Energy and Buildings最新文献

{"title":"Progressive filtering and cluster-localized calibration for customized UBEM","authors":"Wei Zhou,&nbsp;Navid Shirzadi,&nbsp;Dongxue Zhan,&nbsp;Shaoxiang Qin,&nbsp;Peng Liu,&nbsp;Travis Moore,&nbsp;Liangzhu Leon Wang,&nbsp;Andreas Athienitis","doi":"10.1016/j.enbuild.2026.118250","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.enbuild.2026.118250","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Urban building energy modeling (UBEM) has become increasingly important in recent years for understanding energy use in urban buildings. Traditional models often rely on a ‘one-size-fits-all’ approach based on a limited set of archetypes, which oversimplifies building diversity and undermines confidence in the results, while generating one archetype per house is computationally prohibitive. To overcome this limitation, this study introduces a “Three-Layer Filtering” approach with dual model that progressively reduces structural mismatch and enables scalable house-level refinement. It first constrains candidate archetypes using taxonomy-based classification, then derives representative archetypes via multi-parameter clustering and enables reusable assignment through a supervised classifier, and finally localizes each assigned archetype to individual houses using sensitivity-guided, surrogate-assisted Bayesian calibration under annual electricity EUI constraints. As a proof of concept, this work is demonstrated on 100 all-electric single-detached houses in Montreal using annual electricity EUI as the sole calibration target. The proposed approach progressively reduces building-level mean absolute percentage error from 80.7% to 23.3% after clustering and further to 4.3% after localized calibration. Aggregate bias is minimized to near zero, with a 95% posterior predictive interval of [−1.7%, 0.2%]. This proposed approach is methodologically general and can be replicated in similar data settings, providing a practical pathway to scalable, building-specific archetype refinement for urban energy analysis.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11641,"journal":{"name":"Energy and Buildings","volume":"372 ","pages":"Article 118250"},"PeriodicalIF":8.0,"publicationDate":"2026-09-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148979409","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Annual operational dynamic transmittance of adaptive façades with PCMs: A climate-dependent characterization methodology","authors":"Matias Alvarez-Rodriguez,&nbsp;Mar Alonso-Martinez,&nbsp;Ines Suarez-Ramon","doi":"10.1016/j.enbuild.2026.118209","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.enbuild.2026.118209","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>PCM-enhanced adaptive envelopes can improve thermal inertia and reduce heat transfer, but their performance is still assessed through heterogeneous indicators. Current regulations remain mainly based on steady-state transmittance, <span><math><mi>U</mi></math></span>, which cannot represent phase change dynamics, while the harmonic dynamic characterization defined by ISO 13786 depends on the specific boundary conditions applied, which do not represent the annual response of the envelope. Whole-building metrics, in turn, are case-specific and cannot characterize the envelope component independently. This work proposes a component-level methodology for the operational dynamic characterization of PCM-envelopes. Keeping ISO 13786 as the conceptual basis, the annual operational dynamic transmittance <span><math><mi>Y</mi></math></span> was defined as a transferable annual comparison metric that remains physically interpretable under realistic operation. The transient envelope's response is determined by numerical simulation, analyzing monthly typical days, used to then calculate annual indicators. The methodology is demonstrated for a macroencapsulated PCM façade under three Spanish climates, four orientations, two PCM positions, and eleven peak phase change temperatures. Results show that <span><math><mi>Y</mi></math></span> provides a meaningful metric to compare PCM façades under realistic operation, distinguishing between favorable, near-optimal, and unsuitable PCM configurations. <span><math><mi>Y</mi></math></span> captures the climate and configuration-dependent response of the envelope, with maximum reductions of 37.10% in Gijón and minimum reductions of 3.52% in Madrid, where lower <span><math><mi>Y</mi></math></span> values are associated with higher phase change efficiency. A local uncertainty analysis supported the robustness of the proposed calculation procedure after design screening, since the predicted <span><math><mi>Y</mi></math></span> values showed limited dispersion under realistic perturbations, with coefficients of variation below 12% for exterior PCM configurations and a maximum of 21% only in the most sensitive case. This creates a common methodological basis for component-level screening, more consistent design assessment, and for future standardization of adaptive envelopes.