Ecological Monographs最新文献

{"title":"Fire exclusion alters forest evapotranspiration: A comprehensive water budget analysis in longleaf pine woodlands","authors":"Steven T. Brantley,&nbsp;O. Stribling Stuber,&nbsp;Dakota L. Holder,&nbsp;R. Scott Taylor","doi":"10.1002/ecm.1623","DOIUrl":"10.1002/ecm.1623","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Forests are critical to water resources, but high evapotranspiration (ET) can reduce water yield. Thinning and prescribed fire reduce forest density and often reduce ET, promoting higher water yield. However, results from such treatments have been inconsistent, possibly because of unknown interactions among individual ET components. We compare water budget components of longleaf pine (<i>Pinus palustris</i> Mill.) woodlands with frequent prescribed fire to the water budget components of fire-excluded stands. We hypothesized that fire exclusion would result in higher ET due to increased midstory transpiration (<i>E</i>_t) and interception (<i>E</i>_i), and higher evaporation from litter (<i>I</i>_litter). Reference plots were burned every two years while treatment plots had fire excluded for 15–20 years. Fire treatments were repeated in two sites representing a soil moisture gradient, noted as mesic and xeric. We measured woody <i>E</i>_t using sap flux, and we modeled groundcover <i>E</i>_t using physiological models. We measured <i>E</i>_i of canopy and groundcover layers, modeled <i>E</i>_s litter biomass, and constructed a total component-based water budget for each site and treatment. Compared with reference plots, midstory <i>E</i>_t was 300%–800% higher in fire exclusion plots. Groundcover <i>E</i>_t was ~80% less than reference treatments, countering the effects of midstory growth on total ET. Stand <i>E</i>_i followed similar trends, with groundcover <i>E</i>_i in reference plots countering the effects of midstory and litter <i>E</i>_i in fire exclusion plots. As expected, total ET in the xeric site was 18% higher in fire exclusion plots. However, ET in the mesic site was 16% lower in the fire exclusion plots due to high groundcover <i>E</i>_t and <i>E</i>_i in reference plots. Thus, our results show that fire exclusion changes total forest ET, but the size and direction of the effect vary depending on the balance between midstory and groundcover transpiration and interception. These results highlight the importance of groundcover in ecosystem function in low-density forests and may help explain inconsistent results from studies of water yields following thinning and fire. While prescribed fire is a valuable tool in forest management, we suggest that the effects of fire on ET are complex and require careful accounting of all water fluxes within a forest ecosystem.</p>","PeriodicalId":11505,"journal":{"name":"Ecological Monographs","volume":"94 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":7.1,"publicationDate":"2024-08-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/ecm.1623","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141918680","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Carbon dynamics in high-Andean tropical cushion peatlands: A review of geographic patterns and potential drivers","authors":"Mary Carolina García Lino,&nbsp;Simon Pfanzelt,&nbsp;Alejandra I. Domic,&nbsp;Isabell Hensen,&nbsp;Karsten Schittek,&nbsp;Rosa Isela Meneses,&nbsp;Maaike Y. Bader","doi":"10.1002/ecm.1614","DOIUrl":"10.1002/ecm.1614","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Peatlands store large amounts of carbon (C), a function potentially threatened by climate change. Peatlands composed of vascular cushion plants are widespread in the northern and central high Andes (páramo, wet and dry puna), but their C dynamics are hardly known. To understand the interplay of the main drivers of peatland C dynamics and to infer geographic patterns across the Andean regions, we addressed the following question: How do topography, hydrology, temperature, past climate variability, and vegetation influence the C dynamics of these peatlands? We summarize the available information on observed spatial and inferred temporal patterns of cushion peatland development in the tropical and subtropical Andes. Based on this, we recognize the following emerging patterns, which all need testing in further studies addressing spatial and temporal patterns of C accumulation: (1) Peatlands in dry climates and those in larger catchments receive higher sediment inputs than peatlands from wet puna and páramo and in small catchments. This results in peat stratigraphies intercalated with mineral layers and affects C accumulation by triggering vegetation changes. (2) High and constant water tables favor C accumulation. Seasonal water level fluctuations are higher in wet and dry puna, in comparison with páramo, leading to more frequent episodes