Energy and Buildings最新文献

{"title":"Evaluation of smart glazing properties for net positive windows in commercial buildings","authors":"Eric Ohene ,&nbsp;Michael D. McGehee ,&nbsp;Moncef Krarti","doi":"10.1016/j.enbuild.2026.117129","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.enbuild.2026.117129","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The study identifies smart glazing properties necessary for delivering net energy positive performance for office buildings. A comprehensive parametric framework is used to quantify the influence of smart window optical and thermal characteristics, tint control strategies, and building design parameters on whole-building energy performance. The analysis results demonstrate that smart glazed windows can transition from net energy liability to net energy positive elements of office building envelopes when climate-responsive control strategies and daylighting integration are appropriately implemented. Without daylighting control, smart glazed windows can increase annual energy use by up to 20% in cooling-dominated climates, whereas the deployment of daylighting control reduced total energy consumption by 5–7%<!--> <!-->in mixed climates such as Boulder, CO. Outdoor air temperature (OAT)-based control strategies consistently outperformed incident total solar-radiation (ITSR)-based controls, when coupled with optimal switching settings. Moreover, the sensitivity analyses reveal a nonlinear dependence of energy performance on window-to-wall ratio, with large windows increasing both the penalties and benefits of smart glazed fenestration systems. Improvements in thermal transmittance below 1.10 W/m²·K yielded diminishing returns, indicating that adaptive optical properties are more influential than ultra-low U-factors for achieving net energy positive performance for smart glazed windows. The evaluation of commercially available electrochromic glazing products when deployed to office buildings show energy savings of 2–5% for mild and mixed climates, near-neutral performance for cooling-dominated climates, and energy penalties for heating-dominated climates.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11641,"journal":{"name":"Energy and Buildings","volume":"357 ","pages":"Article 117129"},"PeriodicalIF":7.1,"publicationDate":"2026-04-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146152970","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Adapting building stock archetype methodology for greenhouse stock characterisation","authors":"Junior Zannou ,&nbsp;Danielle Monfet ,&nbsp;Gilbert Larochelle Martin ,&nbsp;Didier Haillot","doi":"10.1016/j.enbuild.2026.117121","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.enbuild.2026.117121","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The development of archetypes is a well-established approach for modelling the energy consumption of building stocks; however, its application to greenhouse stocks remains largely unexplored. This article proposed a method for greenhouse stock characterisation, using electric greenhouses in Quebec as a case study.</div><div>The proposed method relied on k-means clustering applied to a sample of 104 greenhouses, categorised into three electric energy use types: electric heating (<em>GHe</em>), electric heating with artificial lighting (<em>GHLe</em>), and electric lighting with non-electric heating (<em>GLe</em>). Clustering was based on heating degree-days and energy use intensity per production days (<em>EUI_pp</em>) for <em>GHe</em> and <em>GHLe</em>, and on latitude and <em>EUI_pp</em> for <em>GLe</em>. The optimal number of clusters (k = 3) was determined using the elbow method and silhouette index, with scores ranging from 0.54 to 0.72, resulting in the identification of nine distinct archetypes.</div><div>Each archetype was characterised according to its geometry, cover material, thermal transmittance, and crop type. Geometry was assigned in a deterministic manner, resulting in three individual and six multi-span greenhouse archetypes. Cover material exhibited a discrete distribution (68% double polyethylene (Ped), 32% glass), while the associated thermal transmittance was characterised by a uniform probability distribution (UPD) specific to each material. Crop type was defined by a discrete distribution: 85% for warm-season and 15% for cool-season. This approach provided a structured segmentation of a heterogeneous greenhouse stock into distinct clusters and archetypes, thereby establishing the foundation for energy modelling of Quebec’s electric greenhouses and supporting its transferability to other regions with analogous data.