Energy and Buildings最新文献

{"title":"Improvement strategies based on airflow characteristic in a row-based cooling data center","authors":"Yingying Lyu ,&nbsp;Xuelian Bai ,&nbsp;Ligang Wang ,&nbsp;Yating Wang ,&nbsp;Chaoqiang Jin","doi":"10.1016/j.enbuild.2026.117136","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.enbuild.2026.117136","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The short airflow paths of row-based cooling systems can enhance cooling efficiency for data centers (DCs). However, the placement of row-based air conditioning units (ACUs) close to the racks significantly increases the airflow velocity in the aisles. Meanwhile, different power modules share one hot aisle, which is easy to occur the hot exhaust air mixing problem. Existing researches neglect the airflow interaction, which leads to the return air temperatures inaccurately reflecting the cooling demand of each module. To address this issue, this study investigates the interaction phenomena within the row-based cooling system, through the combination of experimental observations and numerical simulations. To evaluate the interaction, a new index Δ<em>T</em>, defined as the return air temperature difference of in-row ACUs between different power modules, was presented. Then the effect of varying the shared hot aisle width on the interaction under different power ratios are analyzed. The results indicate that the airflow interaction intensifies with power ratios, and there exists a proper hot aisle width at different power ratios. To further relieve the interaction, improvement strategies involving airflow deflectors, vertical isolation, and horizontal isolation were proposed. With these strategies implemented, the airflow becomes more organized in the hot aisle, and Δ<em>T</em> increases from 0.75 °C to 1.06 °C, 1.64 °C, and 1.66 °C, respectively. Finally, installing a vertical curtain in the shared hot aisle central and sealing the top effectively alleviated the hot exhaust air interaction in higher power modules scenarios, with Δ<em>T</em> increased from 0.86 °C to 1.578 °C.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11641,"journal":{"name":"Energy and Buildings","volume":"357 ","pages":"Article 117136"},"PeriodicalIF":7.1,"publicationDate":"2026-04-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146146605","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Predicting and alleviating urban heat stress for early adolescents: an integrated environmental and physiological study","authors":"Jie Wu ,&nbsp;Shimin Li ,&nbsp;Hongtao Xu ,&nbsp;Mincheng Jiang ,&nbsp;Ye Zhao ,&nbsp;Tukuan Huang","doi":"10.1016/j.enbuild.2026.117130","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.enbuild.2026.117130","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>With the increasing frequency of extreme heat events and the intensification of the urban heat island effect, thermal safety for children in outdoor urban environments has become a critical concern. Traditional heat stress indicators have limited applicability for early adolescents, leading to ambiguous predictions. Using experimental data collected from 36 junior high school students (aged 12 ± 1 years) in Nanning, China, from June to August 2024, we introduced an enhanced two-node model integrated with a genetic algorithm to predict and mitigate heat stress. Through real-time monitoring of core/skin temperatures and microclimate data via wireless sensors and a mobile thermal comfort device, four key physiological parameters in the model were optimized. The optimized model improved the predictive accuracy for group trends in skin and core temperatures, reducing the RMSE by 76.07% and 75.86%, respectively. Furthermore, by incorporating six spatial scenarios with different shading conditions and underlying surfaces into ENVI-met, the model quantitatively revealed significant effects of various environmental factors on the body temperature changes of early adolescents (p &lt; 0.05). This study lays a theoretical foundation for evidence-based child-friendly design strategies and provides scientific support for protecting adolescents’ health in the context of climate change.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11641,"journal":{"name":"Energy and Buildings","volume":"357 ","pages":"Article 117130"},"PeriodicalIF":7.1,"publicationDate":"2026-04-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146153003","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A dynamic time warping-enhanced transfer learning framework for cooling load prediction in data-scarce buildings: a multi-building case study","authors":"Jiakai Liu ,&nbsp;Yongbao Chen ,&nbsp;Zhe Chen","doi":"10.1016/j.enbuild.2026.117148","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.enbuild.2026.117148","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Improving building energy efficiency and optimizing building energy