Energy and Buildings最新文献

{"title":"Optimized design of hospital open space based on outdoor thermal comfort: The case of Shaanxi People’s Hospital in China","authors":"Meng Zhen ,&nbsp;Weijie Xia ,&nbsp;Guoxiao Sun ,&nbsp;Changfang Huang ,&nbsp;Jing Ji","doi":"10.1016/j.enbuild.2025.115703","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.enbuild.2025.115703","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The thermal environment of hospital open spaces is crucial to users. However, existing studies often overlook the differences in thermal comfort between patients and healthy individuals. Therefore, there is a need for specialized research focusing on patients to explore their specific outdoor thermal comfort levels. This study takes the People’s Hospital of Shaanxi Province, China, as a case study, utilizing questionnaires and field measurements to investigate the thermal environment of hospital open spaces. The results indicate that air temperature and black globe temperature are the primary meteorological factors influencing the thermal sensation of all subjects. The neutral Universal Thermal Climate Index (UTCI) for healthy individuals was found to be 16.9 °C, while for patients, it was 18.8 °C, with an overall neutral UTCI of 17.5 °C for all subjects. The neutral UTCI range for healthy individuals was 12.6–21.2 °C, for patients, it was 14.5–23.1 °C, and for all subjects, it was 13.1–21.9 °C. The thermal acceptable range for healthy individuals was 13.5–20.1 °C, for patients, it was 14.3–22.4 °C, and for all subjects, it was 12.9–21.5 °C. These findings provide data support for optimizing the outdoor thermal comfort design of hospitals and serve as a basis for establishing or revising thermal comfort standards for hospital open spaces.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11641,"journal":{"name":"Energy and Buildings","volume":"337 ","pages":"Article 115703"},"PeriodicalIF":6.6,"publicationDate":"2025-04-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143785573","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Implementing building retrofitting strategies to halve campus office building carbon emissions by 2035: A case study in Hong Kong with techno-economic analysis","authors":"Shikang Wen ,&nbsp;Ruoyu You ,&nbsp;Qingyan Chen","doi":"10.1016/j.enbuild.2025.115705","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.enbuild.2025.115705","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Operational energy consumption contributes significantly to carbon emissions in buildings, presenting critical environmental challenges. Previous research identified three primary retrofitting approaches to mitigate carbon emissions: renewable energy generation, reducing occupant demand, and improving building system efficiency. However, few studies have integrated these strategies to evaluate energy reduction potential in office buildings located in hot-summer humid cities such as Hong Kong. This study compiled integrated retrofitting strategies from benchmarking projects, such as Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED) certified buildings, to address operational energy and carbon reduction goals in Hong Kong. The combined retrofitting strategies were adapted to address occupant needs, renewable energy generation, lighting, windows, and mechanical ventilation and air conditioning (MVAC) systems for two campus office buildings (Block M and Block Z) in Hong Kong. EnergyPlus was used to simulate energy performance, and life-cycle costs of the strategies were also analyzed. The results show that operational carbon emissions decreased by 50.1 % in Block M and 50.5 % in Block Z, aligning with Hong Kong’s 2035 carbon reduction goal. Among the strategies, MVAC upgrades, particularly chiller improvements, achieved the largest energy savings, followed by LED lighting and renewable energy systems, while non-renewable building envelope upgrades contributed the least. Shallow strategies, such as increasing cooling setpoints, adopting daylight sensors, and reducing ventilation rates, provided moderate energy savings. Life-cycle cost analysis revealed that shallow retrofits and LED systems offered the shortest payback periods, followed closely by MVAC strategies. In contrast, strategies involving exterior scaffolding installations, such as windows system upgrades and building envelope integrated photovoltaics, had longer payback periods despite their significant energy consumption reductions. While most strategies achieved payback within 14 years, the window upgrade with double-silver low-e glass required 24 years due to its high initial cost. These findings can assist decision-makers and designers in selecting suitable retrofitting strategies in hot-summer humid regions.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11641,"journal":{"name":"Energy and Buildings","volume":"338 ","pages":"Article 115705"},"PeriodicalIF":6.6,"publicationDate":"2025-04-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143815972","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Analysis of land surface temperature drivers in Beijing’s central urban area across multiple spatial scales: An explainable ensemble learning approach","authors":"Jiale Cheng ,&nbsp;Dong Yang ,&nbsp;Kun Qie ,&nbsp;Jianyu Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.enbuild.2025.115704","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.enbuild.2025.115704","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Urbanization has accelerated dramatically in recent years, making the urban heat island effect a critical factor that adversely impacts both urban environments and public health. Land surface temperature (LST), a key indicator of the urban heat island effect, is influenced by a complex interplay of factors from the built, natural, and socio-economic environments.However,most existing studies have predominantly focused on single-factor analyses, lacking a comprehensive multidimensional approach. To address this gap, this