Energy and Buildings最新文献

{"title":"A fault diagnosis strategy for refrigerant leakage of the air conditioning system in high-efficiency internet data centers","authors":"Chuang Yang,&nbsp;Shikai Tan,&nbsp;Huanxin Chen","doi":"10.1016/j.enbuild.2025.116176","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.enbuild.2025.116176","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Internet data centers (IDCs) are large energy consumers and the IDCs air conditioning system will inevitably experience refrigerant leakage due to long-term and non-stop operation, which increases the risk of computer services’ health and leads to unnecessary energy waste. Therefore, this paper presents a fault diagnosis strategy for refrigerant leakage of the IDCs air conditioning systems based on deep neural network (DNN). The <em>Gini</em> coefficient is utilized to choose important feature variables. Then a fault diagnosis model was developed based on the DNN. On-the-spot experiments of an IDCs air conditioning system are conducted to collect practical operational data to validate this strategy. Refrigerant charge under normal conditions and five various leakage levels are investigated. The offline data of IDCs air conditioning system are collected to train the DNN models, testing results show that the proposed DNN model has good classification performance and generalization ability. The accuracy, geometric mean accuracy (GMA), false alarm rate (FAR), missing alarm rate (MAR) reach to 99.99%, 99.92%, 0%, 0%, respectively. A small amount of online data was used to update the model, the classification performance of the model will be greatly improved, which shows that the proposed DNN model has great potential for online data classification. Accuracy increase by 26.62%, from 73.66% to 93.27%, FAR decrease from 32.82% to 0%.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11641,"journal":{"name":"Energy and Buildings","volume":"346 ","pages":"Article 116176"},"PeriodicalIF":6.6,"publicationDate":"2025-07-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144711700","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Towards energy flexible commercial buildings: Machine learning approaches, implementation aspects, and future research directions","authors":"M.M.A.L.N. Maheepala ,&nbsp;Hangxin Li ,&nbsp;Dilan Robert ,&nbsp;Lasantha Meegahapola ,&nbsp;Shengwei Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.enbuild.2025.116170","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.enbuild.2025.116170","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Commercial buildings encounter considerable challenges in predicting and managing energy flexibility, arising from the complexity of their energy systems and the interdependencies among system components and building thermal mass. Nonetheless, the emergence of “smarter buildings” creates significant opportunities for applying machine learning (ML) techniques in energy flexibility. These methods provide significant benefits to commercial building owners, with multiple states integrating energy flexibility provisions for commercial buildings into their regulatory frameworks. This paper provides a systematic review of the role of commercial buildings in energy flexibility studies, with a particular emphasis on ML techniques used in the characterisation, optimisation, and forecasting of energy flexibility. Furthermore, it examines the direct monetary and non-direct monetary benefits and practical challenges associated with integrating flexibility concepts into commercial buildings, as well as the policy and regulatory frameworks that facilitate flexibility implementations. A comprehensive understanding of these aspects will be beneficial for developing robust frameworks that enhance the adaptive capacity of commercial buildings, thus enabling their seamless integration into dynamic energy markets while supporting grid stability and sustainability objectives.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11641,"journal":{"name":"Energy and Buildings","volume":"346 ","pages":"Article 116170"},"PeriodicalIF":6.6,"publicationDate":"2025-07-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144685711","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Approaching the single-family building to the zero residential building status by implementing photovoltaic panels and external wall-roof pergolas for different locations in the Western Serbia region","authors":"Aleksandar Nešović ,&nbsp;Aleksandar Radaković ,&nbsp;Dragan Cvetković ,&nbsp;Robert Kowalik ,&nbsp;Igor Saveljić","doi":"10.1016/j.enbuild.2025.116173","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.enbuild.2025.116173","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>With the legislative strengthening of the Energy Efficiency Directive in October 2023, Europe established a new green energy policy that mandates reducing total final energy consumption to 763 Mtoe by 2030. Given that the residential building sector currently accounts for approximately 25 % of this consumption, it is clear that promoting energy-efficient residential buildings will be significantly intensified in the near future.</div><div>Following current trends, this paper critically investigates the energy, ecological and economic aspects of active (photovoltaic panels) and passive (external wall-roof pergolas) solar systems to approach the single-family building to the zero residential building status in the Western Serbia region for the following two main reasons: (1) Serbia (the same applies to the Balkan Peninsula) represents critical link in the European energy transformations chain and (2) solar potential for a moderate continental climate is about 40% higher than the European average.