Energy and Buildings最新文献

{"title":"Optimization of air supply parameters for predicting indoor temperature and humidity under indoor mold index constraints","authors":"Kaiyun Jiang ,&nbsp;Norhayati Mahyuddin ,&nbsp;Tianyu Shi ,&nbsp;Haowei Yu ,&nbsp;Yanan Li","doi":"10.1016/j.enbuild.2025.116050","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.enbuild.2025.116050","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study introduces a framework for optimizing MVAC air supply settings to reduce mold growth, improve energy efficiency, and maintain occupant comfort. It combines a predictive model for indoor temperature and humidity with a Non-dominated Sorting Genetic Algorithm III (NSGA-III) for optimization. Historical data is used to predict conditions at ceiling points, while the optimization process considers energy consumption, PMV (Predicted Mean Vote), and the VTT mold index. Comparing the ideal point method and the TOPSIS method, the former proves more effective for air supply optimization. The study highlights the importance of including the VTT mold index in optimization strategies, achieving an 88% improvement in mold control and a 74.74% improvement in thermal comfort. This framework offers a more sustainable and efficient approach to building management through data-driven optimization.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11641,"journal":{"name":"Energy and Buildings","volume":"345 ","pages":"Article 116050"},"PeriodicalIF":6.6,"publicationDate":"2025-06-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144335560","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Passive evaporative cooling performance of building walls under typical wind-driven rain of hot-humid climates","authors":"Li Li ,&nbsp;Zifeng Ye ,&nbsp;Ziqi Zou ,&nbsp;Xiaoqing Zhou ,&nbsp;Junsong Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.enbuild.2025.116048","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.enbuild.2025.116048","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Passive evaporative cooling is an effective technique for reducing building energy consumption in hot-humid areas; however, the underlying hygrothermal performance of building ​walls​ under ​wind-driven rain​ remains poorly understood, hindering the practical application of this technique ​in​ climate adaptability. To address these key issues, this study employs the All-element Climate Simulation Cabin (ACSC) platform to simulate ​climatic​ conditions, investigating the impact of ​rainfall exposure​ on the daily variation in evaporative cooling on vertical building surfaces, i.e., sintered-porous-brick and white-tile. The findings reveal that white-tile walls display better thermal lag under clear conditions than sintered-porous-brick walls, whereas ​the latter​ performs better under rainy conditions. Moisture migration from wind-driven rain enhances wall evaporative cooling, particularly evident in sintered-porous-bricks, which achieve a temperature reduction of 1.45°C sustained ​for​ 48–84 h. Differences in water absorption properties between materials influence cooling duration, lasting approximately one day for white-tiles and up to three days for sintered-porous-bricks. Additionally, extending rainfall exposure from 3 to 6 h doubles the effective cooling duration. This research provides valuable insights into climate-adaptive and energy-efficient building design and establishes a reliable experimental methodology for exploring building-climate interactions.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11641,"journal":{"name":"Energy and Buildings","volume":"345 ","pages":"Article 116048"},"PeriodicalIF":6.6,"publicationDate":"2025-06-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144335601","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Hygrothermal performance monitoring and indoor thermal evaluation in adobe structures","authors":"C. Heracleous, R. Panagiotou, I. Ioannou, A. Michael, M. Philokyprou","doi":"10.1016/j.enbuild.2025.116049","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enbuild.2025.116049","url":null,"abstract":"Adobe masonries are high thermal mass walls, as they have the ability to store thermal energy. The high thermal mass of adobe enables the regulation of indoor thermal environment through time lag. This study aims to investigate the thermal performance of adobe masonry in Cyprus and its impact on the indoor thermal conditions. For this purpose in-situ long term monitoring was carried out for two years, covering the indoor and outdoor environmental conditions of a typical large size room, belonging to a historic earthen structure. Laboratory measurements were also undertaken to estimate the thermophysical properties of the main masonry material (adobes). Thermal inertia and decrement factor were calculated based on the laboratory and in-situ measurements. For the evaluation of the indoor thermal conditions of adobe structures, operative temperature and degree hours outside the higher and lower limit margins were used as performance indicators. Moreover, relative humidity was assessed using the higher and lower limit margins. The results were analysed in terms of existing standards and analytical equations. The analysis highlights the beneficial thermal properties of adobes, showing a high thermal inertia (∼5 h) and a low decrement factor (&lt;0.05) for adobe walls; these contribute to the delay of heat transfer and reduced temperature variations (not higher than 1.1 °C) between the external and internal environments of adobe structures, thus leading to improved thermal conditions, especially during the summer period.","PeriodicalId":11641,"journal":{"name":"Energy and Buildings","volume":"45 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.7,"publicationDate":"2025-06-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144335561","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Design, manufacturing, and