Energy and Buildings最新文献

{"title":"A novel sun-shading design for indoor visual comfort and energy saving in typical office space in Shenzhen","authors":"Yiqian Zheng ,&nbsp;Jinxuan Wu ,&nbsp;Hao Zhang ,&nbsp;Caifang Lin ,&nbsp;Yu Li ,&nbsp;Xue Cui ,&nbsp;Pengyuan Shen","doi":"10.1016/j.enbuild.2024.115083","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.enbuild.2024.115083","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Excessive direct sunlight in buildings can cause discomfort glare and overheating, necessitating effective exterior shading systems. This study aims to design an optimal exterior sun-shading system that improves indoor visual comfort (IVC) while reducing annual building energy consumption (BEC) in subtropical climate zones. Previous studies focused on the impact of full shading devices such as louvers on the indoor lighting environment, with fewer studies considering the optimization of energy consumption and the comprehensive evaluation of indoor lighting environment in the design stage using multi-objective optimization based on year-round simulation. Meanwhile, earlier studies mostly considered simple shading forms for single application scenarios, lacking innovation and the ability to adapt to complex situations. Our study aims to propose a complex multiple layered adjustable semi-shading system and evaluate its performance to fill the research gap in this area. Our evaluation method integrates three key performance indicators: Spatial Useful Daylight Illuminance (sUDI), Spatial Daylight Glare Probability (sDGP_exceed), and Total Energy Consumption (TEC). We employ Radiance for daylighting simulations, ClimateStudio for glare analysis, EnergyPlus for energy calculations, and multi-objective optimization algorithms to determine optimal designs. We investigated 12 shading configurations with varying numbers of slats (2–5) and rotation angles (−52.5°, 0°, 76°). Compared to unshaded conditions, the optimum solutions reduced sDGP_exceed by 49–53% and decreased total energy consumption by approximately 100 kWh for a typical office space, demonstrating significant improvements in both visual comfort and energy efficiency.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11641,"journal":{"name":"Energy and Buildings","volume":"328 ","pages":"Article 115083"},"PeriodicalIF":6.6,"publicationDate":"2024-11-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142759694","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Performance of a curved corrugated surface Trombe wall coupled phase change material in buildings by numerical models and experiments","authors":"Suo Li ,&nbsp;Wenjie Ji ,&nbsp;Hongkuan Chen ,&nbsp;Tingsen Chen ,&nbsp;Jie Sun ,&nbsp;Shuli Liu","doi":"10.1016/j.enbuild.2024.115095","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.enbuild.2024.115095","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The energy consumption of the HVAC system represents a significant proportion of the total energy required to maintain the thermal environment of a building. Reducing the reliance on the HVAC system and improving the indoor thermal comfort, this study proposed a novel curved corrugated surface Trombe wall (CCTW). Also, the phase change material (PCM) was combined with this CCTW to further improve the ability of energy storage. The thermal resistance–capacitance (RC) method was employed to establish its heat transfer model, and the accuracy of the RC model was verified through experiments. Experimental results showed a great agreement between the RC model and the experiment, with a mean relative error of 3.7 %. The RC model is coupled with the building model established by TRNSYS software for joint simulation. Results highlighted that the average and peak air flow temperatures in the outlet of the CCTW+PCM were 19.4 °C and 28.9 °C, respectively, which were 26.8 % and 35.0 % higher than the traditional Trombe wall. The model building with the CCTW+PCM could reach a higher indoor temperature, with the largest average and maximum values of 14.0 °C and 20.0 °C, respectively, which were 32 % and 42 % higher than the model building with traditional Trombe wall. Particularly, the application of the CCTW+PCM could fully satisfy the indoor heating needs of the building with heating degree-day of 1103. The results demonstrated that the CCTW+PCM could enhance indoor thermal comfort and be beneficial in reducing the energy consumption of the HVAC system.