of C loss in puna. (3) Higher temperatures favor C gain under high and constant water availability but also increase C loss under low and fluctuating water levels. (4) C accumulation has been variable through the Holocene, but several peatlands show a recent increase in C accumulation rates. (5) Vegetation affects C dynamics through species-specific differences in productivity and decomposition rate. Because of predicted regional differences in global climate change manifestations (seasonality, permafrost behavior, temperature, precipitation regimes), cushion peatlands from the páramo are expected to mostly continue as C sinks for now, whereas those of the dry puna are more likely to turn to C sources as a consequence of increasing aridification.</p>","PeriodicalId":11505,"journal":{"name":"Ecological Monographs","volume":"94 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":7.1,"publicationDate":"2024-07-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/ecm.1614","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141746580","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Using mobile acoustic monitoring and false-positive N-mixture models to estimate bat abundance and population trends","authors":"Bradley J. Udell,&nbsp;Bethany Rose Straw,&nbsp;Susan C. Loeb,&nbsp;Kathryn M. Irvine,&nbsp;Wayne E. Thogmartin,&nbsp;Cori L. Lausen,&nbsp;Jonathan D. Reichard,&nbsp;Jeremy T. H. Coleman,&nbsp;Paul M. Cryan,&nbsp;Winifred F. Frick,&nbsp;Brian E. Reichert","doi":"10.1002/ecm.1617","DOIUrl":"10.1002/ecm.1617","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Estimating the abundance of unmarked animal populations from acoustic data is challenging due to the inability to identify individuals and the need to adjust for observation biases including detectability (false negatives), species misclassification (false positives), and sampling exposure. Acoustic surveys conducted along mobile transects were designed to avoid counting individuals more than once, where raw counts are commonly treated as an index of abundance. More recently, false-positive abundance models have been developed to estimate abundance while accounting for imperfect detection and misclassification. We adapted these methods to model summertime abundance and trends of three species of bats at multiple spatial scales using acoustic recordings collected along mobile transects by partners of the North American Bat Monitoring Program (NABat) from 2012 to 2020. This multiscale modeling spanned individual transect routes, larger NABat grid cells (10 km × 10 km), and across the entire extent of modeled species ranges. We estimated relationships between species abundances and a suite of abiotic and biotic predictors (landcover types, climatological variables, physiographic diversity, building density, and the impacts of white-nose syndrome [WNS]) and found varying levels of support between species. We present clear evidence of substantial declines in populations of tricolored bats (<i>Perimyotis subflavus</i>) and little brown bats (<i>Myotis lucifugus</i>), declines that corresponded in space and time with the progression of WNS, a devastating disease of hibernating bats. In contrast, our analysis revealed that similar population-wide declines probably have not occurred in big brown bats (<i>Eptesicus fuscus</i>), a species known to be less affected by WNS. This study provides the first abundance-based species distribution predictions and population trends for bats in their summer ranges in North America. These models will probably be applicable to assessing wildlife populations in other monitoring programs where acoustic data are used or where false-negative and false-positive detections are present. Finally, our abundance framework (as a spatial point pattern process) can serve as a foundation from which more sophisticated integrated species distribution models that incorporate additional streams of monitoring data (e.g., stationary acoustics, captures) can be developed for North American bats.</p>","PeriodicalId":11505,"journal":{"name":"Ecological Monographs","volume":"94 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":7.1,"publicationDate":"2024-07-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/ecm.1617","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141726414","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Why are there so many definitions of eutrophication?","authors":"Alexandrine Pannard,&nbsp;Philippe Souchu,&nbsp;Christian Chauvin,&nbsp;Monique Delabuis,&nbsp;Chantal Gascuel-Odoux,&nbsp;Erik Jeppesen,&nbsp;Morgane Le Moal,&nbsp;Alain Ménesguen,&nbsp;Gilles Pinay,&nbsp;Nancy N. Rabalais,&nbsp;Yves Souchon,&nbsp;Elisabeth M. Gross","doi":"10.1002/ecm.1616","DOIUrl":"10.1002/ecm.1616","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Because of the first observations in the 1900s