Energy and Buildings最新文献_第5页

A novel graph-based optimization method for district heating network design: Benchmarking against MILP 区域供热网络设计中一种新的基于图的优化方法：基于MILP的基准

IF 7.1 2区工程技术

Energy and Buildings Pub Date : 2025-09-25 DOI: 10.1016/j.enbuild.2025.116490

Yi Nie, Jonas Klingebiel, Dirk Müller

{"title":"A novel graph-based optimization method for district heating network design: Benchmarking against MILP","authors":"Yi Nie, Jonas Klingebiel, Dirk Müller","doi":"10.1016/j.enbuild.2025.116490","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.enbuild.2025.116490","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In the optimization of urban district heating networks and energy hubs with complex computational scales, Mixed-Integer Linear Programming (MILP) methods can provide globally optimal solutions but are often constrained by high computational complexity and long solution times. This paper proposes a novel graph-based optimization framework, combining Steiner Tree formulations with two heuristic approaches: a marginal benefit-based method that iteratively selects buildings according to their contribution to network efficiency, and a metaheuristic method using Simulated Annealing (SA) to explore building combinations. By decomposing the problem into heating network generation and energy hub optimization, the proposed framework significantly reduces computational costs while maintaining acceptable solution quality. Both MILP and graph-based methods are integrated with geographic information system data to incorporate realistic geographical constraints. Comparative experiments show that the best marginal benefit solution deviates by only 5 % from the MILP benchmark while reducing computation time from 656 s to 28 s. The SA method achieves a 19 % deviation with an average computation time of 248 s. Notably, in scenarios with increased spatial or temporal complexity, where MILP may become computationally intractable, the proposed heuristics remain applicable, underscoring their robustness and practical potential for large-scale district heating network planning. While promising, the performance of the heuristics may vary in other urban contexts, depending on the spatial layout and demand distribution, and further validation across diverse cases is encouraged.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11641,"journal":{"name":"Energy and Buildings","volume":"349 ","pages":"Article 116490"},"PeriodicalIF":7.1,"publicationDate":"2025-09-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145218656","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

A dynamic prediction model for the cooling and heating load in a non-enclosed atrium 非封闭中庭冷热负荷动态预测模型

IF 7.1 2区工程技术

Energy and Buildings Pub Date : 2025-09-25 DOI: 10.1016/j.enbuild.2025.116517

Yujie Zhao , Kang Zhao , Xiaoyu Ying , Jian Ge , Weijun Gao , Xujun Dai

{"title":"A dynamic prediction model for the cooling and heating load in a non-enclosed atrium","authors":"Yujie Zhao , Kang Zhao , Xiaoyu Ying , Jian Ge , Weijun Gao , Xujun Dai","doi":"10.1016/j.enbuild.2025.116517","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.enbuild.2025.116517","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Non-enclosed atriums, directly connected to surrounding zones, facilitate uneven airflow and heat transfer—phenomena that can induce significant additional cooling or heating loads, yet remain unaccounted for in current engineering practice. This study proposes a dynamic prediction model to quantify such loads by integrating the established temperature distribution model with the state-space method. The former determines the quasi-steady vertical air temperature distribution in the atrium and adjacent zones under specific thermal boundary conditions, while the latter addresses building thermal processes. This integrated model accurately describes the thermal behaviour of indoor non-uniform temperature fields, enabling dynamic prediction of cooling and heating loads for non-enclosed atriums. Applying this model, we investigated the typical seasonal characteristics of these loads and quantitatively analysed how design parameters influence their intensity and distribution. Key findings reveal that atriums with greater net height and smaller cross-sections amplify extra loads on the top floor in summer and the bottom floor in winter, respectively. Notably, in winter, for a given atrium volume, a lower section aspect ratio effectively mitigates uneven heating load distribution between floors. This study demonstrates the practical value of the dynamic prediction model in engineering and provides a calculation tool to improve energy consumption prediction accuracy for similar non-enclosed spaces.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11641,"journal":{"name":"Energy and Buildings","volume":"349 ","pages":"Article 116517"},"PeriodicalIF":7.1,"publicationDate":"2025-09-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145183721","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