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11641,"journal":{"name":"Energy and Buildings","volume":"327 ","pages":"Article 115095"},"PeriodicalIF":6.6,"publicationDate":"2024-11-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142701423","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Energy saving potential of advanced dual-band electrochromic smart windows for office integration","authors":"Mirco Riganti ,&nbsp;Ginevra Li Castri ,&nbsp;Valentina Serra ,&nbsp;Michele Manca ,&nbsp;Fabio Favoino","doi":"10.1016/j.enbuild.2024.115084","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.enbuild.2024.115084","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Integrating dynamic transparent technologies into building envelopes is becoming crucial for tackling the challenges posed by climate change, improving energy efficiency, and enhancing occupant comfort. Nowadays, a range of dynamic glazing technologies exists, among which electrochromic glazing is notably effective in contributing to sustainability objectives in building design. This paper presents a comprehensive simulation analysis of the energy efficiency and interior comfort impacts of a novel class of spectrally selective dual-band electrochromic windows, also referred to as “Plasmochromic”. A simplified office model, oriented both south and west, was used to compare the performance of dual-band electrochromic glazing, using experimental data collected from a window-scale prototype, with that of commercially available advanced glazing systems. The comparison was conducted under two different control strategies: a rule-based and a model-based control algorithm. Five European climate zones have been considered to cover most of the continent’s climatic conditions and provide a comprehensive evaluation of the glazing performances. The simulations demonstrate the superior capability of dual-band electrochromic windows, when coupled with an intelligent control strategy, in reducing total annual energy consumption for heating, cooling, and lighting by up to 27% compared to the best-performing static solar control glazing systems. Additionally, they achieve a reduction of up to 32% in visual discomfort, measured by the cumulative value of useful daylight illuminance.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11641,"journal":{"name":"Energy and Buildings","volume":"327 ","pages":"Article 115084"},"PeriodicalIF":6.6,"publicationDate":"2024-11-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142701419","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A novel solar photothermal/radiative cooling-thermal catalytic (PT/RC-TC) hybrid system for improving indoor environment by a broadband absorber/emitter with thermal catalysts","authors":"Feiyang Xu ,&nbsp;Huabo Wu ,&nbsp;Bin Zhao ,&nbsp;Jie Ji ,&nbsp;Niansi Li ,&nbsp;Bendong Yu","doi":"10.1016/j.enbuild.2024.115097","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.enbuild.2024.115097","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Creating a comfortable indoor environment, which includes appropriate temperature control and effective pollutant removal, requires a significant amount of energy consumption from air conditioning systems. Harvesting energy from the sun and the universe for building heating and cooling has attracted much attention due to its clean utilization. Herein, a novel solar photothermal/radiative cooling-thermal catalytic (PT/RC-TC) hybrid system for indoor heating, cooling and air purification by a broadband absorber/emitter with back-coated thermal catalysts <span><math><mrow><mi>α</mi></mrow></math></span>-MnO₂ was proposed and designed. The hybrid system provides cooling in summer and space heating in winter, offering temperature regulation during transitional seasons and air purification in whole year. We established and validated a numerical model for the PT/RC-TC hybrid system. Based on this model, we investigated the heating performance, radiative cooling performance, and formaldehyde degradation efficiency of the system during different seasons and different cities. The main results are as follows: The absorber/emitter has an average absorptivity of 0.94 in the solar radiation band and an average emissivity of 0.90 in the atmospheric window band. Simulation results show that without air conditioning, the maximum daily cooling gain of the system in summer was 233.7 Wh/m², with a clean air production of 86.4 m³/m²; and the maximum daily heat gain in winter was 172.9 Wh/m², with a clean air production of 29.5 m³/m². And with air conditioning, the maximum daily cooling gain in summer was 107.2 Wh/m², with a clean air production of 82.3 m³/m²; and the maximum daily heat gain in winter was 49.4 Wh/m², with a clean air production of 17.5 m³/m². Annual performance analysis indicates that the system is adaptable and practical under different climatic conditions (Beijing, Nanjing, Guangzhou, and Xining), efficiently meeting the heating and cooling needs of buildings, significantly improving indoor air quality, and reducing energy consumption.