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11641,"journal":{"name":"Energy and Buildings","volume":"357 ","pages":"Article 117121"},"PeriodicalIF":7.1,"publicationDate":"2026-04-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146134676","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Performance assessment of nature-based solutions for sustainable urban housing","authors":"Muhammad Aarish Shah,&nbsp;Syed Hassaan Ali Shah,&nbsp;Omama Zeb,&nbsp;Aman Alam","doi":"10.1016/j.enbuild.2026.117127","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.enbuild.2026.117127","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The building sector is one of the major energy consumer and carbon producers, primarily due to the conventional construction and operation methods. Conventional buildings alone account for more than 40% of the total global greenhouse gas emissions during their construction and operation phase. These massive emissions further exacerbate climate change and its adverse impacts like urban flooding, urban heat island, effect overall increase in temperatures, melting of glaciers etc. To counter these challenges and mitigate the ill impacts of climate change, a step towards sustainable construction technique needs to be considered. This study evaluates the combined impact of green roofs and vertical gardening on a typical 10-Marla residential building under regional climatic conditions using EnergyPlus simulations, informed by actual utility energy consumption and assessed using prevailing average residential electricity rates. A 10-Marla residential building was modeled in Autodesk Revit and then exported to DesignBuilder software for energy analysis. The simulations were performed using EnergyPlus simulation engine, initially for the conventional building and later for the optimized building integrated with vertical and rooftop gardening. A cost-recovery analysis was performed to calculate the payback period for the amount required for retrofitting of these measures into a standard building. The results showed that there were annual energy savings of about 25% and the carbon emissions were also reduced by the same figure. The cost recovery period for the upfront cost was determined to be 3.45 years. The operative temperatures dropped by up to 1.2°C for summer season and increased by up to 1.6°C for winter season. The results should be interpreted conservatively, as localized urban heat island effects not fully captured in gridded weather datasets may further increase cooling demand and enhance the relative benefits of the proposed retrofits.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11641,"journal":{"name":"Energy and Buildings","volume":"357 ","pages":"Article 117127"},"PeriodicalIF":7.1,"publicationDate":"2026-04-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146146621","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A data informativeness evaluation method for grey-box modeling of building thermal dynamics","authors":"Xinyi Lin ,&nbsp;Zhe Tian ,&nbsp;Adrian Chong ,&nbsp;Yakai Lu ,&nbsp;Jide Niu ,&nbsp;Na Deng","doi":"10.1016/j.enbuild.2026.117103","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.enbuild.2026.117103","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Grey-box modeling has been widely used in building thermal modeling due to its adaptability and interpretability. The identification of model parameters mainly depends on the measured dataset, and its optimal construction is critical for ensuring model accuracy. Existing studies commonly discuss the influence of training data quantity on the model accuracy. However, the training data informativeness is always ignored, which reflects the quality and richness of information within the data samples and informs the estimates of model parameter values. Notably, the informativeness level may vary among samples, and the quantity of data does not necessarily correlate with its informativeness. Here, we propose a data informativeness evaluation method that can well select informative training data for grey-box models under different scenarios. The method establishes two evaluation criteria based on the characteristics of grey-box model: one describes the consistency between training and forecasting data distributions, and the other outlines the distribution variations within the training data. The effectiveness of the proposed method is demonstrated using data from experiment case. The results indicate that the proposed data informativeness index reflects the quality of the dataset well and has a high correlation with prediction accuracy (The Pearson correlation coefficient varies from −0.6 to −0.8). This evaluation method will be of great significance for optimizing the dataset construction of grey-box model of building thermal dynamics.