</div><div>All three residential building models (building without solar systems – scenario S1, building with photovoltaic panels – scenario S2 and building with photovoltaic panels and external wall-roof pergolas – scenario S3) were created in the Google SketchUp software following the Serbian Rulebook on Energy Efficiency for New Buildings. All thermo-technical systems (home appliances, internal lighting, water heating, space heating – central heating system with pellet boiler and radiators, space cooling – individual air-conditioner units, photovoltaic panels and pergolas) and people occupancy are simulated using the EnergyPlus software.</div><div>Based on the conducted simulations and obtained results (for 10 different locations in the adopted region) the following main conclusions can be drawn: (1) the Western Serbia region is suitable for green (sustainable) architecture and energy-efficient residential buildings, (2) depending on the location parameters, pergolas can reduce the area of photovoltaic panels by 0.92–5.07 m² without endangering the zero-energy residential building status, (3) thermo-technical systems based on renewable energy sources for space heating and cooling positively contribute to the zero-emission residential building status (carbon footprint), but not always zero-cost residential building status and (4) zero residential building concept is not possible without responsible occupancy behavior.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11641,"journal":{"name":"Energy and Buildings","volume":"346 ","pages":"Article 116173"},"PeriodicalIF":6.6,"publicationDate":"2025-07-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144679978","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A novel interpolation method for high temporal-resolution electricity usages based on volatility quantification and pattern extraction","authors":"Yinao Zhou ,&nbsp;Ruoxi Geng ,&nbsp;Xuyuan Kang ,&nbsp;Huiming Xu ,&nbsp;Xiao Wang ,&nbsp;Rui Li ,&nbsp;Da Yan","doi":"10.1016/j.enbuild.2025.116174","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.enbuild.2025.116174","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>As the penetration rate of renewable energy in the power grid increases, it is essential to reduce energy consumption and carbon emissions associated with buildings. Interactions between a building’s microgrid and power grids have attracted significant research attention. However, most building energy data have been collected at 1-hour intervals, which mismatches the 15-min intervals used in current power grid control and demand responses. Variations in building electricity data at different temporal time-steps were observed in electricity load distribution, daily peak usage, and volatility values, and existing high-resolution interpolation methods failed to quantify these features. In this study, we developed a novel high temporal-resolution interpolation method for hourly building electricity usage data, using volatility quantification and pattern extraction. The proposed methodology includes two folds: analyzing daily fluctuation amplitudes and analyzing hourly fluctuation patterns. Validation results of the proposed method on high-resolution electricity data of 19 commercial complexes in North and Northeast China was conducted, and compared to a baseline zero-order interpolation model. The proposed method significantly decreased the median KS statistic from 0.0155 to 0.0048 for electricity load distribution, from 0.0712 to 0.0356 for daily electricity peak usage distribution, and from 0.6932 to 0.1726 for daily electricity VF value distribution. These results indicate that the proposed method accurately captures the critical features of high-resolution building electricity usage profiles and improved the quantification of electricity usage volatility and randomness. Additionally, the proposed method enhanced the precision of the analysis of operational energy costs and battery cycles, supporting the design and operation of the building microgrid systems.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11641,"journal":{"name":"Energy and Buildings","volume":"346 ","pages":"Article 116174"},"PeriodicalIF":6.6,"publicationDate":"2025-07-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144714237","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Energy performance optimization and economic analysis of SVG-insulated facades","authors":"Hao Zhou ,&nbsp;Jinqing Peng ,&nbsp;Wenhao Zhu ,&nbsp;Hongxing Yang","doi":"10.1016/j.enbuild.2025.116165","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.enbuild.2025.116165","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Solar PV vacuum glazing (SVG) insulated façades enhance building fire safety and energy efficiency due to their high thermal resistance. While increasing the thermal resistance of SVG-insulated façades reduces building operational energy consumption, it may also limit heat dissipation, negatively impacting PV generation. To assess the overall energy performance of SVG-insulated facades, this study developed numerical models, which were validated using outdoor experimental data. Parametric optimization simulations were then conducted to maximize energy savings of SVG-insulated facades, focusing on three critical aspects: (i) vacuum glazing properties; (ii) PV module efficiency; and (iii) the air cavity thickness. The simulation results indicate that the optimized configuration reduces annual wall-related energy consumption by 50 %-59 % across five Chinese cities, compared to the non-optimized case. Notably, the wall-related energy consumption excludes contributions from transparent windows and internal heat sources. Furthermore, an economic analysis was performed to evaluate the profitability of SVG-insulated façades, revealing a payback period of 2.51–6.46 years and a return on investment (ROI) ranging from 189 % to 612 % over a 25-year lifespan. Consequently, this study underscores the great energy-saving potential and economic viability of SVG-insulated façades, supporting their implementation in engineering projects.