls companies incorporating it into their product offerings. However, it remains difficult to assess whether the energy cost savings are enough to justify the cost of MPC implementation for a particular building, given the limited number of reported demonstrations. For small commercial and residential buildings with relatively uniform systems, standardized approaches can help lower implementation costs. In contrast, for large buildings or district systems, the potential magnitude of cost savings could justify more customized solutions. Estimating the cost-effectiveness of MPC becomes more challenging for medium and large commercial buildings, where a one-size-fits-all solution may not be suitable, and the potential energy cost savings may be insufficient to justify a customized solution. To make MPC technology more appealing, incorporating additional value streams beyond energy efficiency alone can significantly increase its attractiveness. One such revenue stream is demand flexibility, in response to dynamic electricity prices, where MPC can leverage the thermal mass of the building to shift the load and support the grid. Building on an extensive literature review of MPC field studies focused on cost savings and demand flexibility, this paper presents the results of implementing MPC control in a large office building HVAC system in Berkeley, CA. Four different dynamic electricity price profiles were integrated into the MPC objective function to shift building demand while maintaining comfort, and field testing was performed with each price profile across four seasons. The results show potential for 40–65 % demand decrease percentage and up to 61 % annual cost savings compared to the existing rule-based control strategy, under the tested dynamic price scenarios. This paper also presents a sensitivity analysis on the cost savings with respect to the price profile variability, discusses the implementation effort for the price-responsive MPC, and compares the cost savings found in this study to those found in literature on the basis of dynamic price variability, or so-called Electricity Price Relative Standard Deviation.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11641,"journal":{"name":"Energy and Buildings","volume":"345 ","pages":"Article 116097"},"PeriodicalIF":6.6,"publicationDate":"2025-07-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144571063","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Operation optimization of suspended radiant ceiling panel system using a grey-box modeling approach considering energy consumption and discounted payback period","authors":"Minzhi Ye ,&nbsp;Ahmed A. Serageldin ,&nbsp;Katsunori Nagano ,&nbsp;Hideki Sato","doi":"10.1016/j.enbuild.2025.116103","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.enbuild.2025.116103","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>To optimize and enhance the operational performance of radiant ceiling panel systems, it is essential to develop predictive models that balance the accuracy and computational efficiency. This paper proposes a grey-box model of a suspended radiant ceiling panel (SRCP) system, separated from the building envelope. Parameter identification was conducted using the experimental data collected from an office equipped with a SRCP and open-loop groundwater heat pump (GWHP) system. A TRNSYS model was developed to supplement the experimental data. Subsequently, the grey-box model was used to optimize the system operation by adjusting the inlet water temperature of the SRCP system with the aiming of reducing the electrical consumption of the GWHP system while maintaining the indoor thermal comfort. The optimization resulted in a 12.3 % reduction in the total electrical consumption. Moreover, the optimization eliminated the morning time lag in winter caused by the thermal inertia of the thick concrete walls. Finally, an economic analysis was performed to investigate the optimal design configurations for the building thermal envelope insulation and variations in the ceiling panel area. With normal insulation as the benchmark, the payback time for a good insulation design was estimated to be 10 years, whereas that for a superior insulation design was 20 years. However, the use of superior or good insulation design can reduce the coverage area, thereby reducing the investment costs. Based on the economic considerations, the coverage area should be adjusted to prevent system oversizing and unnecessary expenditures.