AutoBEE: A hierarchical multi-agent approach for energy and environmental parameter analysis AutoBEE：能源和环境参数分析的分层多智能体方法

IF 7.1 2区工程技术

Energy and Buildings Pub Date : 2025-09-25 DOI: 10.1016/j.enbuild.2025.116516

Yani Quan , Tong Xiao , Jiefan Gu , Peng Xu

{"title":"AutoBEE: A hierarchical multi-agent approach for energy and environmental parameter analysis","authors":"Yani Quan , Tong Xiao , Jiefan Gu , Peng Xu","doi":"10.1016/j.enbuild.2025.116516","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.enbuild.2025.116516","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Traditional approaches to building performance analysis often rely on manual or semi-manual methods, suffering from cumbersome workflows, low efficiency, and high error rates. This study developed AutoBEE, an automated analysis framework for building energy consumption and environmental parameters based on hierarchical multi-agent system integrated with large language models. This framework focused on enhancing the efficiency of individual agent and productive collaboration among agents group. Through the development of a comprehensive agent tool library, the establishment of a multi-level network spanning from teams to agents, the design of a lightweight communication protocol, and the creation of dynamic path planning, AutoBEE achieves autonomous unmanned operation from natural language input to building performance report output. During operation, agents group can exhibit a wide range of capabilities, including but not limited to accurately parsing user instructions, decomposing complex tasks into subtasks, adjusting parameters in the input data file, executing simulation calculations by energy simulation software, and generating structured professional reports. Verified through experiments in 54 typical scenarios, compared with traditional methods, AutoBEE has significantly improved efficiency, accuracy, rationality, content richness, and economic feasibility, providing an innovative solution for building performance research.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11641,"journal":{"name":"Energy and Buildings","volume":"349 ","pages":"Article 116516"},"PeriodicalIF":7.1,"publicationDate":"2025-09-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145263912","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Experimental investigation on a two-stage vapor compression industrial heat pump incorporating liquid separation condensation 结合液体分离冷凝的两级蒸汽压缩工业热泵实验研究

IF 7.1 2区工程技术

Energy and Buildings Pub Date : 2025-09-24 DOI: 10.1016/j.enbuild.2025.116513

Falin Wei , Yuzheng Ying , Mengdi Cui , Baolong Wang

{"title":"Experimental investigation on a two-stage vapor compression industrial heat pump incorporating liquid separation condensation","authors":"Falin Wei , Yuzheng Ying , Mengdi Cui , Baolong Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.enbuild.2025.116513","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.enbuild.2025.116513","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Industrial heat pumps are poised to play a critical role in the decarbonization of industrial thermal energy, supporting the broader transition to sustainable energy systems. Owing to their superior energy efficiency, heat pumps offer the potential to expand across various heating applications, thereby accelerating the shift toward low-carbon energy solutions.</div><div>This study presents a novel two-stage compression cycle incorporating liquid separation condensation (LSC), designed to substantially minimize thermodynamic losses associated with compression, heat exchange, and throttling processes. The proposed system integrates several advanced features, including two-stage compression, the use of zeotropic refrigerants, liquid separation condensation, and a recuperator. A prototype of the system was developed and experimentally tested. The key findings from the experimental analysis are as follows:</div><div>(1) An optimal liquid separation point was identified under the testing conditions. The most effective separation position was located at approximately one-third the length of the condenser tube from the inlet, designated as Point 2. (2) In comparison to a system employing an internal heat exchanger with a recuperator, the LSC system demonstrated a 64 kPa reduction in condensation pressure and a 148 kPa increase in evaporation pressure. (3) When the condenser-side outlet water temperature was raised from 70 °C to 90 °C, the system exhibited performance improvements, with heating capacity increasing by up to 14.3 % and the coefficient of performance (COP) rising by as much as 12.6 %.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11641,"journal":{"name":"Energy and Buildings","volume":"349 ","pages":"Article 116513"},"PeriodicalIF":7.1,"publicationDate":"2025-09-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145218652","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Field evaluation of zone temperature response to control actions in cooling systems of small and medium-sized office buildings 中小型办公建筑降温系统控制作用下区域温度响应的现场评价