management are critical steps toward achieving a sustainable low-carbon society, among which accurate prediction of building load is the key. However, for actual buildings with scarce historical data, physical models are often highly complex, computationally difficult, and costly. Developing reliable data-driven models also faces challenges related to generalization problems. Although transfer learning (TL) offers a potential solution, its effectiveness heavily depends on the appropriate selection of source domains—improper selection may lead to negative transfer. To address this, first, this study proposes a TL framework based on multidimensional dynamic time warping (DTW) similarity measurement to optimize source building selection. This framework incorporates key operational features such as cooling load and meteorological parameters into weighted similarity analysis. Under data–scarce conditions, we develop and rigorously evaluate five types of prediction models using data from five real office buildings: a LightGBM baseline model, a LightGBM weight initialization model (LightGBM-WI), an LSTM baseline model, a fine-tuned LSTM transfer model (LSTM-FT), and a feature extraction-based LSTM transfer model (LSTM-FE). Empirical results demonstrate that TL (LightGBM–WI and LSTM–FT) outperform baseline models, with CVRMSE reduced by an average of 15.75% and 13.19%, respectively. More importantly, compared to using all available source domain data, the proposed DTW-enhanced source domain screening strategy can reduce CVRMSE of 1.62% and 13.65% for LightGBM-WI and LSTM-FT, effectively mitigating negative transfer. This study provides a practical, reliable, and interpretable data–driven framework for accurate cooling load prediction in scenarios with limited historical data.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11641,"journal":{"name":"Energy and Buildings","volume":"357 ","pages":"Article 117148"},"PeriodicalIF":7.1,"publicationDate":"2026-04-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146172677","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Drivers of urban street blocks thermal pleasure: SHAP interpretation of psychological, environmental perception, and microclimate factors","authors":"Xiaodong Xuan ,&nbsp;Ru Liu ,&nbsp;Zixu Zhang ,&nbsp;Leiming Yang ,&nbsp;Yihe Zheng ,&nbsp;Yongjian Liu","doi":"10.1016/j.enbuild.2026.117115","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.enbuild.2026.117115","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The perception of thermal pleasure in urban outdoor spaces is crucial for enhancing winter livability. However, existing research has primarily focused on physiological thermal comfort, leaving the mechanisms by which environmental factors influence thermal pleasure unclear. There remains a lack of systematic analysis regarding the roles of psychological perception and environmental perception. This study proposes a multidimensional synergistic framework, “Street Block Built Environment-Microclimate-Psychological Perception”, to clarify the nonlinear driving mechanisms of thermal pleasure in winter urban street blocks, integrating ML with the Shapley Additive exPlanations (SHAP) method. Utilizing 1140 questionnaire datasets and concurrently measured microclimate parameters (Ta, RH, Va, SR) from six street blocks in Hefei, nine machine learning (ML) models were trained and compared. The Extra Trees (ET) model was selected as optimal (AUC = 0.968, average F1 = 87%) for interpretation. Key findings include: The contribution of psychological perception (e.g., preference degree, overall satisfaction) to thermal pleasure significantly exceeds that of microclimate parameters and built environment perception. Threshold intervals of winter microclimate were identified: SR (164.29–568.61 W/m²), Ta (2–7.70°C), Va (&lt;0.69 m/s), and RH (32.66–58.08%) positively enhance thermal pleasure, whereas extreme values trigger discomfort. The pleasantness of the built environment is governed by the “pleasure threshold effect”. Specifically, built environment elements—including service facilities and green coverage—can only drive further improvements in pleasantness after the psychological point is reached, thereby intensifying the thermal pleasure experience. This study innovatively constructs a human-centered thermal comfort theory, providing quantitative decision support for strengthening winter street blocks’ psychological perception, optimizing microclimates, and designing spatial forms.