study investigates the influence mechanisms of various environmental factors on LST through multi-scale spatial analysis and proposes a machine learning model that explicitly incorporates spatial effects. An integrated dataset encompassing variables from the built, natural, and socio-economic environments was constructed. Spatial autocorrelation analysis confirmed that the spatial effects of LST follow a spatial error model (SEM). Based on this spatial effect pattern, a spatial machine learning model was developed that significantly outperformed traditional spatial learning models. By comparing seven commonly used machine learning models, we selected the four best-performing models—CatBoost, XGBoost, Gradient Boosting, and HistGradientBoosting—for ensemble learning, ultimately adopting the Stacking strategy over the Voting approach. Incorporating Bayesian optimization for hyperparameter tuning further enhanced the Stacking model’s predictive performance.Furthermore, interpretability tools including SHAP, Partial Dependence Plots (PDP), and Individual Conditional Expectation (ICE) were employed to systematically analyze the factors influencing LST. The analyses revealed that the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) and spatial error are the most critical determinants of LST, while built environment features such as building height, as well as natural environment factors like green spaces and water bodies, also have significant impacts. This study provides robust scientific evidence for urban planners and offers valuable guidance for developing effective strategies to mitigate extreme heat and alleviate the urban heat island effect.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11641,"journal":{"name":"Energy and Buildings","volume":"338 ","pages":"Article 115704"},"PeriodicalIF":6.6,"publicationDate":"2025-04-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143799520","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Meta-analysis of district-level solutions towards energy, carbon and economic targets","authors":"João P. Cardoso ,&nbsp;Isabel Azevedo ,&nbsp;Vítor Leal ,&nbsp;Mafalda C. Silva ,&nbsp;Cátia da Costa","doi":"10.1016/j.enbuild.2025.115701","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.enbuild.2025.115701","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>As interest in district-level approaches for design and renovation of the built environment grows, new technical solutions have been developing and there is an increasing diversity of technologies and measures available. A characterization of the available solutions and of their adoption in practice is performed, using a <em>meta</em>-analysis of a selection of case studies depicting district interventions in Europe, based on a comprehensive literature review. The analysis included categorization of measures and technologies, quantification of their occurrence in the case-studies, how their impact was evaluated, and which performance indicators were used. Results showed that the majority of carbon emissions and economic savings were related to improved energy performance. The technical measures more often declared concerned energy supply, especially photovoltaic panels, followed by options for HVAC and DHW. A wide variety of indicators for performance assessment was found. The most prevalent ones are from the category of energy performance, followed by economic cost and carbon emissions. The work concludes with an analysis for the impact of the measures on the several categories of performance. Measures seldom adopted that showed good potential to contribute to impactful solutions were also identified.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11641,"journal":{"name":"Energy and Buildings","volume":"338 ","pages":"Article 115701"},"PeriodicalIF":6.6,"publicationDate":"2025-04-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143821225","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Comprehensive evaluation of the photothermal conversion thermochemical energy storage composite materials: Material characterization, kinetics analysis and building heating application","authors":"Yihan Wang ,&nbsp;Ying Li ,&nbsp;Zhiqi Xu ,&nbsp;Shuli Liu ,&nbsp;Yongliang Shen ,&nbsp;Wenjie Ji ,&nbsp;Tingsen Chen ,&nbsp;Yongliang Li ,&nbsp;Beatrice Pulvirenti","doi":"10.1016/j.enbuild.2025.115699","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.enbuild.2025.115699","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>To further promote the application of thermochemical energy storage below 120 °C, the thermochemical composite adsorbents prepared by combining graphite felt with MgCl₂/MgSO₄, SrBr₂ and LiOH, which are named F-M, F-S and F-L, respectively. Their performance is evaluated at the material characterization, kinetics analysis, photothermal conversion and practical application perspectives. The thermochemical energy storage density of the composites below 120 °C is relatively high, with 30 %wtSL F-M reaching 789.71 kJ/kg. Graphite felt effectively disperses hydrated salts and prevents agglomeration, and the activation energies of dehydration and hydration reactions are reduced. The activation energies of the dehydration and hydration reactions of 5 %wtSL F-L are 39.58 kJ/mol and 35.09 kJ/mol. The composites have high solar absorption capabilities and can directly absorb solar energy and store it as chemical energy. 5 %wtSL F-L has the highest energy storage power and solar-chemical energy conversion efficiency, reaching 1.65 W and 64.08 %. 12 %wtSL F-L and 30 %wtSL F-M reach high energy release temperature, which are suitable for public baths or building radiator heating. F-S achieves stable temperature output at 50.0°C for a long time and is suitable for building floor heating scenarios. Under the application temperature, the 60 %wtSL F-S reconverts 71.89 % of the stored chemical energy into usable thermal energy.