performance of innovative aluminium-backed BIPV facade modules: a case-study in Germany","authors":"S. Jahreis ,&nbsp;B. Jaeckel ,&nbsp;R. Koepge ,&nbsp;J. Fröbel ,&nbsp;P. Schenk ,&nbsp;M. Pander ,&nbsp;R. Castro","doi":"10.1016/j.enbuild.2025.116047","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.enbuild.2025.116047","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This paper presents the design, manufacturing, and performance analysis of novel aluminium-backed Building-Integrated Photovoltaic (BIPV) facade modules. A key innovation in the manufacturing process is the integration of a spacer layer that ensures electrical isolation between the aluminium backing and solar cells, maintaining compliance with safety standards. Laboratory characterization revealed a mean power output under Standard Test Conditions (STC) of 35 Wp per module and temperature coefficients of −0.368%/K for power. To account for the variable operating conditions in facade applications, the modules were also tested under different irradiance and temperature levels. Furthermore, their performance was evaluated under various electrical configurations and partial shading scenarios to assess the impact of shading and the effectiveness of mitigation strategies. Series configurations with bypass diodes reduced additional shading losses from 65% to 8% in long side shading scenarios. Parallel configurations demonstrated the highest shading resistance but suffered from reduced power output due to increased currents (increase of I²-resistive losses). Beyond laboratory testing, real-world performance was assessed using a custom-designed substructure that enabled vertical mounting in all cardinal directions (North, East, West, and South), with each orientation represented by a series of four modules (135Wp per orientation). This setup facilitated simultaneous measurement of irradiance, temperature, and I-V curve parameters, allowing for a comprehensive comparison of energy yields across orientations. The results highlight the benefits of not only south-facing facades but also east-, west-, and even north-facing installations. Furthermore, PVSyst simulations incorporating laboratory findings were conducted to estimate annual energy yields across different geographic locations. For the test site in Halle (Saale), the simulated yearly energy yield ranged from 42.4 kWh for the north-facing facade to 107.3 kWh for the south-facing facade, based on the installed capacity of 135 Wp per orientation. Additional simulations for other climatic regions confirmed the general trends, while highlighting variations in absolute yield depending on local irradiation conditions. The findings demonstrate that multi-directional solar harvesting leads to a more balanced distribution of energy generation throughout the day and across seasons. This study underscores the potential of aluminium-backed BIPV facade modules to enhance sustainable energy production in urban environments, showcasing their viability as an efficient and adaptable solution for building-integrated solar applications.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11641,"journal":{"name":"Energy and Buildings","volume":"344 ","pages":"Article 116047"},"PeriodicalIF":6.6,"publicationDate":"2025-06-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144331027","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Multi objectives reinforcement learning for smart buildings: A systematic review of algorithms, applications and future perspectives","authors":"Thi Ngoc Yen Huynh ,&nbsp;Anh Tuan Nguyen ,&nbsp;Yonghan Ahn ,&nbsp;Bee Lan Oo ,&nbsp;Benson T.H. Lim","doi":"10.1016/j.enbuild.2025.116045","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.enbuild.2025.116045","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>With the rapid advancements in digital technologies, changes in regulatory and societal expectations, and increased environmental awareness and concerns among building owners and occupants, the design and effectiveness of building control systems and their energy usage are under constant scrutiny as never before. The reshaping and integration of building controls with Internet of Things (IoT) devices have led to the growing popularity of Reinforcement Learning (RL) in the built environment. Multi-objective reinforcement learning (MORL) is touted to be more effective than traditional RL in optimizing smart building operations by resolving multifaceted goals, improving policy adaptability and decision-making processes involving multiple stakeholders and criteria. Hitherto, little is known of the full potential of MORL and its application trends. In addressing this, this research aims to build a knowledge base around the application trends of MORL framework and its benefits for smart building energy design and control systems through a systematic and critical review using the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. A total of 1071 studies were retrieved, of which 74 studies were included in the final assessment to present and discuss: (i) objectives RL typically in smart building context; (ii) overview of the design and control strategies of MORL in smart buildings; (iii) MORL applications and performance evaluation in smart building; and (iv) challenges and future research directions and opportunities. Overall, our findings reveal potential work done to explore the use of MORL towards controlling multiple policies and complex dynamic building environments, and that current studies tend to focus on incorporating occupancy patterns and/or occupant feedback into the MORL control loop.