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11641,"journal":{"name":"Energy and Buildings","volume":"327 ","pages":"Article 115097"},"PeriodicalIF":6.6,"publicationDate":"2024-11-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142701918","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Temperature reconstruction in data centers using gappy pod combined with genetic algorithm and optimization of sensor layout","authors":"Xin Wang,&nbsp;Zhiyin Cao,&nbsp;Yuhong Liu,&nbsp;Fei Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.enbuild.2024.115078","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.enbuild.2024.115078","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Temperature field data are essential for intelligent environmental control systems. However, acquiring comprehensive temperature distributions in data centers with numerous sensors is not only costly but can also disrupt other equipment layouts. Thus, the capability to rapidly reconstruct temperature fields using a minimal number of sensors is crucial for smart adjustments in these systems. This paper introduces a genetic algorithm (GA) to the gappy proper orthogonal decomposition (POD) method, proposing an objective function to optimize the placement and quantity of sensors. This benchmark for optimization is applied to a case study on environmental control within a data center, where the optimal sensor layouts and the corresponding mean absolute errors were determined for configurations using 5 to 15 sensors, all maintained within 1 °C. Notably, the lowest reconstruction errors of 0.03 °C and 0.05 °C were achieved with a 12-sensor setup. Six uniform sensor layouts acted as control groups. Results demonstrated that error improvements in the optimized layouts were 98.25 % superior to those in uniform layouts. Moreover, transient CFD simulations were conducted to experimentally control the gappy POD algorithm. These simulations confirmed the capability of this approach to compute optimal air supply parameters and maintain temperature control within standard limits, resulting in a 24 % airflow savings compared to fixed ventilation modes under identical conditions. Consequently, this study effectively achieves rapid reconstruction and environmental control of temperature fields in data centers, offering important theoretical and practical insights for real-world engineering applications.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11641,"journal":{"name":"Energy and Buildings","volume":"326 ","pages":"Article 115078"},"PeriodicalIF":6.6,"publicationDate":"2024-11-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142705071","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Multi-period optimal scheduling of building loads based on accurate virtual battery model","authors":"Xiuli Zhu ,&nbsp;Peng Wang ,&nbsp;Ning Li ,&nbsp;Weiwu Yan","doi":"10.1016/j.enbuild.2024.115046","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.enbuild.2024.115046","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Optimal building load scheduling is assuming a pivotal role in enhancing stability and promoting sustainability in the modern energy sector. However, it is significantly challenging to balance diverse energy demands and grid services while adhering to the aggregate flexibility of a varied collection of buildings. This paper presents a novel multi-period optimal scheduling (MOS) for thermostatically controlled loads (TCLs) in buildings to simultaneously provide multiple grid services to enhance energy efficiency and grid reliability, utilizing an accurate virtual battery (VB) model to represent the aggregate flexibility of TCLs. First, a VB model that accurately captures the aggregate flexibility of TCLs with heterogeneous parameters is derived, featuring a novel selection of the self-discharging rate. The accuracy of the model is also proved. Subsequently, the MOS framework is developed for a collection of heterogeneous TCLs to optimally balance diverse energy and grid service demand based on the derived VB model. Margin reserves are introduced to address uncertainty, enabling more reliable scheduling within the MOS framework. The efficacy of the proposed VB model and the MOS framework is demonstrated through case studies.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11641,"journal":{"name":"Energy and Buildings","volume":"327 ","pages":"Article 115046"},"PeriodicalIF":6.6,"publicationDate":"2024-11-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142747209","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A prediction model of the optimal defrosting initiating time for the air source heat pumps with different configurations and operations","authors":"Shiquan Wang ,&nbsp;Wenzhe Wei ,&nbsp;Jianfei Luo ,&nbsp;Wei Wang ,&nbsp;Yuying Sun ,&nbsp;Zhaoyang Li ,&nbsp;Chengyang Huang ,&nbsp;Rui Tang ,&nbsp;Shiming Deng","doi":"10.1016/j.enbuild.2024.115079","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.enbuild.2024.115079","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Frosting is a