Documenta Ophthalmologica最新文献

{"title":"Beyond the snellen chart: exploring the clinical potential of sweep visual evoked potentials for visual acuity measurement.","authors":"Asma Hermas, Michael Dollin, Rustum Karanjia, Ange-Lynca Kantungane, Hong-An Nguyen, Catherine Tsilfidis, Stuart Coupland","doi":"10.1007/s10633-026-10091-0","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10633-026-10091-0","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>To evaluate the agreement between Snellen visual acuity (VA) and sweep visual evoked potential (sVEP) VA in individuals with normal vision and assess sVEP variability and reproducibility across multiple test sessions.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Thirty-nine healthy participants (78 eyes) underwent Snellen and sVEP VA testing. Ten participants (20 eyes) also underwent sVEP testing twice daily (morning and afternoon) on three separate days (120 total recordings). and Snellen VA measurements showed strong agreement, with a mean absolute difference of 0.03 LogMAR (less than one Snellen line). Forty of 78 eyes had differences within one Snellen line, while the largest discrepancy reached four lines. Statistical analysis (P = 0.201) indicated no significant difference between the two methods. sVEP reproducibility was also high, with no significant variation between morning and afternoon recordings (P = 0.67), confirming its stability as a clinical tool.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>sVEP provides objective and reproducible VA measurements comparable to Snellen VA, suggesting its potential as an alternative clinical assessment tool, particularly for patients with communication challenges, cognitive impairments, or suspected malingering vision loss.</p>","PeriodicalId":11207,"journal":{"name":"Documenta Ophthalmologica","volume":" ","pages":"13-24"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2026-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147364454","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Visual evoked potential abnormalities in spinocerebellar ataxia type 27B: a case report.","authors":"Pavol Skacik, Stefan Sivak, Milan Grofik, Egon Kurca","doi":"10.1007/s10633-026-10111-z","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10633-026-10111-z","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Spinocerebellar ataxia type 27B (SCA27B) is an autosomal dominant late-onset cerebellar ataxia caused by a pathogenic GAA repeat expansion in the FGF14 gene. Although oculomotor abnormalities, particularly downbeat nystagmus, are well recognized, afferent visual pathway involvement has not been systematically investigated.</p><p><strong>Case presentation: </strong>We report a 67-year-old man with genetically confirmed SCA27B who presented with a two-year history of progressive cerebellar and somatosensory ataxia, with a Scale for the Assessment and Rating of Ataxia (SARA) score of 13. Neurological examination revealed typical oculomotor abnormalities, including downbeat nystagmus elicited during head-shaking testing. Brain MRI showed mild cerebellar atrophy. Electrophysiological studies demonstrated axonal sensory polyneuropathy and prolonged central conduction times on somatosensory evoked potentials. Comprehensive ophthalmological examination, including optical coherence tomography, showed no structural abnormalities. Pattern-reversal visual evoked potentials, recorded according to ISCEV standards, demonstrated mild bilateral prolongation of P100 latency, measuring 116 ms in the left eye and 115 ms in the right eye, with preserved amplitudes. Compared with laboratory normative data from individuals aged 60-70 years, these values exceeded the upper age-related reference limit.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>This case suggests possible subclinical functional involvement of the post-retinal afferent visual pathways in SCA27B. However, the findings should be interpreted cautiously and confirmed in larger, age-matched cohorts.</p>","PeriodicalId":11207,"journal":{"name":"Documenta Ophthalmologica","volume":" ","pages":"143-147"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2026-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13506504/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147867050","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Assessment of full-field stimulus test results in Stargardt disease: correlations with full-field electroretinography, multifocal electroretinography, and optical coherence tomography.","authors":"Zekeriya Cetinkaya, Neslihan Sinim Kahraman, Ayşe Öner","doi":"10.1007/s10633-026-10134-6","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10633-026-10134-6","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>The aim of this study is to evaluate the results of the Full-Field Stimulus test (FST) in patients with Stargardt disease (STGD), and to compare these results with findings obtained from other ophthalmologicalassesments.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Twenty-six eyes with STGD and 26 eyes from healthy controls were included in the study. Following a routine ophthalmologic examination, all participants underwent optical coherence tomography, full-field and multifocal electroretinography, and full-field stimulus testing.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The mean age was 29.3 years in the STGD group and 27.1 years in the control group. All participants successfully completed the FST procedure. Visual acuity and central macular thickness were significantly lower in the STGD group compared to the control group (p < 0,01). Multifocal electroretinography (mfERG) analysis revealed significantly decreased mean P1-wave amplitudes and prolonged mean P1-wave implicittimes across all rings in the STGD group. Additionally, FST threshols for white, blue and red stimuli were significantly lower in the STGD group than in the control group (p < 0,01). Correlation analysis revealed a positive relationship between FST results and visual acuity, mfERG amplitudes and central macular thickness.