of the oligotrophic and eutrophic states of lakes, researchers have been interested in the process that makes lakes become turbid because of high phytoplankton biomass. Definitions of eutrophication have multiplied and diversified since the mid-20th century, more than for any other ecological process. Reasons for the high number of definitions might be that the former ones did not sufficiently describe their causes and/or consequences. Global change is bringing eutrophication more into the spotlight than ever, highlighting the need to find consensus on a common definition, or at least to explain and clarify why there are different meanings of the term eutrophication. To find common patterns, we analyzed 138 definitions that were classified by a multiple correspondence factor analysis (MCA) into three groups. The first group contains the most generic scientific definitions but many of these limit the causes to increased nutrient availability. A single definition takes into account all causes but would require additional work to clarify the process itself. Nutrient pollution, which is by far the primary cause of eutrophication in the Anthropocene, has generated a second group of environmental definitions that often specify the primary producers involved. Those definitions often mention the iconic consequences of nutrient pollution, such as increased algal biomass, anoxia/hypoxia and reduced biodiversity. The third group contains operational definitions, focusing on the consequences of nutrient pollution, for ecosystem services and therefore associated with ecosystem management issues. This group contains definitions related to regulations, mainly US laws and European directives. These numerous definitions, directly derived from the problem of nutrient pollution, have enlarged the landscape of definitions, and reflect the need to warn, legislate and implement a solution to remedy it. Satisfying this demand should not be confused with scientific research on eutrophication and must be based on communicating knowledge to as many people as possible using the simplest possible vocabulary. We propose that operational definitions (groups 2 and 3) should name the process “nutrient pollution,” making it possible to refine (scientific) definitions of eutrophication and to expand on other challenges such as climate warming, overfishing, and other nonnutrient-related chemical pollutions.</p>","PeriodicalId":11505,"journal":{"name":"Ecological Monographs","volume":"94 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":7.1,"publicationDate":"2024-06-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/ecm.1616","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141462294","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Increasing disturbance frequency undermines coral reef recovery","authors":"Michael J. Emslie,&nbsp;Murray Logan,&nbsp;Peran Bray,&nbsp;Daniela M. Ceccarelli,&nbsp;Alistair J. Cheal,&nbsp;Terry P. Hughes,&nbsp;Kerryn A. Johns,&nbsp;Michelle J. Jonker,&nbsp;Emma V. Kennedy,&nbsp;James T. Kerry,&nbsp;Camille Mellin,&nbsp;Ian R. Miller,&nbsp;Kate Osborne,&nbsp;Marji Puotinen,&nbsp;Tane Sinclair-Taylor,&nbsp;Hugh Sweatman","doi":"10.1002/ecm.1619","DOIUrl":"10.1002/ecm.1619","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Climate-driven alterations to disturbance regimes are increasingly disrupting patterns of recovery in many biomes. Here, we examine the impact of disturbance and subsequent level of recovery in live hard coral cover on the Great Barrier Reef (GBR) across the last three decades. We demonstrate that a preexisting pattern of infrequent disturbances of limited spatial extent has changed to larger and more frequent disturbances, dominated by marine heatwaves and severe tropical cyclones. We detected an increase in the impact (measured as coral loss) across 265 individual disturbance impacts on 131 reefs in a 36-year dataset (1985–2022). Additionally, the number of survey reefs impacted by disturbance has increased each decade from 6% in the 1980s to 44% in the 2010s, as has the frequency of mass coral bleaching across the GBR, which has increased between 19% and 28% per year, and cyclones (3%–5% per year), resulting in less time for recovery. Of the 265 disturbance impacts we recorded, complete recovery to the highest levels of coral cover recorded earlier in this study (the “historical benchmark”) occurred only 62 (23%) times. Of the 23% of disturbance impacts that resulted in complete recovery to historical benchmarks, 34/62 recovered to their benchmark in 2021 or 2022. Complete recovery was more likely when the historical benchmark was &lt;25% live hard coral cover. The lack of recovery was attributed to recovery time windows becoming shorter due to increases in the frequency of cyclones and of thermal stress events that result in mass coral bleaching episodes. These results confirm that climate change is contributing to ecosystem-wide changes in the ability of coral reefs to recover.