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11641,"journal":{"name":"Energy and Buildings","volume":"346 ","pages":"Article 116165"},"PeriodicalIF":6.6,"publicationDate":"2025-07-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144664705","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Assessing the performance of portable gas-phase air cleaners and Implications for their use in buildings","authors":"Yiming Xiang ,&nbsp;Kanta Amada ,&nbsp;Asit Kumar Mishra ,&nbsp;Shin-ichi Tanabe ,&nbsp;Lei Fang ,&nbsp;Pawel Wargocki","doi":"10.1016/j.enbuild.2025.116152","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.enbuild.2025.116152","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>We examined the performance of two different brands of gas-phase air cleaners using Proton Transfer Reaction Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometry (PTR-ToF-MS) measurements; both air cleaners used activated carbon filters. The measurements were made in a typical office with furnishing and two occupants. The air cleaners were examined under multiple airflow settings and with different numbers of active units. The distinct non-negligible 44 mass-to-charge ratio (<em>m</em>/<em>z</em>) signals for ions representing various organic compounds or their fragments were identified by PTR-ToF-MS. Operation of air cleaners consistently reduced the magnitude of twenty-two of them. We analysed the decay of the <em>m</em>/<em>z</em> signals to characterize the performance of air cleaners in terms of their pollutant removal effect. We observed that it was different for the different <em>m</em>/<em>z</em> signals, suggesting different removal efficiencies for various compounds or their fragments. Removal efficiency decreased with higher airflow rates through the air cleaners though the rate of clean air delivered by them was higher. Our results document that describing the performance of gas-phase air cleaners must include reporting of removal effects for different organic compounds along with the clean air delivery rate. Alternatively, target compounds can be identified and their removal efficiencies reported together with the air cleaning effect. The present work describes the methodological approach that can guide the revision of current practice and standards for evaluating the performance of gas-phase air cleaners. More studies using this methodological framework can lead towards greater adoption and use of gas-phase air cleaners in sustainable and healthy buildings.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11641,"journal":{"name":"Energy and Buildings","volume":"346 ","pages":"Article 116152"},"PeriodicalIF":6.6,"publicationDate":"2025-07-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144664706","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Large-scale geothermal collector systems as a heat source for 5GDHC in the U.S. – A case study of three different cities and climate conditions","authors":"Robin Zeh ,&nbsp;Tianzhen Hong ,&nbsp;Volker Stockinger","doi":"10.1016/j.enbuild.2025.116154","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.enbuild.2025.116154","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>To explore the ecological potential of large-scale geothermal collector systems (LSC) as a renewable heating and cooling solution for residential units in the U.S. West Coast finite volume simulations (FVM) were carried out. This study investigates for the first time in the LSC performance outside of Europe, demonstrating their significant potential for district heating and cooling solutions. However, it also reveals challenges in warmer climates where cooling requirements exceed heating demands. LSC systems here struggle due to increased soil temperatures, limiting their use for cooling, necessitating additional air conditioning. The FVM simulations also demonstrated that there is no supplementary soil dryness effect by using LSC systems. LSC systems paired with ground-source heat pumps (GS-HP) could reduce CO₂ emissions by 72<!--> <!-->% to 81<!--> <!-->% compared to conventional Heating, Ventilation and Air Conditioning (HVAC) systems with economic benefits for residents. The efficiency comparison with air-source heat pumps (AS-HP) revealed a climate dependency of which solution is more efficient. This research outlines the ecological potential of LSC systems in diverse U.S. climates, marking a step forward in sector coupling and decarbonization strategies.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11641,"journal":{"name":"Energy and Buildings","volume":"346 ","pages":"Article 116154"},"PeriodicalIF":6.6,"publicationDate":"2025-07-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144664990","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Research on the impact of demographic factors on carbon emissions from residential buildings in Chongqing (China)","authors":"Pengpeng Xu,&nbsp;Yupei Zhang,&nbsp;Haona Yao,&nbsp;Yuanyuan Wen","doi":"10.1016/j.enbuild.2025.116167","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.enbuild.2025.116167","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Addressing demographic changes and reducing carbon emissions are a key challenge for China. Carbon emissions from energy consumption in the building sector account for more than one-third of global carbon emissions. To explore the influence