IF 7.1 2区工程技术

Energy and Buildings Pub Date : 2025-09-24 DOI: 10.1016/j.enbuild.2025.116511

Sen Huang , Jianming Lian , Srinivas Katipamula , Robert Lutes

{"title":"Field evaluation of zone temperature response to control actions in cooling systems of small and medium-sized office buildings","authors":"Sen Huang , Jianming Lian , Srinivas Katipamula , Robert Lutes","doi":"10.1016/j.enbuild.2025.116511","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.enbuild.2025.116511","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The response of zone temperature to control actions in heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) systems, known as <em>zone temperature response</em>, has been a central focus of building control research owing to its crucial role in determining control performance. However, existing studies often overlook the representativeness of the buildings being studied, resulting in unclear generalizations. In addition, those studies tend to focus on a single aspect of the response. This paper provides the first comprehensive characterization of zone temperature response applicable to a clearly defined building sector—small and medium-sized office (SMO) buildings (<5000 m<sup>2</sup>) in the US. Specifically, two representative SMO buildings, selected based on the US Department of Energy’s commercial prototype buildings, were studied. Field tests were conducted over a 2-month period during summer, and the collected data were analyzed with two key metrics—delay time and nonlinearity index—to quantify zone temperature response, capturing both short- and long-term patterns. Beyond this quantitative characterization, the analysis reveals that the HVAC system type, rather than factors like floor area or zone location, is the primary determinant of the zone temperature response. Drawing on the field test results, we recommend that building control strategies monitor zone temperatures at intervals shorter than 10 minutes, configure controls independently for VAV- and RTU-served zones, and implement nonlinear methods at the zone level—particularly for VAV zones—rather than across the entire building.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11641,"journal":{"name":"Energy and Buildings","volume":"349 ","pages":"Article 116511"},"PeriodicalIF":7.1,"publicationDate":"2025-09-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145218650","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

A two-stage imputation method for enhancing urban building energy data resilience using Bayesian inference 基于贝叶斯推理增强城市建筑能源数据弹性的两阶段插值方法

IF 7.1 2区工程技术

Energy and Buildings Pub Date : 2025-09-24 DOI: 10.1016/j.enbuild.2025.116515

Gowoon Lee , Sebin Choi , Youngwoong Choi , Jabeom Koo , Deuk-Woo Kim , Sungmin Yoon

{"title":"A two-stage imputation method for enhancing urban building energy data resilience using Bayesian inference","authors":"Gowoon Lee , Sebin Choi , Youngwoong Choi , Jabeom Koo , Deuk-Woo Kim , Sungmin Yoon","doi":"10.1016/j.enbuild.2025.116515","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.enbuild.2025.116515","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>As advanced techniques such as artificial intelligence and digital twins become increasingly integrated into urban systems, effective management of missing data is becoming more important in urban areas. A total of 8,603 buildings were found to have one or more missing data in their 2018 monthly electricity consumption data, out of about 440,000 buildings in Seoul. There were four types of missing data, consecutive missing type, non-consecutive missing type, and mixed missing type and full missing type. This study proposes a two-stage imputation method, which integrates machine learning and Bayesian inference techniques. This method was applied to six real-world buildings in Seoul. The case study identified three key findings. First, the imputation results achieved CVRMSE values ranging from 3.88 % to 12.18 %. Second, the method demonstrated effectiveness across diverse types of missing data. Third, the proposed method can effectively handle cases with up to seven missing data points. This method not only enhances the integrity of urban data but also contributes to data-driven analysis and decision-making processes within urban systems.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11641,"journal":{"name":"Energy and Buildings","volume":"349 ","pages":"Article 116515"},"PeriodicalIF":7.1,"publicationDate":"2025-09-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145263967","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Energy efficiency, renewables, and electrification contribute to decarbonising the operation of residential building stock in Hong Kong 能源效益、可再生能源和电气化有助于减少香港住宅建筑的碳排放