</p>","PeriodicalId":11505,"journal":{"name":"Ecological Monographs","volume":"94 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":7.1,"publicationDate":"2024-06-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141445049","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Understanding woody plant encroachment: A plant functional trait approach","authors":"Inger K. de Jonge,&nbsp;Han Olff,&nbsp;Emilian P. Mayemba,&nbsp;Stijn J. Berger,&nbsp;Michiel P. Veldhuis","doi":"10.1002/ecm.1618","DOIUrl":"10.1002/ecm.1618","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The increasing density of woody plants threatens the integrity of grassy ecosystems. It remains unclear if such encroachment can be explained mostly by direct effects of resources on woody plant growth or by indirect effects of disturbances imposing tree recruitment limitation. Here, we investigate whether woody plant functional traits provide a mechanistic understanding of the complex relationships between these resource and disturbance effects. We first assess the role of rainfall, soil fertility, texture, and geomorphology to explain variation in woody plant encroachment (WPE) following livestock grazing and consequent fire suppression across the Serengeti ecosystem. Second, we explore trait-environment relationships and how these mediate vegetation response to fire suppression. We find that WPE is strongest in areas with high soil fertility, high rainfall, and intermediate catena positions. These conditions also promote woody plant communities characterized by small stature and seed sizes smaller relative to a comparative baseline within the Serengeti ecosystem, alongside high recruit densities (linked to a recruitment-stature trade-off). The positioning of species along this “recruitment-stature axis” predicted woody stem density increase in livestock sites. Structural equation modeling suggested a causal pathway where environmental factors shape the community trait composition, subsequently influencing woody recruit numbers. These numbers, in turn, predicted an area's vulnerability to WPE. Our study underscores the importance of trait-environment relationships in predicting the impact of human alterations on local vegetation change. Understanding how environmental factors directly (resources) and indirectly (legacy effects and plant traits) determine WPE supports the development of process-based ecosystem structure and function models.</p>","PeriodicalId":11505,"journal":{"name":"Ecological Monographs","volume":"94 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":7.1,"publicationDate":"2024-06-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/ecm.1618","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141441554","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"How to map biomes: Quantitative comparison and review of biome-mapping methods","authors":"Antoine Champreux,&nbsp;Frédérik Saltré,&nbsp;Wolfgang Traylor,&nbsp;Thomas Hickler,&nbsp;Corey J. A. Bradshaw","doi":"10.1002/ecm.1615","DOIUrl":"10.1002/ecm.1615","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Biomes are large-scale ecosystems occupying large spaces. The biome concept should theoretically facilitate scientific synthesis of global-scale studies of the past, present, and future biosphere. However, there is neither a consensus biome map nor universally accepted definition of terrestrial biomes, making joint interpretation and comparison of biome-related studies difficult. “Desert,” “rainforest,” “tundra,” “grassland,” or “savanna,” while widely used terms in common language, have multiple definitions and no universally accepted spatial distribution. Fit-for-purpose classification schemes are necessary, so multiple biome-mapping methods should for now co-exist. In this review, we compare biome-mapping methods, first conceptually, then quantitatively. To facilitate the description of the diversity of approaches, we group the extant diversity of past, present, and future global-scale biome-mapping methods into three main families that differ by the feature captured, the mapping technique, and the nature of observation used: (1) <i>compilation</i> biome maps from expert elicitation, (2) <i>functional</i> biome maps from vegetation physiognomy, and (3) <i>simulated</i> biome maps from vegetation modeling. We design a protocol to measure and quantify spatially the pairwise agreement between biome maps. We then illustrate the use of such a protocol with a real-world application by investigating the potential ecological drivers of disagreement between four broadly used, modern global biome maps. In this example, we quantify that the strongest disagreement among biome maps generally occurs in landscapes altered by human activities and moderately covered by vegetation. Such disagreements are sources of bias when combining several biome classifications. When aiming to produce realistic biome maps, biases could be minimized by promoting schemes using observations rather than predictions, while simultaneously considering the effect of humans and other ecosystem engineers in the definition. Throughout this review, we provide comparison and decision tools to navigate the diversity of approaches to encourage a more effective use of the biome concept.