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11641,"journal":{"name":"Energy and Buildings","volume":"357 ","pages":"Article 117103"},"PeriodicalIF":7.1,"publicationDate":"2026-04-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146147113","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Bio-jaali: Reimagining vernacular passive cooling screens with mycelium-based composites","authors":"Kumar Biswajit Debnath ,&nbsp;Natalia Pynirtzi ,&nbsp;Jane Scott ,&nbsp;Colin Davie ,&nbsp;Ben Bridgens","doi":"10.1016/j.enbuild.2026.117104","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.enbuild.2026.117104","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Climate change and severe urban heat stress in South Asian megacities are driving an amplified reliance on energy-intensive air conditioning, necessitating urgent low-carbon cooling solutions. This study addresses this challenge by reinterpreting the traditional jaali, a perforated passive-cooling screen, using mycelium-based composites (MBCs) to create a novel, climate-responsive, low-carbon façade system: bio-jaali. We assessed the performance of the bio-jaali through a holistic approach, combining historical climate data analysis (New Delhi, 1991–2019), dynamic building energy simulations, and laboratory bio-fabrication and hygrothermal testing. This integrated methodology is a key achievement, bridging materials science with dynamic simulation to improve building-scale performance. The climate analysis revealed a 60% increase in ‘danger-level’ heat-stress hours over the 28 years. Dynamic simulation results showed that replacing the conventional sandstone jaali with the bio-jaali yielded substantial thermal benefits: a 3.5°C (10%) reduction in the annual average indoor operative temperature and a drop in peak summer indoor temperatures by up to 14.8°C. Consequently, the annual cooling energy demand was lowered by 50.4%. Furthermore, laboratory cyclic humidity tests demonstrated the MBCs’ potential for evaporative cooling, confirming they remained dimensionally stable (&lt;3% change) while absorbing up to 17.2% moisture. The bio-jaali is highlighted as a culturally rooted, bio-based solution that significantly reduces reliance on active cooling. This research contributes new knowledge on the building-scale performance, climate adaptability, and cyclic hygrothermal stability of MBC facades. We position the bio-jaali as a robust prototype for integrating passive and adaptive thermal regulation, advancing circular construction practices for sustainable architecture in heat-stressed urban environments.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11641,"journal":{"name":"Energy and Buildings","volume":"357 ","pages":"Article 117104"},"PeriodicalIF":7.1,"publicationDate":"2026-04-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146147115","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Applicability of the safe and sustainable by design framework to thermochemical energy storage materials in buildings: A readiness assessment","authors":"Dinh Linh Le ,&nbsp;Roberta Salomone ,&nbsp;Teresa Maria Gulotta ,&nbsp;Patrizia Primerano ,&nbsp;Giuseppe Saija","doi":"10.1016/j.enbuild.2026.117146","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.enbuild.2026.117146","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Thermochemical energy storage (TCES) can support decarbonising the building sector by offering high storage density and the potential for long-duration retention with low standing losses; it can be charged using low-grade solar or waste heat and discharged on demand for peak shaving and renewable integration, though realised benefits depend on material stability and system design. Because units are installed close to occupied buildings, occupant and worker safety is a primary criterion; material selection must therefore look beyond energy metrics to evaluate safety and sustainability. The Safe and Sustainable by Design (SSbD) framework provides a structured lens for such assessment. This study evaluates the applicability of SSbD to reaction-based TCES materials for buildings. A review of reviews in Scopus identifies 11 reviews and compiles 50 materials. Safety and hazard data are gathered from regulatory sources (ECHA, PubChem) and supplier safety data sheets. Life cycle inventories are screened via the Global Life Cycle Assessment Data Access network and supplemented by literature-based datasets and transparently documented proxies. Cost data are derived from supplier catalogues, market quotations, and literature. Readiness for SSbD assessment spans: 8/50 very high (e.g., CaCl₂·6H₂O, MgSO₄·7H₂O), 5/50 high (e.g., LiCl·H₂O, MgCl₂·6H₂O), 10/50 medium (e.g., Na₂S·5H₂O, SrBr₂·6H₂O), 3/50 low (MgSO₄·6H₂O, FeCl₂·2H₂O, CuCl₂·H₂O), and 24/50 not ready yet (mainly minor hydrates and all ammonia adducts). Cross-cutting gaps include PMT/vPvM indicators, selected chronic aquatic and endocrine endpoints, and basic occupational safety and health descriptors. The results provide an actionable evidence base for prioritising safer, sustainability-aligned TCES materials to support energy-efficient and climate-resilient buildings.