IF 7.1 2区工程技术

Energy and Buildings Pub Date : 2025-09-24 DOI: 10.1016/j.enbuild.2025.116520

Yumin Liang, Cong Yu, Wei Pan

{"title":"Energy efficiency, renewables, and electrification contribute to decarbonising the operation of residential building stock in Hong Kong","authors":"Yumin Liang, Cong Yu, Wei Pan","doi":"10.1016/j.enbuild.2025.116520","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.enbuild.2025.116520","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Reducing operational carbon emissions from residential buildings is crucial for achieving carbon neutrality in high-density metropolises such as Hong Kong. However, existing studies on decarbonising the building sector have mainly focused on the impact of socio-economic factors, rather than technical factors, resulting in an unclear action plan. Aiming to fill the knowledge gap on the pathway to net-zero emissions from the operation of Hong Kong’s residential buildings, this paper develops an emission prediction model integrating the Kaya identity and the Stochastic Impacts by Regression on Population, Affluence, and Technology (STIRPAT) model. Technical factors related to building operation, including energy use intensity, carbon emission factor and electrification rate, were incorporated into the model. The Logarithmic Mean Divisia Index (LMDI) decomposition method was then used to identify the key factors influencing the carbon emissions based on official statistics from 2000 to 2023. Finally, a total of 81 dynamic scenarios were developed within the context of Hong Kong to predict future emissions and analyse the contributions of different decarbonisation strategies. Electricity use intensity and carbon emission factor were identified as the most significant explicit influencing factors, while building electrification rate was identified as an implicit factor. Accordingly, the strategies of building energy efficiency, renewable energy use, and building electrification can respectively contribute to 48.0%, 44.5% and 7.4% of the reduction in operational carbon emissions from Hong Kong's residential building stock in 2050. The findings provide important implications for Hong Kong in formulating effective decarbonisation roadmaps for the operation of the residential building stock.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11641,"journal":{"name":"Energy and Buildings","volume":"349 ","pages":"Article 116520"},"PeriodicalIF":7.1,"publicationDate":"2025-09-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145218658","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Energy inefficiency in energy-poor households in Mumbai, India 印度孟买能源贫乏家庭的能源效率低下

IF 7.1 2区工程技术

Energy and Buildings Pub Date : 2025-09-24 DOI: 10.1016/j.enbuild.2025.116519

Vallary Gupta , Ahana Sarkar , Chirag Deb , Arnab Jana

{"title":"Energy inefficiency in energy-poor households in Mumbai, India","authors":"Vallary Gupta , Ahana Sarkar , Chirag Deb , Arnab Jana","doi":"10.1016/j.enbuild.2025.116519","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.enbuild.2025.116519","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Energy-poor households often compromise their thermal comfort and refrain from operating mechanical cooling devices to avoid high electricity bills. This is compounded by certain behavioral practices like retention of older, less efficient appliances, resulting in missed energy savings. Thus, the need to enhance efficiency becomes critical in these households. However, little is understood about their electricity consumption patterns and usage efficiency due to a lack of comprehensive data in India. Estimating inefficiency and assessing its determinants is crucial for improving the quality of life.</div><div>This study measures the inefficiency in electricity consumption due to household practices and appliances in social housing in Mumbai, India. It considers technological determinants in addition to socio-economic variables. The study employs primary data collected from rehabilitation housing and slums. Stochastic frontier analysis, a parametric approach, is applied to estimate factors influencing electricity consumption and inefficiency. While household size andworkforce participation significantly affect consumption behavior in rehabilitation housing, it is limited to the workforce in slums. The ownership of appliances, except for washing machines in slums, also exhibits considerable impacts. The mean efficiency scores of 83% and 91% for rehabilitation housing and slums empirically quantify the potential savings achievable. Factors that positively influence inefficiency include the duration of operating refrigerators, washing machines, iron, and AC. These results hold implications for enhancing the uptake of efficient appliances and accelerating energy efficiency retrofits in the region. Policies should focus on awareness and the development of appliance markets through incentives.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11641,"journal":{"name":"Energy and Buildings","volume":"348 ","pages":"Article 116519"},"PeriodicalIF":7.1,"publicationDate":"2025-09-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145156816","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Investigating the vertical thermal of urban building facades using one-year IoT sensor data 使用一年的物联网传感器数据调查城市建筑立面的垂直热