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11641,"journal":{"name":"Energy and Buildings","volume":"357 ","pages":"Article 117115"},"PeriodicalIF":7.1,"publicationDate":"2026-04-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146134672","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Demand-side management in photovoltaic-battery microgrids: A multi-country assessment for Mediterranean public buildings","authors":"Alexandros Arsalis ,&nbsp;Angelos Nousdilis ,&nbsp;Gianni Celli ,&nbsp;Aggelos Bouhouras ,&nbsp;Georgios Christoforidis ,&nbsp;Susanna Mocci ,&nbsp;George E. Georghiou","doi":"10.1016/j.enbuild.2026.117111","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.enbuild.2026.117111","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The increasing penetration of photovoltaic systems in public buildings highlights the need for demand-side management strategies that can improve self-consumption, reduce grid dependence, and enhance economic performance under realistic operating conditions. In Mediterranean climates, where photovoltaic generation and building demand often exhibit temporal mismatch, empirical evidence on the effectiveness of demand side management in public-building photovoltaic-battery microgrids remains limited, particularly across different countries and tariff structures. This study evaluates a unified demand side management framework based on intra-day load shifting that combines peak shaving and valley filling with seasonally adapted time-of-use tariffs. The methodology is applied to four real public-building microgrids in Cyprus, Greece, Israel, and Italy using validated 15-minute operational datasets. Three flexibility levels (5%, 10%, and 15% of daily demand) are examined to quantify demand side management impacts on netload profiles, self-consumption rate, self-sufficiency rate, and annual operating costs. Results show that demand side management consistently reshapes netload profiles and reduces operating costs by 3–13% across all pilot sites, with the magnitude of technical benefits depending on photovoltaic-to-load ratios and system size. Smaller systems exhibit improvements, while larger systems mainly benefit from reduced export peaks and enhanced operational stability. The findings highlight tariff differentiation as a key driver of demand side management effectiveness with a scalable, cost-effective strategy for improving the technoeconomic performance of microgrids in Mediterranean public buildings.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11641,"journal":{"name":"Energy and Buildings","volume":"356 ","pages":"Article 117111"},"PeriodicalIF":7.1,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146186272","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Assessing the energy performance of integrated living wall systems: a dynamic numerical model coupled with TRNSYS for building energy simulations","authors":"Roberto Bruno,&nbsp;Antonio Cristaudo","doi":"10.1016/j.enbuild.2026.117073","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.enbuild.2026.117073","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Integrating natural ecosystems into building envelopes significantly enhances energy performance and environmental sustainability, contributing positively to urban transformation and green transition. This paper presents a novel dynamic model of Living Walls (LWs) for integration into building facades, developed and implemented in the MATLAB® environment. To account for interactions with building fabrics, inputs and outputs were appropriately managed to enable seamless interfacing with TRNSYS®. This allows for carrying out dynamic energy evaluations of the whole building-plant system, considering both sensible and latent thermal exchanges occurring within LWs. Validation was performed against experimental data, specifically monitoring temperatures at two layers of the LW, the inner surface heat flux, and the growing medium water content. The Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) and the coefficient of determination (R²) values confirm an excellent agreement with the measured data over a five-day period characterized by variable climatic conditions. After validation, the model was used to evaluate the energy performance of a case study by varying the living wall orientation and the irrigation rate. Based on real climatic data, TRNSYS results indicated that the cooling energy savings relative to the baseline building with a bare wall, with an irrigation rate exceeding 0.0004 kg/s∙m⁻² amount to 8 kWh/m² and 6 kWh/m² for south and east exposures, respectively. To minimize the negative impact of latent cooling in winter, irrigation was scheduled only during the summer season; therefore, the winter performance does not vary with the irrigation rate, and the heating energy savings achieved by adding the green layer equal 10 kWh/m² and 6 kWh/m² for south and east exposures, respectively. Finally, a sensitivity analysis was conducted to evaluate how vegetation parameters influence building energy performance. This paper proposes a dynamic numerical model coupled with TRNSYS simulations to address the limitations of conventional Building Energy Simulation (BES) tools, which currently lack robust methods for evaluating the impact of vertical greenery on building–plant energy performance.