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11641,"journal":{"name":"Energy and Buildings","volume":"345 ","pages":"Article 116045"},"PeriodicalIF":6.6,"publicationDate":"2025-06-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144335563","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Coordinated optimization and regulation of rural residential flexible loads and agricultural machinery energy storage batteries considering battery life degradation","authors":"Xi Luo ,&nbsp;Yanning Zheng ,&nbsp;Mingyue Han ,&nbsp;Wenyuan Huang","doi":"10.1016/j.enbuild.2025.116018","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.enbuild.2025.116018","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>With the continuous advancement of agricultural mechanization and rural electrification, idle battery-powered agricultural machinery has been demonstrated significant potential to optimize and regulate rural flexible loads. However, frequent use of battery-powered agricultural machinery can accelerate battery life degradation and increase replacement costs, which may compromise the practical feasibility of such flexible load optimization schemes. Given this, this study systematically investigated the flexible energy consumption characteristics of rural residential buildings based on field survey data from a typical village in Shaanxi Province, China. Both the mathematical model and the battery life degradation model were constructed for flexible energy-consuming equipment. On this basis, an economically oriented optimization and regulation model for rural residential flexible loads was developed, and the model was solved using MATLAB/CPLEX. The results showed that: i) The use of agricultural machinery batteries to assist rural residential energy regulation and storage led to a significant increase in both the number of charge–discharge cycles and electricity storage. An increase in the state of charge (<span><math><mrow><mi>SOC</mi></mrow></math></span>) value fluctuations and frequent entry into overcharge and overdischarge range significantly accelerate battery life degradation, which in turn leads to higher replacement times and significantly higher costs; ii) Under the two scenarios, without time-of-use (TOU) pricing and with TOU pricing, battery life assisted storage decreased the annual revenue of farmer households by 13.2% and increased it by 1.2%, respectively, indicating that their economics are highly sensitive to tariff policies; iii) If battery life degradation was ignored, then in the scenario without TOU pricing, the annual revenue to farmer households will be overestimated to 19.4%, which is a significant deviation from the actual −13.2% result and will result in a misjudgment of the actual feasibility of the project. This further highlighted the necessity of considering battery life degradation in optimizing and regulating energy storage systems.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11641,"journal":{"name":"Energy and Buildings","volume":"345 ","pages":"Article 116018"},"PeriodicalIF":6.6,"publicationDate":"2025-06-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144335564","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Window view clarity evaluation in electrochromic glazings","authors":"Peiman Pilehchi Ha ,&nbsp;Nasim Goli Baghmahyari ,&nbsp;Farhad Barahimi","doi":"10.1016/j.enbuild.2025.116040","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.enbuild.2025.116040","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The Quality of View (QV) through windows significantly impacts human well-being, with view clarity representing a crucial aspect within QV assessments. Electrochromic (EC) windows, capable of dynamically adjusting tint levels to manage light and heat penetration, offer varying degrees of view clarity. Evaluating this clarity is vital for comprehensively understanding how EC windows influence human comfort in architectural settings and also complements the related subjective assessments.</div><div>This study introduces a unique approach to assess the clarity of views facilitated by EC windows. Employing advanced image processing techniques, a novel methodology was developed for this purpose, generating 3456 images through the Radiance engine. These images considered multiple factors such as viewpoint, tint level, separate window zones, and time of day for different building orientations. Using the Landolt-C chart as a simulated view target under diverse EC window configurations, the study compared simulated images with a reference image, applying the Saliency Guided Enhanced Structural Similarity algorithm (SG-ESSIM) —an image quality assessment algorithm.</div><div>The study’s outcomes underscore the method’s ability to identify optimal EC window configurations, effectively maximising QV. Furthermore, this methodology offers opportunities for integration with subjective clarity assessments and EC window control strategies, supporting a more comprehensive understanding of QV trade-offs in dynamic façade design.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11641,"journal":{"name":"Energy and Buildings","volume":"344 ","pages":"Article 116040"},"PeriodicalIF":6.6,"publicationDate":"2025-06-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144321092","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Quantifying light comfort in traditional and modern residential buildings for Western Sichuan Plateau of China: a field study","authors":"Qingye Li ,&nbsp;Xiaoliang Wang ,&nbsp;Yi Wu ,&nbsp;Shuliang Li ,&nbsp;Li Yang ,&nbsp;Xianmin Mai","doi":"10.1016/j.enbuild.2025.116044","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.enbuild.2025.116044","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The Western Sichuan Plateau (WSP) is characterized by high altitude and intense solar radiation. Residents in this region have long been exposed to a stark contrast between strong outdoor light and dim indoor environments, leading to the development of unique