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>FST is a simple, reliable and rapid test that can be applied in patients with low visual acuity. It effectively measures retinal sensitivity in patients with STGD. Given its practicality FST can be safely used to monitor the disease progression and treatment response in inherited retinal diseases.</p>","PeriodicalId":11207,"journal":{"name":"Documenta Ophthalmologica","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2026-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148653214","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Anomalous contrast as an adaptive violation of the Talbot-Plateau law.","authors":"Ernest Greene, Jack Morrison","doi":"10.1007/s10633-026-10098-7","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10633-026-10098-7","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>To better understand anomalous contrast mechanisms that allow flicker-fused stimuli to be visible even when they provide the same physical contrast as background.</p><p><strong>Method: </strong>Stimulus flicker was used to elicit differential activation of ON and OFF retinal channels at frequencies above the flicker-fusion threshold. Providing balanced light energy to ON and OFF channels will normally cause the stimulus to vanish into the background.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>We used ultrabrief bright pulses, combined with ultralong dark pulses, to elicit \"anomalous contrast\" that rendered the stimulus visible, even though it had the same average luminance as the background. The duration and intensity of flicker components were varied to gain insight into the conditions that would elicit this effect.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Anomalous contrast displays violated the Talbot-Plateau law, but in doing so, provided an adaptive way to register and signal contours that matched background luminance. These findings contribute additional details about this visual adaptation, and we discuss how the retinal circuitry provides for stimulus visibility.</p>","PeriodicalId":11207,"journal":{"name":"Documenta Ophthalmologica","volume":" ","pages":"43-57"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2026-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13506609/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147572219","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Intra- and inter-examiner reliability of ERGs recorded with two types of skin electrodes.","authors":"Ryunosuke Nagashima, Kumiko Kato, Keitaro Mizumoto, Sumine Mori, Daisuke Kurose, Iroha Fujimoto, Hisashi Matsubara, Hidetaka Kudo, Daphne L McCulloch, Mineo Kondo","doi":"10.1007/s10633-026-10107-9","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10633-026-10107-9","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>To determine whether the intra-examiner and the inter-examiner reliabilities of the implicit times and amplitudes of the ERGs differed when recorded with two different types of skin electrodes.</p><p><strong>Subjects and methods: </strong>Eleven subjects (5 men and 6 women) were studied. The RETeval system was used to record ERGs, and the Sensor Strip of the RETeval system or the Red Dot electrocardiography electrodes (Red Dot) were used to record the ERGs. Flicker ERGs were recorded with a natural pupil. To test the intra-examiner reliability, one examiner positioned electrodes and recorded the ERGs three times on three different days from each subject. For the inter-examiner reliability, three different examiners recorded the ERGs from the 11 subjects. The implicit times and amplitudes of the flicker ERGs were analyzed using one-way intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC (1,1)) to assess intra-examiner variability and using a two-way intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC (2,1)) for inter-examiner variability.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>For implicit times both the ICC (1,1) and ICC (2,1) were > 0.8 for both electrode types. For the amplitude, ICC (1,1) was > 0.8 for both electrodes, but the ICC (2,1) was lower at 0.474 for the Sensor Strip and 0.672 for the Red Dot electrodes. After Benjamini-Hochberg adjustments, the amplitudes did not differ between electrodes in either setting; implicit time was slightly shorter with the Red Dot than with Sensor Strip in the three-examiner setting (BH-adjusted P = 0.032; mean difference, 0.13 ms).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The intra-examiner reliability was high for both types of electrodes, but the inter-examiner reliability indicated that the amplitudes of the ERGs tended to be less reliable for both types of electrodes. We conclude that standardizing the electrode placement and ensuring precise applications may help improve inter-examiner reproducibility, especially for the amplitude measurements.</p>","PeriodicalId":11207,"journal":{"name":"Documenta Ophthalmologica","volume":" ","pages":"59-67"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2026-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13506558/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147834999","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Validation of a novel multi-luminance shape discrimination test for assessment of functional vision.","authors":"Andres Emanuelli, Benjamin Bakall, Byron L Lam, Charles C Wykoff, David Liao, Lance Bergstrom, Zak Vitaliy, Michael Carlson, Sanghoon Kim, Subrata Batabyal, Jean Chang, John Koester, Mark Von Tress, Mark Kosinski, Samuel B Barone, Samarendra K Mohanty","doi":"10.1007/s10633-026-10086-x","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10633-026-10086-x","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>In low-vision patients, traditional measures often fall short of capturing functional vision improvements. The study aims to assess the reliability and validity of a novel functional low-vision outcome assessment, the Multi-luminance Shape Discrimination Test (MLSDT).