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11641,"journal":{"name":"Energy and Buildings","volume":"371 ","pages":"Article 118209"},"PeriodicalIF":8.0,"publicationDate":"2026-09-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148938573","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Experimental investigation and numerical modeling of the thermodynamic behavior of a workplace","authors":"Abdellatif Oudrane, Foudil Khelı, Abdelhak Benaoum, Mokhtar Khaldı, Dursun Murat Sekban, Ecren Uzun Yaylacı, Murat Yaylacı","doi":"10.1016/j.enbuild.2026.118004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enbuild.2026.118004","url":null,"abstract":"This study focuses on the experimental investigation of the thermodynamic behavior of a workspace located in southern Algeria. “Testo”-type instruments were installed to measure and record the thermal parameters of the workspace over 24 h during a typical day in May 2024. In parallel, a numerical model was developed to simulate the thermodynamic behavior of the same space. A comparison between experimental and numerical results was then conducted to validate the accuracy of the developed model. The findings revealed that the absolute deviation between both sets of results did not exceed 4%. Moreover, the study highlights that the harsh climatic conditions of southern Algeria, combined with the commonly used construction materials, directly contribute to elevated indoor temperatures, particularly during summer. It was observed that the average indoor temperature ranged between 28 °C and 30.5 °C. These results underscore the need to consider alternative building materials that enhance thermal comfort while promoting energy efficiency.","PeriodicalId":11641,"journal":{"name":"Energy and Buildings","volume":"345 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.7,"publicationDate":"2026-07-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148691257","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Numerical study of a green heating system integrating solar photovoltaic panels with indoor phase change material modules","authors":"Humam Kareem Jalghaf ,&nbsp;Endre Kovács","doi":"10.1016/j.enbuild.2026.117744","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.enbuild.2026.117744","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study presents a comprehensive numerical analysis of an innovative green thermal heating system that integrates solar photovoltaic (PV) panels with indoor phase change material (PCM) modules to enhance residential thermal comfort and promote sustainable energy use. The system utilizes solar energy to charge the PCMs, which store and release thermal energy, thereby significantly reducing dependence on conventional heating methods. Various system configurations were evaluated, ranging from a baseline model without PCM to advanced designs featuring dual PCM modules, optimized separators, and an intelligent solar charging system. The results demonstrate the system’s capability to stabilize indoor temperatures in changing weather conditions. While the basic PCM configuration exhibited considerable potential for thermal energy storage, challenges such as thermal overload and seasonal inefficiencies were identified. Enhanced configurations, including dual PCMs with different melting points, optimized module dimensions, and the replacement of steel separators with insulating materials, improved both thermal management and energy efficiency. Notably, the integration of a smart solar charging system, which dynamically adjusts the number of active PV panels based on real-time energy demand, significantly enhanced uniform energy distribution and thermal performance. Long-term simulations conducted over six winter months validated the system’s effectiveness in maintaining stable indoor temperatures, efficiently managing thermal loads, and maximizing solar energy utilization. The findings highlight the system’s potential to substantially reduce energy consumption and environmental impact. The implementation of smart control strategies reduced electric power demand from solar panels during the winter season, with the smart radiation control system achieving a 25% reduction in electric supply and the smart indoor temperature control system achieving a 30% reduction</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11641,"journal":{"name":"Energy and Buildings","volume":"367 ","pages":"Article 117744"},"PeriodicalIF":7.1,"publicationDate":"2026-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148192681","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Cost-Effective new energy management strategies for hybrid energy storage solutions","authors":"Shuhan Wei, Yichen Sun, Chengzhi Yu, Shon Ming","doi":"10.1016/j.enbuild.2026.117495","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enbuild.2026.117495","url":null,"abstract":"The objective has significantly expedited the adoption of renewable energy technology to achieve carbon neutrality and maximum emissions. Increasing wind absorption is possible with the use of electrical energy storage. Optimizing the energy storage mechanism also requires an energy management plan. In this study, we present a new approach to energy management and suggest a hybrid energy storage system (HESS) that integrates a power-to-gas converter with a compressed carbon dioxide energy storage system. The first step is to optimize the system’s volume and compare the suggested option to two others. Afterwards, three more cases are examined to confirm consistent findings. The next step is to run a sensitivity analysis. According to the comparative data, the new energy management (NEM) approach has a 25.65% and 24.51% lower levelized cost of electricity (LCOE) than the conventional alternatives in high wind resource (wind/load ratio &gt; 0.30) regions. Still, the latter gains decline to much lower levels in moderate and low wind conditions. In addition, the NEM<ce:hsp sp=\"0.25\"></ce:hsp>option proved to be the most effective out of the four scenarios, further supporting the reliability of the comparison findings. Based on the sensitivity assessment results, optimizing the cost of the polymer electrolyte membrane electrolyzer (PEME) increases its design power and decreases its LCOE. Reducing wind curtailment