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11641,"journal":{"name":"Energy and Buildings","volume":"345 ","pages":"Article 116103"},"PeriodicalIF":6.6,"publicationDate":"2025-07-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144631146","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Lightweight aggregates with shape-stabilized graphene and phase change material for energy storage concrete","authors":"Mahsa Salimi ,&nbsp;Luigi De Nardo ,&nbsp;Valter Carvelli","doi":"10.1016/j.enbuild.2025.116099","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.enbuild.2025.116099","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In this study, a novel thermal energy storage lightweight aggregate (TSA) composite based on butyl stearate (BS), a low-cost, commercially available phase change material (PCM), and graphene nanoplatelets (GNs), as a highly conductive filler, was investigated. The least amount of liquid state graphene-enhanced PCM was shaped stabilized in the surface-coated porous medium of expanded clay (EC) aggregates. The performance of the TSA was evaluated by combining experiments and finite element analyses, the results of which demonstrated that the TSA composite with 2 % GN by weight of PCM exhibits the best behavior. The thermal analysis, at ≤5 % relative humidity, of the thermal energy storage concrete (TSC) containing TSA with 3.5 % (wt.) of GN-PCM showed the maximum peaks smoothed by up to 4 °C when compared to concrete containing PCM-EC and up to 5.1 °C when compared to control concrete with pristine EC, while this decrease was around 3.6 °C and 5.2 °C for the tests in 50 % relative humidity condition. In addition, TSC containing TSA with 2 % GN by weight of PCM exhibited enhanced heat transfer, with its thermal conductivity increasing by 244 % and 67 % when compared to concretes containing pristine EC and PCM-EC, respectively. Additionally, the ultrasonic wave propagation velocity increased by approximately 20 %, thereby demonstrating the higher degree of homogeneity of the media. Finally, the leakage measurements demonstrated that the TSA is thermally stable, and the temperature history demonstrated its potential to maintain thermal performance after at least 500 cooling-heating cycles. The results indicated that the novel-designed TSA composites pave the way for a practical and effective solution to improve indoor comfort and energy efficiency in buildings.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11641,"journal":{"name":"Energy and Buildings","volume":"345 ","pages":"Article 116099"},"PeriodicalIF":6.6,"publicationDate":"2025-07-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144597469","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"An Extensive Examination of Uses of Machine Learning and Artificial Intelligence in The Construction Industry’s Project Life Cycle","authors":"Nervana Osama Hanafy ,&nbsp;Nourhan Osama Hanafy","doi":"10.1016/j.enbuild.2025.116094","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.enbuild.2025.116094","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The integration of Artificial Intelligence (AI) and Machine Learning (ML) in the construction industry has gained increasing momentum over the past decade. This study presents a systematic literature review aimed at evaluating the deployment of AI/ML technologies across the five key phases of the construction project life cycle: planning, design, construction, operation and maintenance, and demolition. The review follows PRISMA guidelines and employs a three-stage filtering process to analyze publications from 2013 to 2023. Findings indicate that the planning and construction phases feature the most extensive and mature applications, particularly in cost estimation, risk analysis, safety management, and scheduling optimization. In contrast, adoption in demolition and post-occupancy phases remains limited. The study also identifies major challenges including data quality, integration barriers, and ethical considerations. By mapping AI/ML use across lifecycle stages, this paper provides a structured foundation for further academic inquiry and practical implementation of intelligent technologies in construction.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11641,"journal":{"name":"Energy and Buildings","volume":"345 ","pages":"Article 116094"},"PeriodicalIF":6.6,"publicationDate":"2025-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144566062","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Energy efficiency analysis and life cycle assessment of a biosafety level 4 laboratory","authors":"Ruiwen Zou ,&nbsp;Wei Zhang ,&nbsp;Jiahong Guo ,&nbsp;Xiding Zeng ,&nbsp;Kun Yang ,&nbsp;Zhangyu Li ,&nbsp;Xuhong Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.enbuild.2025.116096","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.enbuild.2025.116096","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In recent years, the global threat of infectious diseases has prompted countries to increase the construction of high-level biosafety laboratories (BSLs). However, the high energy consumption in the operation of biosafety laboratories leads to their low utilization rate. In this study, a biosafety level 4 (BSL-4) laboratory in Southwest China was used for energy optimization while ensuring safety. It was found that the heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) system in a BSL-4 laboratory consumes 4.3 times more energy than in a standard office. Energy savings of 36 % and 35 % could be achieved by reducing the number of air changes and performing heat recovery of exhaust gases, respectively. In addition, a complete Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) model was developed and it was found that the operational stage had the highest environmental impact of 48 %. As a result, it was proposed to perform a high-low interaction strategy that saves 25 %–28 % of energy and reduces carbon emissions by 24–27 tons per year; after optimizing renewable energy sources, the energy payback time and greenhouse gas payback time of the BSL-4 laboratory are 9.2 and 6.1 years, respectively. The study’s life cycle assessment modeling and recommended energy savings scenarios contribute to efficient energy design and operation at BSL.