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11641,"journal":{"name":"Energy and Buildings","volume":"338 ","pages":"Article 115699"},"PeriodicalIF":6.6,"publicationDate":"2025-04-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143799524","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A novel approach to dynamic life cycle assessment: Integrating climate change and cooling operation patterns in building energy consumption forecasting","authors":"Júlia Santiago de Matos Monteiro Lira ,&nbsp;Calebe Paiva Gomes de Souza ,&nbsp;Elaine Aparecida da Silva","doi":"10.1016/j.enbuild.2025.115656","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.enbuild.2025.115656","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Given a building’s extended lifespan, Dynamic Life Cycle Assessment (DLCA) has become essential for accurately quantifying its operational energy impacts. However, developing a Dynamic Life Cycle Inventory (DLCI) for buildings presents substantial challenges, particularly in data selection, abstraction, and future energy flow projections. This study introduces an integrated approach to DLCI, incorporating multiple construction techniques, cooling operation patterns, and climate change projections. A parametric simulation was conducted in EnergyPlus™, evaluating 432 variations in construction parameters in a Brazilian social housing unit, including different roof, wall, and window materials, and spatial orientation. Five cooling operation scenarios were defined, ranging from split-off (0 h/day) to continuous operation (24 h/day). The resulting energy consumption dataset was used to train an Artificial Neural Network (ANN), while a linear regression model projected external temperature over the next 50 years. The trained ANN then estimated future building energy consumption, incorporating projected climate conditions. The findings indicate that, in the continuous cooling operation scenario (24 h/day), the total electricity consumption for artificial cooling may reach 18,000 kWh/m2 over the building’s lifetime, underscoring the long-term energy demand in Brazilian social housing. Additionally, the sensitivity analysis revealed that each 1 °C rise in external temperature leads to an approximately 8 % increase in cooling energy consumption, reinforcing the need for adaptive design strategies to mitigate future energy demands. The proposed approach provides a scalable and data-driven framework for building energy forecasting, offering valuable insights for sustainable design and climate policy development, particularly in social housing contexts.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11641,"journal":{"name":"Energy and Buildings","volume":"337 ","pages":"Article 115656"},"PeriodicalIF":6.6,"publicationDate":"2025-04-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143785568","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Resilience testing in thermal retrofit Optimisation: Maximising the benefits of passive strategies across Behavioural, Climatic, and extreme weather scenarios","authors":"A. Carratt,&nbsp;G. Kokogiannakis,&nbsp;D. Daly","doi":"10.1016/j.enbuild.2025.115696","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.enbuild.2025.115696","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Optimal thermal retrofit selection in residential dwellings is paramount to maximise performance outcomes. Best-practice retrofit optimisation is undertaken using data-driven building performance models supplemented by expert knowledge on inputs such as occupant behaviour, boundary conditions and local weather. Retrofits must also be resilient to changes in these input parameters to prevent future underperformance, or potentially adverse thermal conditions, should conditions change from original assumptions. While current research in this space principally focuses on building resilience to climate-based scenarios such as climate change and extreme weather events (heat waves in particular), it is not common practice to include resilience testing in retrofit optimisation. This paper uses a previously developed minimum input model to test the resilience of a range of common passive retrofits applied to three case study dwellings against a range of scenarios including changes to behaviour, occupancy, long-term climate change and under extreme weather events. The findings underscore the importance of tailored retrofit strategies as performance varied significantly between case studies and scenarios. This research demonstrates the value of resilience testing in retrofit optimisation, enabling more informed decision-making to ensure long-term adaptability and robustness to diverse and changing conditions.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11641,"journal":{"name":"Energy and Buildings","volume":"337 ","pages":"Article 115696"},"PeriodicalIF":6.6,"publicationDate":"2025-04-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143785572","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Simulation-Based evaluation of Cost-Responsive supply air temperature control strategy for office buildings across different climates","authors":"Yan Wang ,&nbsp;Paul Raftery ,&nbsp;Carlos Duarte ,&nbsp;Rupam Singla ,&nbsp;Tharanga Jayarathne ,&nbsp;Curtis Fong","doi":"10.1016/j.enbuild.2025.115665","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.enbuild.2025.115665","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The supply air temperature (SAT) setpoint control strategy is a vital part of a variable air volume (VAV) system. This paper presents a new cost-responsive (CORE) SAT control algorithm for the VAV system which does not require discharge air temperature data for easier implementation, along with a new humidity control strategy that constrains the maximum SAT based on outdoor dewpoint temperature to meet dehumidification requirements in humid climates. We conducted a comprehensive parametric simulation study using a representative office building model to assess energy cost savings of the new CORE control algorithm against other widely adopted control strategies, including