energy, overall cost, and LCOE are further benefits of increasing the prediction period. However, LCOE, overall expenses, and the number of cases with inadequate energy are all worsened by a lower energy limit.","PeriodicalId":11641,"journal":{"name":"Energy and Buildings","volume":"24 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.7,"publicationDate":"2026-04-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147726790","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Developing an adaptive thermostat control algorithm for occupant-centric demand response in residential buildings","authors":"Z. Khorasani Zadeh ,&nbsp;M. Ouf ,&nbsp;B. Gunay ,&nbsp;B. Delcroix ,&nbsp;G. Larochelle Martin","doi":"10.1016/j.enbuild.2026.117114","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.enbuild.2026.117114","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In cold-climate regions such as Quebec, Canada, electric heating imposes substantial strain on the power grid during winter peak hours. To manage this load and ensure grid stability, utilities have adopted thermostat-based direct load control (DLC) programs as a demand-side management solution. Conventional static DLC strategies often underperform in practice because they fail to account for diverse occupant comfort preferences and varying building thermal characteristics. This mismatch results in high override rates, reduces the potential of peak demand reduction, and leads to user dissatisfaction. This study contributes to addressing this gap by proposing an adaptive, occupant-centric thermostat control algorithm that dynamically adjusts preheating and setback strategies during DLC events based on real-time observations of occupant overrides and zone-level heating system runtime. Notably, the algorithm operates without requiring prior knowledge of occupant type or building properties. Using EnergyPlus simulations and its Python API across various scenarios combining two occupant profiles (prefer warmer/cooler) and two envelope types (good/poor envelope), the algorithm iteratively refines control parameters by learning from zone-level thermal and behavioural response patterns. Compared to static DLC, the adaptive strategy reduces peak demand for space heating by up to 72%, depending on house type and occupant behaviour, minimizes overrides, and lowers electricity costs, with savings ranging from $77 to $126 per winter under Québec’s dynamic pricing. By tailoring control parameters to both user tolerance and building thermal inertia, the algorithm supports context-aware demand shifting, whether through deeper or shallower setbacks or reduced or enhanced preheating, without compromising occupant comfort.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11641,"journal":{"name":"Energy and Buildings","volume":"357 ","pages":"Article 117114"},"PeriodicalIF":7.1,"publicationDate":"2026-04-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146134690","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A novel hydroponic roof system for the energy renovation of flat roofs in the Mediterranean area","authors":"V. Costanzo ,&nbsp;M. Detommaso ,&nbsp;G. Evola ,&nbsp;F. Nocera ,&nbsp;M. Mistretta ,&nbsp;S. Longo","doi":"10.1016/j.enbuild.2026.117124","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.enbuild.2026.117124","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study introduces and validates a novel Deep Water Culture hydroponic roof system as a building-integrated solution for enhancing indoor thermal conditions and energy efficiency in Mediterranean climates. Unlike conventional green roofs, the proposed system removes the soil layer and uses a water-based nutrient solution that simultaneously supports plant growth and acts as a thermal energy buffer. A full-scale prototype was experimentally tested on an existing office building in Catania (Italy); based on the experimental data, transient thermal modelling is then undertaken with TRNSYS to simulate the prototype with different roof configurations.</div><div>Results show that the hydroponic roof reduces indoor peak temperatures by up to 2.8 °C in the summer, increases them by 2.4 °C in the winter and shifts heat flux peaks by up to 16 h. Annual simulations indicate energy savings of 47% for space cooling and 51% for space heating, too. The DWC hydroponic roof demonstrates strong potential as a relatively lightweight, passive retrofit technology combining urban agriculture and building decarbonization.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11641,"journal":{"name":"Energy and Buildings","volume":"357 ","pages":"Article 117124"},"PeriodicalIF":7.1,"publicationDate":"2026-04-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146134691","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Optimizing thermal comfort in highly automated vehicles: An AI-Based HVAC management approach with radiant panels for winter conditions","authors":"Manuel Kipp,&nbsp;Ruya Wang,&nbsp;Klaus Bengler","doi":"10.1016/j.enbuild.2026.117113","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.enbuild.2026.117113","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This paper presents an AI-based model for optimizing heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) settings to improve thermal comfort in electric vehicles under winter conditions and to estimate the associated power consumption. Unlike conventional HVAC systems that primarily rely on convective heating, the investigated concept combines convective airflow with nine radiant heating panels to enhance comfort and energy efficiency. Equivalent temperature (ET) was employed as an objective thermal comfort metric, and an XGBoost (Extreme Gradient Boosting) model was trained to predict ET for 16 body regions, achieving a high accuracy (coefficient of determination <span><math><mrow><msup><mi>R</mi><mn>2</mn></msup><mo>=</mo><mn>0.96</mn></mrow></math></span>). A Random Forest model was applied to relate fan speed and damper settings to mass flow. Validation experiments confirmed that the optimized HVAC settings maintained thermal comfort, with at least 50% of local body regions and 100% of upper and lower body averages within the neutral comfort zone. The approach demonstrated potential power savings of up to 240 W compared to convection-dominant strategies. These findings highlight the potential of combining AI with hybrid HVAC concepts to improve passenger comfort and reduce energy consumption in future automated electric vehicles.