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11641,"journal":{"name":"Energy and Buildings","volume":"345 ","pages":"Article 116096"},"PeriodicalIF":6.6,"publicationDate":"2025-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144548800","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Advancing cooling load assessment in solar-intensive climates: A ΔT-based solar-air temperature approach for enhanced free cooling modeling","authors":"Ali Keçebaş ,&nbsp;Mustafa Ertürk","doi":"10.1016/j.enbuild.2025.116095","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.enbuild.2025.116095","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study introduces a novel solar-air temperature (T_sa)-driven framework to enhance the conventional Cooling Degree Hour (CDH) method for accurately assessing cooling demand and free cooling potential in high solar irradiance regions. Unlike standard CDH models that rely solely on ambient temperature and thus underestimate cooling loads, the proposed model incorporates T_sa, a composite parameter that integrates solar radiation, sky temperature, surface emissivity, and absorptivity, capturing both convective and radiative effects. A ΔT-based sky classification algorithm was developed using 31 years of hourly meteorological data for Muğla, Turkey, to dynamically estimate sky temperatures under varying cloud conditions. The study systematically investigates three indoor setpoint temperatures (18 °C, 22 °C, 26 °C) and multiple emissivity scenarios to quantify mechanical and free cooling demands. The results reveal that using T_sa instead of ambient temperature can increase the calculated CDH by up to 12 °C during peak summer midday, exposing the limitations of traditional models. At a setpoint of 26 °C and emissivity ε = 0.9, mechanical cooling demand drops by over 30 %, and annual free cooling hours exceed 61,000 °C·h. Even at lower setpoints (18 °C, 22 °C), considerable nighttime and shoulder-season free cooling potential was observed. This hybrid approach bridges empirical simplicity and physical realism, offering a scalable, low-data solution for early design decisions and policy applications. By addressing a key research gap, the exclusion of radiative gains in simplified cooling models, this study provides a climate-responsive methodology to advance sustainable building cooling strategies, especially in Mediterranean and solar-intensive climates.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11641,"journal":{"name":"Energy and Buildings","volume":"345 ","pages":"Article 116095"},"PeriodicalIF":6.6,"publicationDate":"2025-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144557163","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"User-friendly AI-driven automation for rapid building energy model generation","authors":"Mo ElSayed,&nbsp;Justin Shultz,&nbsp;Jill Kurtz","doi":"10.1016/j.enbuild.2025.116092","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.enbuild.2025.116092","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>With the ever-increasing energy efficiency and decarbonization targets mandated by building energy codes, the frequent use of building energy models (BEMs) has become essential. These models must iterate in parallel with the design development process, analyzing various variables to inform decisions and achieve optimal results and meet project goals. However, the complexity, expertise, and time-intensive nature of traditional BEMs often fail to match the fast pace of design development, which is often supercharged by computational design tools and value engineering. This study proposes an innovative framework that leverages artificial intelligence (AI) to automate EnergyPlus and Radiance energy and daylight modeling tasks, seamlessly integrating them with existing parametric design workflows. This integration enables rapid iteration without incurring time penalties. The framework introduces precise preconditioning of an affordable general use pre-trained large language model (LLM) to translate natural language descriptions or images (text-to-text and image-to-text) of buildings into corresponding model parameters—such as geometry, function, loads, and materials, etc.—leveraging ASHRAE 90.1/ IECC libraries. These models are then processed using the Honeybee/Ladybug open-source tools. The framework’s robustness is validated through a series of tests involving various prompts and images, achieving a 100% convergence rate. It reduces the time spent by expert energy modelers and helps address key challenges in AI integration, such as data quality, interpretability, code compliance, and scalability by realizing rapid batch processing and urban-scale building energy modeling.