</p>","PeriodicalId":11505,"journal":{"name":"Ecological Monographs","volume":"94 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":7.1,"publicationDate":"2024-06-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/ecm.1615","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141441663","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Linking aerial hyperspectral data to canopy tree biodiversity: An examination of the spectral variation hypothesis","authors":"Anna L. Crofts,&nbsp;Christine I. B. Wallis,&nbsp;Sabine St-Jean,&nbsp;Sabrina Demers-Thibeault,&nbsp;Deep Inamdar,&nbsp;J. Pablo Arroyo-Mora,&nbsp;Margaret Kalacska,&nbsp;Etienne Laliberté,&nbsp;Mark Vellend","doi":"10.1002/ecm.1605","DOIUrl":"10.1002/ecm.1605","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Imaging spectroscopy is emerging as a leading remote sensing method for quantifying plant biodiversity. The spectral variation hypothesis predicts that variation in plant hyperspectral reflectance is related to variation in taxonomic and functional identity. While most studies report some correlation between spectral and field-based (i.e., taxonomic and functional) expressions of biodiversity, the observed strength of association is highly variable, and the utility in applying spectral community properties to examine environmental drivers of communities remains unknown. We linked hyperspectral data acquired by airborne imaging spectrometers with precisely geolocated field plots to examine the spectral variation hypothesis along a temperate-to-boreal forest gradient in southern Québec, Canada. First, we examine the degree of association between spectral and field-based dimensions of canopy tree composition and diversity. Second, we ask whether the relationships between field-based community properties and the environment are reproduced when using spectral community properties. We found support for the spectral variation hypothesis with the strength of association generally greater for the functional than taxonomic dimension, but the strength of relationships was highly variable and dependent on the choice of method or metric used to quantify spectral and field-based community properties. Using a multivariate approach (comparisons of separate ordinations), spectral composition was moderately well correlated with field-based composition; however, the degree of association increased when univariately relating the main axes of compositional variation. Spectral diversity was most tightly associated with functional diversity metrics that quantify functional richness and divergence. For predicting canopy tree composition and diversity using environmental variables, the same qualitative conclusions emerge when hyperspectral or field-based data are used. Spatial patterns of canopy tree community properties were strongly related to the turnover from temperate-to-boreal communities, with most variation explained by elevation. Spectral composition and diversity provide a straightforward way to quantify plant biodiversity across large spatial extents without the need for a priori field observations. While commonly framed as a potential tool for biodiversity monitoring, we show that spectral community properties can be applied more widely to assess the environmental drivers of biodiversity, thereby helping to advance our understanding of the drivers of biogeographical patterns of plant communities.</p>","PeriodicalId":11505,"journal":{"name":"Ecological Monographs","volume":"94 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":7.1,"publicationDate":"2024-05-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/ecm.1605","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140846053","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A flexible theory for the dynamics of social populations: Within-group density dependence and between-group processes","authors":"Brian A. Lerch,&nbsp;Karen C. Abbott","doi":"10.1002/ecm.1604","DOIUrl":"10.1002/ecm.1604","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Despite the importance of population structures throughout ecology, relatively little theoretical attention has been paid to understanding the implications of social groups for population dynamics. The dynamics of socially structured populations differ substantially from those