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11641,"journal":{"name":"Energy and Buildings","volume":"356 ","pages":"Article 117073"},"PeriodicalIF":7.1,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146071926","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Passive measures for reducing space cooling demand in the EU-27: Potentials and costs","authors":"Aadit Malla ,&nbsp;Lukas Kranzl ,&nbsp;Andreas Müller","doi":"10.1016/j.enbuild.2026.117046","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.enbuild.2026.117046","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Space cooling demand in Europe is on the rise, yet systematic assessments of how passive measures can moderate this growth remain scarce. Passive measures such as shading, glazing, and ventilation reduce cooling demand by limiting heat gains without relying on active energy use. This study evaluates their techno-economic potential across the EU-27 using a bottom-up building stock model. By linking energy savings with investment needs, we construct country-level cost curves that establish a merit order for implementation. Results show that shading and glazing upgrades are the most cost-effective measures, with multi-family buildings delivering higher savings at lower costs than single-family houses. Regional differences are notable: Mediterranean countries show limited additional headroom, while Central and Northern Europe retain larger unrealized potentials. The findings provide policymakers with a practical roadmap for integrating passive cooling into national renovation plans and local energy plans, thereby supporting the long-term objectives of European energy and building directives.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11641,"journal":{"name":"Energy and Buildings","volume":"356 ","pages":"Article 117046"},"PeriodicalIF":7.1,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146071959","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Multi-phase optimization framework of residential blocks: Balancing building energy consumption, solar energy potential, and outdoor thermal comfort","authors":"Siyao Wang,&nbsp;Hongwei Yang,&nbsp;Ye Zhang","doi":"10.1016/j.enbuild.2026.117074","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.enbuild.2026.117074","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The building energy efficiency and outdoor thermal comfort (OTC) in residential blocks are critical factors for the economic and social benefits of cities. Several studies have proposed frameworks for the optimal design of residential blocks targeting building energy efficiency and OTC. However, these studies have paid limited attention to the trade-off between these two objectives, and have placed less focus on the integration of solar energy potential (SEP). Therefore, this paper proposes a multi-phase optimization framework: first, obtaining Pareto optimal solutions that lower building energy consumption (BEC) and higher SEP; then, simulating OTC to inform second-phase decisions and selecting the final optimal design solutions. The overarching goal of this framework is to achieve co-optimization across energy supply, energy demand, and thermal comfort within residential blocks. To implement this approach, nine building group prototypes were identified in Wuhan, China, and 1000 samples were generated using Latin hypercube sampling.<!--> <!-->With the support of XGBoost and NSGA-II, prediction models were established between the layout of the nine group types and both BEC and SEP, yielding Pareto optimal solutions. Subsequent OTC simulations were conducted to guide the selection of the final optimal design solutions. These final solutions reduced BEC by 3.77%, increased SEP by 35.99%, and improved OTC by 33.35%. Overall, the results provide a decision-making basis for promoting high-quality urban construction in other climate zones and design solutions for comfort and efficiency in residential blocks.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11641,"journal":{"name":"Energy and Buildings","volume":"356 ","pages":"Article 117074"},"PeriodicalIF":7.1,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146098305","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Integrated life cycle assessment and multi-objective optimization of residential building renovation strategies to achieve NZEB standards","authors":"Džana Kadrić ,&nbsp;Amar Aganović ,&nbsp;Sanita Džino ,&nbsp;Una Smailbegović ,&nbsp;Ajdin Vatreš ,&nbsp;Edin Kadrić","doi":"10.1016/j.enbuild.2026.117068","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.enbuild.2026.117068","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Renovation of existing buildings to meet Nearly Zero Energy Building (NZEB) standards is essential for reducing energy consumption and CO₂ emissions in the residential sector, making it a central strategy for achieving