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11641,"journal":{"name":"Energy and Buildings","volume":"345 ","pages":"Article 116092"},"PeriodicalIF":6.6,"publicationDate":"2025-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144563525","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A hybrid multi-agent distributed optimal control strategy of multizone VAV systems for edge computing in smart buildings","authors":"Shanrui Shi,&nbsp;Shohei Miyata,&nbsp;Yasunori Akashi","doi":"10.1016/j.enbuild.2025.116089","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.enbuild.2025.116089","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Multi-agent-based distributed optimal control can effectively balance indoor environmental quality and energy consumption in multizone variable air volume (VAV) systems, while reducing computational load and enhancing scalability. However, existing methods often optimize airflow setpoints without fully addressing the coupled dynamics in multizone VAV systems and frequently rely on simplified models. To overcome these limitations, this study proposes a hybrid multiagent distributed control strategy that directly optimizes actuators by jointly considering indoor air temperature, CO<span><math><msub><mrow></mrow><mn>2</mn></msub></math></span> concentration, and energy use. The strategy decomposes the optimization problem into subproblems assigned to zone-level and system-level agents. Each zone agent employs a metaheuristic-based framework for damper control, coordinated through a Nash equilibrium-based scheme. Meanwhile, a model-free system agent dynamically adjusts the supply fan and the outdoor air damper. Two test cases with different occupancy patterns are evaluated in a virtual testbed. Results show that under normal occupancy conditions, the distributed strategy performs comparably to the centralized controller, whereas under unbalanced occupant distributions, it outperforms the centralized approach in both indoor climate management and energy efficiency. In both cases, the average computational load is reduced by more than 80 % relative to the centralized method. Additionally, the proposed strategy offers a tunable trade-off between computational complexity and control performance, making it suitable for resource-constrained edge devices. By leveraging advancing edge-computing capabilities, this hybrid multiagent approach provides an effective and decentralized solution for multizone VAV control in smart building systems.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11641,"journal":{"name":"Energy and Buildings","volume":"345 ","pages":"Article 116089"},"PeriodicalIF":6.6,"publicationDate":"2025-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144572326","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Validation of energy simulations for multi-family residences with photovoltaic power and gas cogeneration: Case study on balancing energy efficiency and resident health","authors":"Hikari Harasaki ,&nbsp;Kan Shindo ,&nbsp;Shin-ichi Tanabe ,&nbsp;Toru Shiba ,&nbsp;Shun Kawakubo ,&nbsp;Takashi Akimoto ,&nbsp;Toshiharu Ikaga","doi":"10.1016/j.enbuild.2025.116088","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.enbuild.2025.116088","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In Japan, the energy consumption of the residential sector is significantly high. Therefore, insulation retrofitting and behavioral changes have become critical to enhance energy efficiency. Although several studies have examined these factors, they have focused on standard dwelling units and generalized lifestyle patterns.</div><div>This study investigated, through simulations, the impacts of thermal insulation performance and lifestyle behavior on energy consumption, health, and economic efficiency of an actual Zero Energy House (ZEH)-certified dwelling installed with a dual-generation system combining photovoltaic panels and a solid oxide fuel cell. The simulation model was validated using energy consumption and indoor temperature data from the winter of 2024; resident interviews were also incorporated to reflect their behavior.</div><div>Results showed that the primary energy consumption exceeded the ZEH design values, mainly owing to higher-than-expected lighting and gas consumption. Lighting was used in unoccupied rooms, and water heating was frequently used. Operating floor heating systems for only approximately 3 h per day was sufficient to maintain indoor temperatures above 18 °C, the WHO-recommended minimum in winter. Regarding the building envelope performance, residents’ morning blood pressure was estimated at 127.5 mmHg; however, a lower thermal insulation performance resulted in an increase in blood pressure to 137.6 mmHg, exceeding the 135 mmHg threshold, indicating potential health risks.</div><div>Behavioral optimizations, such as controlling the use of unnecessary lighting, high-efficiency appliances, and water heating systems, reduce energy consumption by 15% and improved economic efficiency by 33%, without compromising health. Moreover, even when operating 24-hr floor heating, these behavioral optimizations contribute toward reducing energy consumption by 11% and improving economic efficiency by 25%.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11641,"journal":{"name":"Energy and Buildings","volume":"345 ","pages":"Article 116088"},"PeriodicalIF":6.6,"publicationDate":"2025-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144548801","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}