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11641,"journal":{"name":"Energy and Buildings","volume":"357 ","pages":"Article 117113"},"PeriodicalIF":7.1,"publicationDate":"2026-04-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146172678","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A critical review of phase change material–aerogel flexible composite films for personal thermal management: performance, mechanism, and applications","authors":"Xianfei Liu,&nbsp;Hui Wang,&nbsp;Hui Zhang,&nbsp;Fang Wang,&nbsp;Mengjie Li,&nbsp;Bo Wen,&nbsp;Junjun Li,&nbsp;Caixia Zhu","doi":"10.1016/j.enbuild.2026.117141","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.enbuild.2026.117141","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Flexible phase change material–aerogel composite films (FPCMACFs) offer a promising solution to the dual challenges of achieving personalized thermal comfort and environmental adaptability. They merge the high energy storage of PCMs with the structural stability of aerogels to simultaneously deliver thermal regulation, prevent leakage, and maintain flexibility. This review critically analyzes the state-of-the-art in FPCMACFs, moving beyond a general overview to focus on film-level architectural designs suitable for skin-contact applications. We explicitly evaluate the design trade-offs between maximizing latent heat loading (&gt;80 wt%) and maintaining mechanical compliance, and dissect the conflicting requirements of high thermal conductivity for rapid response and high insulation for extreme protection. Key conclusions indicate that while current anisotropic aerogel skeletons successfully resolve the leakage-rigidity conflict, a critical gap remains in standardized durability testing required for commercial adoption. By synthesizing recent advances in multifunctional coupling (flame retardancy, EMI shielding, and solid–solid phase transitions), this work provides a rational design framework to transition FPCMACFs from laboratory concepts to reliable, next-generation personal thermal management wearables.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11641,"journal":{"name":"Energy and Buildings","volume":"357 ","pages":"Article 117141"},"PeriodicalIF":7.1,"publicationDate":"2026-04-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146160228","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Winter thermal comfort of older adults with chronic diseases in historic districts of two Chinese climate zones","authors":"Lei Li ,&nbsp;Long Jiang ,&nbsp;Xiaoyi She ,&nbsp;Jianhang He ,&nbsp;Meng Wu ,&nbsp;Meng Zhen ,&nbsp;Kai Nan ,&nbsp;Ming Zhang","doi":"10.1016/j.enbuild.2026.117131","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.enbuild.2026.117131","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>With population aging, improving the winter outdoor thermal comfort of older adults with chronic diseases in historic urban districts is important for health and for sustainable urban renewal. Focusing on two representative sites—Jinli in Chengdu (southern group, hot summer–cold winter) and Buzili in Zhangjiakou (northern group, cold zone), we combined micrometeorological measurements with questionnaires, obtaining 1,512 valid older adult samples. Physiologically Equivalent Temperature (PET) was used to assess winter thermal perception, and machine learning models were applied to identify key influencing factors. Results indicate that the northern group has a Neutral Physiologically Equivalent Temperature (NPET) of 7.4℃ and a thermally acceptable range (TAR) of 1.90–14.66℃, whereas the southern group has an NPET of 12.3℃ and a TAR of 8.93–18.51℃. Random Forest performed best for predicting Thermal Sensation Vote (TSV) (north R² = 0.804, south R² = 0.867). SHapley Additive exPlanations (SHAP) translated qualitative directions into indicative intervals: V_a exceeds about 2.0 m/s it markedly shifts TSV toward “colder”, whereas keeping near ground V_a within 1–1.5 m/s lowers risk; in the south, when RH reaches about 80% or higher and T_a is above about 12℃, the marginal warming effect of temperature increase alone attenuates, suggesting a priority for dehumidification plus moderate warming. PM2.5 and PM10 showed a negative association with Thermal Comfort Vote (TCV) in the north. This study provides winter thermal benchmarks and quantifies the context sensitivity of temperature–wind/humidity couplings into practice oriented indicative intervals, enhancing health levels for elderly individuals with chronic diseases in historic districts.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11641,"journal":{"name":"Energy and Buildings","volume":"357 ","pages":"Article 117131"},"PeriodicalIF":7.1,"publicationDate":"2026-04-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146146606","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}