critical challenge that affects the energy efficiency of air source heat pumps (ASHPs). Defrosting periodically is the most widely used method to solve this problem. However, the rate of frosting varies considerably for ASHPs due to their configurations and operations (<em>CICO</em>) being different. This leads to the obvious differences in their defrosting initiating time. Defrosting too early or too late will both cause energy loss. To ensure the efficient operation of ASHPs, the variations of energy loss coefficient caused by frosting-defrosting (<em>ε_NL</em>) and the defrosting initiating time for ASHPs with different <em>CICO</em> values were investigated. Based on the theory of optimal defrosting initiating time (<em>T_opt</em>) and experimental results under different frosting durations, the <em>T_opt</em> for different ASHPs is found. Then, a prediction model for ASHPs with different <em>CICO</em> values is established. Results show that there is a <em>T_opt</em> for ASHPs with different <em>CICO</em> values, respectively. Under the frosting condition of 2/1 ℃, the <em>T_opt</em> increases with the rise of <em>CICO</em> values. When the <em>CICO</em> values increase from 3.14 to 22.44, the corresponding <em>T_opt</em> increases from 22 min to 148 min. By fitting the <em>T_opt</em> and <em>CICO</em> values, a cubic mathematical model for the prediction of the optimal defrosting time of ASHPs has been developed.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11641,"journal":{"name":"Energy and Buildings","volume":"326 ","pages":"Article 115079"},"PeriodicalIF":6.6,"publicationDate":"2024-11-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142705570","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Experimental and numerical study on thermal performance of energy storage interior wall with phase change materials","authors":"Juanli Guo ,&nbsp;Chuning Tan ,&nbsp;Zhongrui Zhang ,&nbsp;Wenli Zhao ,&nbsp;Mingyuan Li ,&nbsp;Kaiao Zhang ,&nbsp;Zhoupeng Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.enbuild.2024.115074","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.enbuild.2024.115074","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Phase change materials (PCM) and embedded tube radiant terminals demonstrate considerable advantages with respect to heat storage, energy savings, and the provision of comfort in buildings. This paper puts forth the concept of an energy storage interior wall (ESIW) with embedded pipe radiant technology, comprising PCM, and coupled with low-grade energy sources. Compared to traditional TABS, this system uses PCM energy storage to compensate for the instability of solar energy supply, which expands the application scenarios of clean energy. At the same time, it can greatly improve the thermal mass of the building and provide cooling and heating for multiple rooms. Experimental results demonstrate that the ESIW is capable of markedly enhancing the thermal comfort and indoor temperature, with an average increase of 9.9 °C relative to the outdoor. In the numerical study based on test data, sensitivity analysis was performed on 10 characteristic parameters of the ESIW structure: wall thickness, wall density, wall thermal conductivity, wall specific heat capacity, PCM phase change temperature, PCM pipe diameter, PCM enthalpy, PCM pipe length, pipe flow diameter, and number of rows of PCM pipes. The results show that the key parameters affecting the first objective (thermal storage capacity) are: pipe flow diameter, wall density, wall thickness, and PCM pipe diameter; and the key parameter affecting the second objective (investment cost) is the diameter of the PCM pipe. After multi-objective optimization for these two objectives, the thermal storage capacity of the ESIW was improved by 96.7 %, and the investment cost was reduced by 11.49 %.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11641,"journal":{"name":"Energy and Buildings","volume":"326 ","pages":"Article 115074"},"PeriodicalIF":6.6,"publicationDate":"2024-11-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142705563","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Sleep quality: Design of bedroom ventilation and evaluation within the scope of current standards","authors":"Nur Çobanoğlu ,&nbsp;Ziya Haktan Karadeniz ,&nbsp;Sait Cemil Sofuoglu ,&nbsp;Macit Toksoy","doi":"10.1016/j.enbuild.2024.115073","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.enbuild.2024.115073","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Indoor air pollution is one of the leading environmental risks to public health considering people now spending nearly 90 % of their day in indoor environments. A significant portion of this time indoors is devoted to sleeping, making it crucial to address the impact of indoor environmental conditions on sleep quality. International ventilation standards