perceptions of light comfort. To assess the genuine light comfort needs of local residents, this study focuses on Taoping Qiang Village in Lixian County, adopting a combined approach of on-site measurements and questionnaire surveys to analyze the light comfort perceptions of residents in traditional and modern residential buildings under varying illuminance levels. The results indicate that residents of traditional residential buildings are more adapted to low illuminance environments (50–150 lx), while those in modern residential buildings prefer higher illuminance levels (300–450 lx). The existing daylighting standard (no less than 300 lx) is not applicable to traditional residential buildings, as excessive illuminance may cause discomfort. The study recommends optimizing illuminance design in architectural lighting environments by tailoring solutions to different residential types and user needs, avoiding excessively high or low illuminance levels that compromise comfort. This research provides empirical evidence for light comfort studies in high-altitude regions and offers scientific guidance for local architectural lighting design.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11641,"journal":{"name":"Energy and Buildings","volume":"344 ","pages":"Article 116044"},"PeriodicalIF":6.6,"publicationDate":"2025-06-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144331026","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Critically reviewing the 50 sociotechnical risks of building sector decarbonization: Conceptualizing risk as a proximity spiral","authors":"Erin Heinz ,&nbsp;Benjamin K. Sovacool ,&nbsp;Thomas Kwan ,&nbsp;Vincent Petit","doi":"10.1016/j.enbuild.2025.116042","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.enbuild.2025.116042","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Deep decarbonization of the building sector requires a widespread shift in the processes, materials, energy sources, and technologies used for homes, hospitals, factories, and other structures and infrastructure by 2050. While the goal of deep decarbonization and the broader energy transition is to minimize the potential for catastrophic climate change effects brought on by carbon emissions, the transition to new technologies and processes can introduce new, unanticipated risks. This paper critically reviews the risks associated with the decarbonization of buildings. By categorizing fifty identified risks into six themes, this study highlights the dominance of a technical–economic perspective in discussions of risk in building decarbonization and shows that the literature focuses on immediate construction and operational risks, overlooking important environmental and social risks associated with design and deconstruction of buildings. The paper concludes by proposing a conceptual sociotechnical model to account for spatially and temporally diffuse risks across the building life-cycle and stakeholder population.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11641,"journal":{"name":"Energy and Buildings","volume":"344 ","pages":"Article 116042"},"PeriodicalIF":6.6,"publicationDate":"2025-06-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144331003","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Optimization and application of swirl ventilation systems based on orthogonal experiment design and response surface methodology","authors":"Yifan An ,&nbsp;Yonggang Lei ,&nbsp;Wuxuan Pan ,&nbsp;Xia Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.enbuild.2025.116041","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.enbuild.2025.116041","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The design and optimization of ventilation systems represent a critical challenge in building environmental control, as they are essential for maintaining indoor air quality and minimizing energy consumption. This study introduces a novel ventilation system utilizing partition devices to generate columnar swirling flow, aimed at enhancing indoor contaminant removal. Through a combination of scaled-down experimental models and numerical simulations, the effects of key parameters–including baffle width, air exhaust position, air exhaust dimensions, and airflow rate–on the contaminant removal efficiency (<em>E</em>_c) were systematically investigated. The results demonstrate that the system achieves optimal airflow velocity when the baffle width ratio (γ) is set to 1.0 and the air exhaust is positioned at the center of the local swirling ventilation zone induced by the baffles. Airflow rate was identified as the dominant factor influencing system performance, with higher rates significantly enhancing the negative pressure gradient. Furthermore, the application of this swirling ventilation mode was explored in industrial settings, where it exhibited remarkable improvements in contaminant removal efficiency. Specifically, under identical airflow rates, the local swirling ventilation system achieved a 1.83- to 16.73-fold increase in <em>E</em>_c compared to conventional ventilation systems. Notably, the general swirling ventilation system effectively eliminated heavy gaseous contaminants within 160 s. Compared to traditional general ventilation systems, which often exhibit poorly ventilated or stagnant regions, the proposed system demonstrated superior performance in pollutant removal. These findings underscore the potential of swirling ventilation systems as a practical and efficient solution for indoor air quality management, particularly in industrial environments.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11641,"journal":{"name":"Energy and Buildings","volume":"345 ","pages":"Article 116041"},"PeriodicalIF":6.6,"publicationDate":"2025-06-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144335602","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}