the best industry practice ASHRAE Guideline 36 (G36). We created an EnergyPlus-Python-based simulation environment to implement all control algorithms. Results showed that the new CORE algorithm consistently yielded higher energy cost savings than other control algorithms, despite variations in climate, energy tariff structure, and building design and operation. Compared to G36, the new CORE algorithm reduced energy costs by a mean (first – third quartiles) of ∼ 4 % (0.8–6.9 %) across all simulated cases. Moreover, the climatic conditions had a significant impact on the control performance. In milder climates, the new CORE algorithm achieved higher energy cost savings due to considerable economizer hours, e.g., with ∼ 7 % (6.3–7.1 %) savings compared to G36 and ∼ 31 % (26.8–36.0 %) compared to the worst-performing fixed SAT strategy for Oakland. Conversely, in more extreme climates with fewer economizer hours and dehumidification constraints, energy cost savings of the new CORE algorithm were diminished, e.g., with 0.6 % (0.2–0.7 %) savings relative to G36 and 5.4 % (4.3–6.2 %) relative to the least effective Warmest SAT strategy for New York City. These findings demonstrate the potential of the new CORE SAT control strategy to reduce HVAC operating costs while maintaining occupant comfort.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11641,"journal":{"name":"Energy and Buildings","volume":"338 ","pages":"Article 115665"},"PeriodicalIF":6.6,"publicationDate":"2025-04-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143807988","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Electric Vehicle integration in Zero-Carbon Buildings: Analyzing the impact on carbon emissions and economic performance","authors":"Yuying Sun ,&nbsp;Yinglong Wang ,&nbsp;Xinyan Yang ,&nbsp;Wei Wang ,&nbsp;Wei Zhao ,&nbsp;Qingdong Zhang ,&nbsp;Jiangang Yao ,&nbsp;Can Chen ,&nbsp;Wenzhe Wei","doi":"10.1016/j.enbuild.2025.115674","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.enbuild.2025.115674","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The widespread adoption of electric vehicles (EVs) offers a promising solution to mitigate the supply–demand energy mismatch in buildings. However, existing studies have focused on the economic benefits of integrating EVs into buildings, with limited guidance on their application in promoting zero-carbon building development. To fill this gap, this study proposes a dual-layer optimization approach combining day-ahead EV scheduling and V2B bidirectional charger configuration, targeting both economic and carbon emissions objectives. This approach was applied to a typical zero-carbon building in Beijing, China, and a multi-time-scale analysis was conducted to explore the changes in economic cost and carbon emissions with varying configuration of EV chargers. Results show that optimizing for economic benefits can reduce costs by up to 25.38%, but at the cost of a 17.03% increase in carbon emissions. Conversely, prioritizing carbon emissions leads to a reduction of up to 12.47%, but with more modest economic savings of 12.08%. These findings highlight the importance of balancing carbon emissions reduction with cost efficiency when defining optimization objectives. Strict carbon reduction targets require constraints on EV charging behaviors, potentially compromising economic benefits. Furthermore, the study reveals that, under current electricity prices and battery costs, effective peak-valley arbitrage using EVs remains challenging.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11641,"journal":{"name":"Energy and Buildings","volume":"338 ","pages":"Article 115674"},"PeriodicalIF":6.6,"publicationDate":"2025-04-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143816063","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Design and validation of thermal comfort questionnaire using exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses","authors":"A. Luparelli ,&nbsp;P. Papadopoulos ,&nbsp;I. Kyprianou ,&nbsp;S. Erba ,&nbsp;A. Ingrosso ,&nbsp;S. Carlucci","doi":"10.1016/j.enbuild.2025.115676","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.enbuild.2025.115676","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Within the field of indoor environmental quality, several objective and subjective techniques have been developed to monitor conditions and provide user feedback. One such approach features occupant-centred questionnaires, indicating different aspects of comfort, including thermal, visual, acoustic or related to air quality. This study introduces the development and validation of such a questionnaire to optimise its completion rate and meaningfulness. Exploration and confirmatory analysis techniques were applied to identify the questionnaire’s underlying structures, and the models’ reliability and validation secured the validity of our findings. Questionnaire factors appeared to be connected to different aspects of temperature and humidity, each accounting for a significant portion of response variability, indicating that the questionnaire items effectively capture multiple dimensions within these constructs. The proposed thermal comfort questionnaire was also found to be reliable, with room for improvement through additional testing of individual elements. Overall, the questionnaire serves its intended purpose and can be used in subsequent analysis to improve the indoor environments of building occupants. The validation logic presented here, an essential step in the process of monitoring and building improvements, can serve as a set of guidelines and be replicated by other studies employing subjective feedback collection in the indoor environmental quality realm.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11641,"journal":{"name":"Energy and Buildings","volume":"337 ","pages":"Article 115676"},"PeriodicalIF":6.6,"publicationDate":"2025-04-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143777490","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}