such as ASHRAE and CEN, as well as country-specific guidelines, offer valuable recommendations for ventilation design in residential buildings, including bedrooms. This study aims to evaluate the importance of determining ventilation rates in sleeping spaces using Indoor Air Quality Procedure (IAQP) compared to Ventilation Rate Procedure (VRP) in accordance with current standards. Here, the IAQP approach for determining air flow rate is based on the CO₂ balance by maintaining CO₂ levels in any sleeping environment below specified upper limits of 750 ppm and 1000 ppm. This study focused on the adult population, which forms the majority of society, with analyses conducted for both single and double occupancy sleeping conditions.</div><div>The volume of environment where ventilation is not required during sleep (<span><math><msub><mi>V</mi><mi>f</mi></msub></math></span>) is inaccessible in conventional sleeping environments (10–21.6 m³ per person). Therefore, proper ventilation is of great importance for any sleeping space that is smaller than the <span><math><msub><mi>V</mi><mi>f</mi></msub></math></span>. The results of the analyses show that for the conventional sleeping volumes, CO₂ levels reach 750 ppm (upper limit for comfortable sleep) in the first hour and increase to the disturbed sleep zone in about 2 h. Additionally, a chart outlining the necessary ventilation flow rates is suggested for maintaining maximum CO₂ concentrations of 750 and 1000 ppm during different sleep durations and in various sleeping environments with varying volumes. Finally, the ventilation rates determined based on unit area and/or occupancy levels in standards (referred to as VRP) may not always be adequate or may be excessive in order to maintain CO₂ concentrations below the recommended limits of 750 and 1000 ppm. It is advised to utilize demand-controlled ventilation by considering the system design as recommended by IAQP.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11641,"journal":{"name":"Energy and Buildings","volume":"327 ","pages":"Article 115073"},"PeriodicalIF":6.6,"publicationDate":"2024-11-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142701418","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Energy implications of meeting indoor air quality and thermal comfort standards in Mediterranean schools using natural and mechanical ventilation strategies","authors":"M. Maiques,&nbsp;J. Tarragona,&nbsp;M. Gangolells,&nbsp;M. Casals","doi":"10.1016/j.enbuild.2024.115076","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.enbuild.2024.115076","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Educational buildings often face significant challenges with indoor air quality and thermal comfort, mainly due to a lack of mechanical ventilation and air conditioning systems. Research has demonstrated that these issues negatively affect students’ learning. The main objective of this paper was to assess compliance with indoor air quality and thermal comfort standards in educational buildings, by quantifying HVAC energy implications under natural and mechanical ventilation strategies. For this purpose, an educational building model that has 4 classrooms occupied by students from different age groups was simulated in 11 Mediterranean climate zones, for 4 ventilation strategies, and with 2 building orientations. The results reveal that natural ventilation is effective only in mild Mediterranean climates, with air quality non-compliance ranging from 0 % to 2 % and thermal comfort non-compliance between 2 % and 5 %. As expected, mechanical ventilation always ensures acceptable indoor air quality and thermal comfort. It achieves average HVAC energy savings of 80 % compared to natural ventilation. When considering that students’ CO₂ generation rates vary depending on the age, systems with CO₂ sensors further reduce HVAC demand (8 %), while maintaining comfort levels. Building orientation was found to have a significant impact for naturally ventilated buildings. South-facing orientations can reduce HVAC energy demand by up to 42 % (1,989 kWh/m²·year), whereas mechanically ventilated buildings show minimal sensitivity to orientation (up to 36 kWh/m²·year). This research will help public authorities of the educational community and architecture and engineering sectors when they are planning, designing and retrofitting educational buildings. Educational building managers will also benefit from this research by being able to optimise building ventilation through the effective management of existing resources.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11641,"journal":{"name":"Energy and Buildings","volume":"328 ","pages":"Article 115076"},"PeriodicalIF":6.6,"publicationDate":"2024-11-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142759742","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}