IF 7.1 2区工程技术

Energy and Buildings Pub Date : 2025-09-23 DOI: 10.1016/j.enbuild.2025.116503

Guanhua Guo, Lifei Chen, Zheng Cao, Zihao Zheng, Zhifeng Wu, Yingbiao Chen

{"title":"Investigating the vertical thermal of urban building facades using one-year IoT sensor data","authors":"Guanhua Guo, Lifei Chen, Zheng Cao, Zihao Zheng, Zhifeng Wu, Yingbiao Chen","doi":"10.1016/j.enbuild.2025.116503","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.enbuild.2025.116503","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>With global warming and the intensification of urban heat island effects, vertical monitoring of urban thermal environments becomes crucial. It helps reveal temperature distribution at different building heights, supports better architectural design, and improves residential comfort. Based on IoT technology, this study developed an ultra-low-power air temperature sensor (AT-IoT) and conducted year-round air temperature monitoring in 2023 at a university campus in Guangzhou. Twenty monitoring points were installed at different vertical heights on building facades with four different orientations. The results showed: 1) Significant temperature differences existed between floors. During the daytime, upper floors were about 0.75 °C warmer than lower ones, particularly in summer due to solar radiation. In winter and spring, vertical temperature differences were more pronounced, up to 1 °C; 2) Building orientation also shaped temperature patterns. Sunlit facades showed higher values, while north-facing upper floors experienced unusual warming, likely due to stagnant air zones and reflected heat; 3) Cluster analysis showed that upper-floor temperatures were relatively stable. In contrast, lower floors were more affected by ground radiation, wind speed, and vegetation. These findings enhance the understanding of facade-scale vertical temperature variations and offer scientific guidance for improving energy efficiency, optimizing energy use, and reducing heat risks.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11641,"journal":{"name":"Energy and Buildings","volume":"348 ","pages":"Article 116503"},"PeriodicalIF":7.1,"publicationDate":"2025-09-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145181293","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Stratum thermal conductivity and thermal analysis of medium-deep borehole based on field test: From a geological view 基于现场试验的中深钻孔地层导热系数及热分析：从地质角度看

IF 7.1 2区工程技术

Energy and Buildings Pub Date : 2025-09-23 DOI: 10.1016/j.enbuild.2025.116506

Shihao Dong , Yuelong Yu , Bingxue Li , Cheng Sun , Long Ni

{"title":"Stratum thermal conductivity and thermal analysis of medium-deep borehole based on field test: From a geological view","authors":"Shihao Dong , Yuelong Yu , Bingxue Li , Cheng Sun , Long Ni","doi":"10.1016/j.enbuild.2025.116506","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.enbuild.2025.116506","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Medium-depth ground source heat pump is a crucial option for low-carbon heating. However, research from a geological perspective is limited, and there is a lack of calculation methods for the thermal conductivity of medium-deep complex strata. Hence, we conducted geological and thermal tests on a 1700 m coaxial borehole at Shenyang. A hybrid thermal conductivity model considering rock types was established. CSAMT results show that the strata present a trend of being loose in the shallow part and dense in the deep part, with local faults. The sedimentation of the stratum is incomplete, with the Archaean (>20 m) being dominant. The rock skeleton is thermally conductive and locally fragmented. The average thermal conductivity of 1700 m stratum is 2.58 W·m<sup>−1</sup>·K<sup>−1</sup>. Due to good thermal conductivity of rock skeleton (gneiss), low porosity (1.8 %) and no argillaceous, maximum value of 3.34 W·m<sup>−1</sup>·K<sup>−1</sup> was observed near 1063.9 – 1068.8 m; due to the fractured layers leading to higher porosity (44.28 %), minimum value of 0.85 W·m<sup>−1</sup>·K<sup>−1</sup> occurred in 1149.9 – 1153.9 m. Field tests showed that stable heat extraction reached 163.5 kW under a flow rate of 27.0 m<sup>3</sup>·h<sup>−1</sup>, maintaining a stable heating of 213.7 kW under a supply temperature of 60 ℃.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11641,"journal":{"name":"Energy and Buildings","volume":"348 ","pages":"Article 116506"},"PeriodicalIF":7.1,"publicationDate":"2025-09-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145181292","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0