of unstructured or metapopulation-structured populations, because social groups themselves may split, fuse, and compete. These “between-group processes” remain understudied as drivers of the dynamics of socially structured populations. Here, we explore the role of various between-group processes in the dynamics of socially structured populations. To do so, we analyze a model that includes births, deaths, migration, fissions, fusions, and between-group competition and flexibly allows for density dependence in each process. Both logistic growth and an Allee effect are considered for within-group density dependence. We show that the effect of various between-group processes is mediated by their influence on the stable distribution of group sizes, with the ultimate impact on the population determined by the interaction between within-group density dependence and the process's effect on the group size distribution. Between-group interactions that change the number of groups can lead to both negative and positive density dependence at the global population level (even if birth and death rates depend only on group size and not population size). We conclude with a series of case studies that illustrates different ways that age, sex, and class structure impact the dynamics of social populations. These case studies demonstrate the importance of group-formation mechanisms, the cost of having excess males in a group, and the potential drawbacks of generating too many reproductive individuals. In sum, our results make clear the importance of within-group density dependence, between-group dynamics, and the interactions between them for the population dynamics of social species and provide a flexible framework for modeling social populations.</p>","PeriodicalId":11505,"journal":{"name":"Ecological Monographs","volume":"94 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.1,"publicationDate":"2024-04-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140607605","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Impacts of host availability and temperature on mosquito-borne parasite transmission","authors":"Kyle J.-M. Dahlin,&nbsp;Suzanne M. O'Regan,&nbsp;Barbara A. Han,&nbsp;John Paul Schmidt,&nbsp;John M. Drake","doi":"10.1002/ecm.1603","DOIUrl":"10.1002/ecm.1603","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Global climate change is predicted to cause range shifts in the mosquito species that transmit pathogens to humans and wildlife. Recent modeling studies have sought to improve our understanding of the relationship between temperature and the transmission potential of mosquito-borne pathogens. However, the role of the vertebrate host population, including the importance of host behavioral defenses on mosquito feeding success, remains poorly understood despite ample empirical evidence of its significance to pathogen transmission. Here, we derived thermal performance curves for mosquito and parasite traits and integrated them into two models of vector–host contact to investigate how vertebrate host traits and behaviors affect two key thermal properties of mosquito-borne parasite transmission: the thermal optimum for transmission and the thermal niche of the parasite population. We parameterized these models for five mosquito-borne parasite transmission systems, leading to two main conclusions. First, vertebrate host availability may induce a shift in the thermal optimum of transmission. When the tolerance of the vertebrate host to biting from mosquitoes is limited, the thermal optimum of transmission may be altered by as much as 5°C, a magnitude of applied significance. Second, thresholds for sustained transmission depend nonlinearly on both vertebrate host availability and temperature. At any temperature, sustained transmission is impossible when vertebrate hosts are extremely abundant because the probability of encountering an infected individual is negligible. But when host biting tolerance is limited, sustained transmission will also not occur at low host population densities. Furthermore, our model indicates that biting tolerance should interact with vertebrate host population density to adjust the parasite population thermal niche. Together, these results suggest that vertebrate host traits and behaviors play essential roles in the thermal properties of mosquito-borne parasite transmission. Increasing our understanding of this relationship should lead us to improved predictions about shifting global patterns of mosquito-borne disease.</p>","PeriodicalId":11505,"journal":{"name":"Ecological Monographs","volume":"94 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.1,"publicationDate":"2024-03-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/ecm.1603","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140124238","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}