national climate goals. While commonly applied renovation measures effectively reduce operational energy consumption and CO₂ emissions, they may increase the building’s environmental impact due to embodied emissions from construction materials and equipment. To address these opposing effects, this study employs a life cycle-oriented multi-objective optimization (MOO) approach to identify optimal renovation strategies for a representative collective residential building. A Definitive Screening Design (DSD) is used to create a minimal simulation experiment, and regression analysis is applied to develop surrogate models that define the relationships between primary energy consumption (<span><math><mrow><mi>PE</mi></mrow></math></span>), life cycle emissions (<span><math><mrow><mi>LCE</mi></mrow></math></span>), life cycle cost (<span><math><mrow><mi>LCC</mi></mrow></math></span>), and the considered renovation measures. These surrogate models are integrated into the MOO model, which is optimized using the NSGA-III algorithm to simultaneously minimize <span><math><mrow><mi>PE</mi></mrow></math></span>, <span><math><mrow><mi>LCE</mi></mrow></math></span>, and <span><math><mrow><mi>LCC</mi></mrow></math></span>. The resulting Pareto-optimal solutions reveal distinct trade-offs, characterized by a non-linear positive relationship between <span><math><mrow><mi>PE</mi></mrow></math></span> and <span><math><mrow><mi>LCE</mi></mrow></math></span>, a linear negative relationship between <span><math><mrow><mi>PE</mi></mrow></math></span> and <span><math><mrow><mi>LCC</mi></mrow></math></span>, and a non-linear negative relationship between <span><math><mrow><mi>LCE</mi></mrow></math></span> and <span><math><mrow><mi>LCC</mi></mrow></math></span>. These relationships indicate that improvements in energy and environmental performance are associated with significant cost increases. To evaluate and rank the Pareto-optimal solutions, the hybrid Entropy-TOPSIS method is applied, resulting in the selection of an optimal renovation strategy with its corresponding set of renovation measures. The proposed methodology provides an efficient decision-support approach for renovating collective residential buildings following NZEB standards.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11641,"journal":{"name":"Energy and Buildings","volume":"356 ","pages":"Article 117068"},"PeriodicalIF":7.1,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146048119","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Active-passive coupling in building design: a review of parameter interactions for energy performance and thermal and visual comfort","authors":"Qicong Wu ,&nbsp;Yang Ni ,&nbsp;Zhou Fang ,&nbsp;Shenghua Liu ,&nbsp;Yi Jiang","doi":"10.1016/j.enbuild.2026.117099","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.enbuild.2026.117099","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The building sector faces the dual challenge of minimizing energy consumption while maintaining indoor environmental quality in the face of escalating global climate change and urbanization. Active-passive coupling offers a promising solution by combining the advantages of passive and active design. However, most studies evaluate passive strategies and active systems in isolation, failing to quantify trade-offs between free-running and air-conditioned periods and the passive impact on the active system. To bridge this gap, this paper presents a systematic review and statistical analysis of 152 publications from 2010 to 2024. It examines the interaction mechanisms of five design categories, including building configuration, transition space, spatial organization, enclosure structure, and working conditions. Key findings reveal that static parameters often exhibit conflicts between different periods, whereas dynamic strategies or parameters effectively resolve these contradictions. The study concludes that active–passive coupling design requires the zoning and real-time switching of building operation modes across both spatial and temporal dimensions. Existing studies still lack integration of building energy simulation with transient computational fluid dynamics, the synergistic effects between vertical and horizontal spatial organization, and control logic integrated with occupant behavior. This study establishes an active–passive coupling framework, constructs a dynamic-static parameters integration method, formulates decision-making guidance, and identifies future research directions, offering actionable insights for architects and engineers to achieve robust, low-energy, and comfortable building design.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11641,"journal":{"name":"Energy and Buildings","volume":"356 ","pages":"Article 117099"},"PeriodicalIF":7.1,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146185860","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}