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11641,"journal":{"name":"Energy and Buildings","volume":"357 ","pages":"Article 117146"},"PeriodicalIF":7.1,"publicationDate":"2026-04-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146160223","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Computationally efficient smart building energy management via deep reinforcement learning-enhanced model predictive control","authors":"Bo Li,&nbsp;Gangquan Si,&nbsp;Minglin Xu,&nbsp;Detao Fan,&nbsp;Qianyue Wang,&nbsp;Xin Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.enbuild.2026.117128","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.enbuild.2026.117128","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Model predictive control (MPC) is a powerful strategy for optimizing building energy management, but its high computational burden hinders its deployment on resource-constrained hardware. To address this challenge, this paper presents a novel hierarchical control framework that synergizes MPC with deep reinforcement learning (DRL) to navigate the trade-off between control performance and computational burden. Within this framework, a low-level MPC controller is responsible for precise building energy management with the objective of maximizing energy efficiency and ensuring user thermal comfort, while a high-level DRL agent adaptively tunes the MPC’s meta-parameters to reduce unnecessary computational burden without significantly degrading performance. To implement this framework, an adaptive meta-parameter MPC algorithm is developed based on expert-guided proximal policy optimization by using an expert demonstrator to enhance the DRL training efficiency. Simulation results show that the proposed algorithm significantly outperforms standalone MPC and DRL methods. Compared to a fixed-long-horizon MPC, the proposed method reduces the actual computation time by 75.8% with only a marginal 2.6% increase in operational cost. Furthermore, by coordinately adjusting both the recomputation frequency and prediction horizon of the MPC controller, the framework achieves a more favorable trade-off between control performance and computational efficiency than a standard event-triggered MPC. Finally, robustness analyses confirm that the DRL agent learns an intelligent policy that adaptively intensifies computational effort to mitigate the impact of prediction errors and strategically allocates resources in response to price volatility, thereby maintaining high performance and efficiency even under extreme conditions.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11641,"journal":{"name":"Energy and Buildings","volume":"357 ","pages":"Article 117128"},"PeriodicalIF":7.1,"publicationDate":"2026-04-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146146619","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Optimizing Ventilation Performance of a Solar Chimney with Transparent Insert: A Synergistic Study on Depth, Height, and Configurational Parameters","authors":"Yuxing Yan,&nbsp;Shenglan Jing,&nbsp;Yonggang Lei,&nbsp;Yang Guo,&nbsp;Tianci Liang,&nbsp;Jupeng Xie","doi":"10.1016/j.enbuild.2026.117137","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.enbuild.2026.117137","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>To address the inherent limitation of traditional solar chimneys—where ventilation efficiency is constrained by their heavy reliance on single-sided heating—this study explores the performance enhancement potential of integrating transparent glass inserts. Employing a synergistic approach combining experimental tests and Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) simulations, the research clarifies the nonlinear coupling mechanism between the insert-induced efficiency improvement and key geometric parameters (i.e., chimney depth and height).</div><div>In the experimental phase, an electrically heated aluminum plate was used as a controllable heat source to avoid external weather interference, with benchmark tests conducted on ventilation performance under three depths (0.2, 0.3, 0.4 m) with/without inserted plates at constant power. In CFD simulations, 500 W/m² incident solar radiation was applied to the glass outer surface as a boundary condition. Extended simulations were further performed to systematically investigate the impacts of chimney height (1.0–2.2 m), depth-to-height ratio and plate length ratio (λ) on ventilation performance.</div><div>The results demonstrate that the integration of transparent inserts double the effective plume area, thereby reducing flow resistance and significantly enhancing the mass flow rate. While, the ventilation rate increases monotonically with both chimney depth and height, but the relative efficiency increment exhibits a distinct nonlinear characteristic, with an optimal depth-to-height ratio of 0.1–0.3. Additionally, optimizing λ to 0.8 effectively the formation of bottom recirculation vortices, leading to a further 7% improvement in ventilation rate. This study not only provides actionable design optimization guidelines for solar chimney systems but also reveals the intrinsic coupling mechanism among geometric parameters, built-in components, and flow field structures, thereby laying a solid theoretical foundation for the development of high-performance passive ventilation technologies in buildings.