of demographic factors on carbon emissions from residential buildings, this study employs the Stochastic Impacts by Regression on Population, Affluence, and Technology (STIRPAT) model at the urban scale. Meanwhile, to analyze the interaction among demographic factors and their cascading impacts on residential carbon emissions under various future scenarios, a System Dynamics (SD) model is utilized. Results show the following: First, ridge regression coefficients quantify the impacts of demographic factors (household size (−0.396), population (0.239), urbanization rate (0.183), aging (0.133), and education level (0.054)) on carbon emissions. Second, system simulations estimate that carbon emissions from residential buildings in Chongqing will reach 20.32 million tons of CO₂ by 2035. Third, scenario simulations reveal that carbon emissions are most sensitive to changes in household size, while the effects of the aging population and urbanization rate are relatively weaker. This study offers insights for energy-saving and emission-reduction policies in China and other countries, especially regarding household size optimization.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11641,"journal":{"name":"Energy and Buildings","volume":"346 ","pages":"Article 116167"},"PeriodicalIF":6.6,"publicationDate":"2025-07-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144664704","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Numerical analysis of topological optimization and metal foam structure of phase change energy storage process for buildings","authors":"Xinyu Huang ,&nbsp;Zilong Song ,&nbsp;Yuan Xie ,&nbsp;Jiao Wang ,&nbsp;Xiaohu Yang","doi":"10.1016/j.enbuild.2025.116166","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.enbuild.2025.116166","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The application of phase change energy storage technology holds considerable significance in building energy management, but phase change materials have problems such as uneven heat transfer and low thermal conductivity. In this study, two passive heat transfer enhancement methods (novel topological fin and metal foam) are considered to improve it. The topologically optimized fin structure is constructed with the lowest average temperature as the optimization parameter, and the numerical model of copper metal foam is developed using a non-equilibrium thermal model. The impact of copper foam and topology-optimized fins on the heat release characteristics is comparatively analyzed. Results indicate that the novel topological fin structure, Case 5, with a 5% volume ratio, enhances the solidification performance within the refractory region. Furthermore, the solidification time for the same volume of metal foam, Case 6, is reduced by 8.47% compared to Case 5. However, the mean heat release rate and energy release are reduced by 3.81% and 9.95%, respectively. Consequently, the topological fin demonstrates superior thermal response and heat transfer efficiency compared to the metal foam under conditions of incomplete heat release. Further investigation into the pore density of the metal foam reveals that increasing pore density reduces heat release time and increases the release rate, albeit at the expense of total energy release.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11641,"journal":{"name":"Energy and Buildings","volume":"346 ","pages":"Article 116166"},"PeriodicalIF":6.6,"publicationDate":"2025-07-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144664708","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Energy consumption reduction of indoor temperature measurements with asymmetric numeral system compression","authors":"Michał Markiewicz ,&nbsp;Henryk Telega ,&nbsp;Jarosław Duda ,&nbsp;Aleksandra Dujović ,&nbsp;Marek Skomorowski ,&nbsp;Jozef Pieprzyk ,&nbsp;Tadeusz Stasiak","doi":"10.1016/j.enbuild.2025.116160","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.enbuild.2025.116160","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>About half of building energy consumption is attributed to heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) systems. One method to improve building performance in terms of energy efficiency is the installation of additional sensors that provide more information to the HVAC control. Considering the trade-offs between sensor installation, maintenance cost and resulting benefits, one potential solution is to install wireless sensors. The purpose of this article is to investigate when battery life of wireless sensors can be extended by the asymmetric numeral system data compression algorithm. We used the following method: we measured the temperatures with battery-powered wireless sensors inside a multifamily residential building throughout the period of one year. Then we prepared two variants of sensor firmware that transmits compressed and uncompressed temperature readouts. We measured how much energy was consumed by a physical device during the sensor activity and we estimated the total energy consumption. We found out that it is possible to reduce the power consumption of a wireless temperature sensor by between 6 % and 37 %, depending on the transmission intervals. Additionally, we measured the resources consumed by the backend server required to handle the compressed and uncompressed temperature readouts, achieving a 66 % reduction in storage space and up to 33 % reduction in processing power.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11641,"journal":{"name":"Energy and Buildings","volume":"346 ","pages":"Article 116160"},"PeriodicalIF":7.1,"publicationDate":"2025-07-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144664707","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}