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11641,"journal":{"name":"Energy and Buildings","volume":"357 ","pages":"Article 117137"},"PeriodicalIF":7.1,"publicationDate":"2026-04-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146152990","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Reduction of heating energy demand by combining IR heaters and IR reflective walls: An experimental study","authors":"Lukas Anselm Wille ,&nbsp;Björn Schiricke ,&nbsp;Kai Gehrke ,&nbsp;Tobias Dehne ,&nbsp;Bernhard Hoffschmidt","doi":"10.1016/j.enbuild.2026.117112","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.enbuild.2026.117112","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In this study, we build upon previous simulation research that advocates the use of infrared (IR) heaters in conjunction with IR reflective interior walls to meet heating demand in buildings. This combination allows the walls to reflect the heat emitted by the IR heaters back to the occupants in a room, rather than absorbing the radiation. As a result, the radiant temperature increases and the air temperature can be lowered in order to maintain constant thermal comfort and to reduce heat loss through the building envelope. We conducted experiments in a climate chamber to isolate the effects of four factors on thermal comfort: the heating power of IR heaters, the IR emittance of the interior walls, the interior wall surface temperature, and the air temperature. The emittance was modified by applying an increasing number of adhesive aluminium foil stripes. Heat conduction through the wall to the outside is not part of this study. To minimize the number of required experiments, we employed a Central Composite Design, from which we derived a response surface function. The experimental results confirm a correlation between wall emittance and occupant thermal comfort in a room, particularly at higher IR heater power levels. The Predicted Mean Vote (PMV) value increases at lower wall emittance (corresponding to higher radiant temperatures), highlighting the potential for energy savings through reduced air temperatures. However, the observed impact of low emittance surfaces on the PMV is less pronounced than previously estimated in simulation studies.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11641,"journal":{"name":"Energy and Buildings","volume":"357 ","pages":"Article 117112"},"PeriodicalIF":7.1,"publicationDate":"2026-04-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146172596","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Climate change impact on envelope retrofit effectiveness: energy and carbon performance of Italian residential and office buildings today vs. 2050","authors":"Francesca Villano ,&nbsp;Fabrizio Ascione ,&nbsp;Tomasz Cholewa ,&nbsp;Rosa Francesca De Masi ,&nbsp;Gerardo Maria Mauro ,&nbsp;Silvia Ruggiero","doi":"10.1016/j.enbuild.2026.117145","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.enbuild.2026.117145","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Buildings significantly contribute to global energy consumption and CO₂ emissions, and their performance is increasingly challenged by rising cooling demands under climate change. While many studies assess envelope retrofit measures, most focus on a single building use. This study addresses this gap through a comparative analysis across building typologies, uses, and climatic conditions. The effects of climate change and envelope retrofit strategies on thermal energy demand (TED) and CO₂ emissions are evaluated for four representative Italian building typologies—apartment block, multifamily building, terraced house, and single-family house—considering residential and office uses, standard and high internal loads, and current and 2050 climate conditions. Dynamic simulations are performed using EnergyPlus for four Italian climatic zones. Several retrofit options are analyzed, including insulation measures, window replacement, cool roofs, and a global retrofit. The global retrofit provides the largest benefits, reducing TED and CO₂ emissions by up to 65% and 60% under current conditions, with a slight decrease in effectiveness (2–4%) toward 2050. Office buildings with high internal loads show smaller improvements than residential ones. Compact buildings exhibit greater climate resilience, whereas less compact typologies experience larger performance declines. Cool roofs are effective in mitigating cooling-related emissions under warmer climates, though their impact is limited in high-load office scenarios. Results highlight the need for adaptive and climate-resilient retrofit strategies in Mediterranean contexts.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11641,"journal":{"name":"Energy and Buildings","volume":"357 ","pages":"Article 117145"},"PeriodicalIF":7.1,"publicationDate":"2026-04-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146160230","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}