</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This is a prospective, observational study in 25 participants with severe vision loss due to retinitis pigmentosa (RP) with visual acuity worse than or equal to LogMAR 1.6, and in 10 normal vision participants. The MLSDT utilizes three differently shaped objects, randomly positioned on pressure sensors, to enable an automated, quantifiable response in a controlled multi-luminance environment. The assessment accuracy (recognizing the correct object and picking it up) was measured using the MLSDT. Convergent validity of MLSDT was evaluated with measures of visual acuity and visual field, as well as patient-reported outcomes.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The 35 study participants (60% male and 40% female) had a mean age of 46.5 years old (range: 19-78 years), with 24 Hispanic individuals. Estimates of test-retest reliability for MLSDT exceeded 0.50. The correlations between MLSDT test scores and LogMAR visual acuity were strong (> -0.7). For a difference of 0.3 LogMAR between the groups of RP participants, a decrease of ~ 2-level MLSDT score was observed. Moderate to strong correlations were also observed between MLSDT test scores and the measures of visual field and patient-reported outcome measures.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Psychometric evaluation demonstrates the reliability and validity of the novel functional vision endpoint, MLSDT. The MLSDT test performance in participants with different visual acuities showed improved object recognition when the luminance level was enhanced.</p>","PeriodicalId":11207,"journal":{"name":"Documenta Ophthalmologica","volume":" ","pages":"25-42"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2026-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147456229","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Clinical endpoints special session, ISCEV 2025, Utrecht.","authors":"R Hamilton, D Birch, K Stingl, K Fujinami, K Holopigian, C J F Boon, J Moseley, J J McAnany, A V Cideciyan, M M van Genderen","doi":"10.1007/s10633-026-10108-8","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10633-026-10108-8","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This report summarises the Clinical Endpoints Special Session held during the 62nd annual symposium of the International Society for Clinical Electrophysiology of Vision (ISCEV), convened at Tivoli Vredenburg, Utrecht, The Netherlands. The session brought together clinicians, regulators, industry representatives, and a patient voice to consider the state of clinical endpoints in trials for inherited retinal disorders (IRDs). Discussions covered the adequacy of current endpoints, challenges of disease heterogeneity, regulatory expectations, operational feasibility, and the perspectives of patients. The session highlighted the need to anchor emerging endpoints to clinically meaningful outcomes and to minimise assessment burdens.</p>","PeriodicalId":11207,"journal":{"name":"Documenta Ophthalmologica","volume":" ","pages":"3-11"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2026-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13506647/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147980996","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Disease progression in IMPDH1 gene-associated rod-cone dystrophy caused by a rare p.Thr244Pro heterozygous variant.","authors":"Mirella Barboni, Eszter Jávorszky, Mathieu Quinodoz, Ji Hoon Han, Miklós Resch, Zoltán Zsolt Nagy, Carlo Rivolta, Kálmán Tory, Viktória Szabó","doi":"10.1007/s10633-026-10084-z","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10633-026-10084-z","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>A hallmark of the IMPDH1-related rod-cone dystrophy is the highly variable expressivity. Disease onset, severity and progression are variant-dependent due to specific affected photoreceptor mechanisms, underscoring the importance of genotype-phenotype correlations. We provide a detailed clinical characterization of a patient with rod-cone dystrophy caused by a rare de novo missense IMPDH1 variant.</p><p><strong>Case description: </strong>A 33-year-old female patient was assessed over a period of four years following the onset of her symptoms. A multimodal evaluation of both structural and functional aspects, along with molecular analysis, was performed. We identified a rare de novo missense variant in the IMPDH1 gene (NM_000883.4:c.730A > C, p.Thr244Pro), which had been previously reported in one patient. Threonine 244 is located at the interface between the catalytic domain and the regulatory Bateman domain. This region is crucial for GDP/GTP nucleotide binding and mediates feedback regulation, putatively influencing allosteric regulation. The SD-OCT imaging revealed a symmetrically preserved ellipsoid zone in the central retina, alongside noticeable neuroretinal layer loss beyond the temporal vascular arcades. Functional examinations showed normal BCVA, microperimetric macular thresholds, and color vision thresholds in both eyes. Multifocal ERG was slightly reduced, and full-field ERGs were affected in both dark- and light-adapted responses, consistent with the peripheral sensitivity loss in the 80° automated visual field. No significant changes were observed throughout the follow-up period.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>The IMPDH1 p.Thr244Pro variant was associated with preserved central retina structure and function with stable peripheral dysfunction in the fourth decade of life, suggesting a relatively stationary disease course that starkly contrasts the rapid progression of retinal dystrophies caused by other IMPDH1 variants.</p>","PeriodicalId":11207,"journal":{"name":"Documenta Ophthalmologica","volume":" ","pages":"123-134"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2026-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13506598/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146197352","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Technical note: a functional data analysis approach to analyze the light-adapted electroretinogram in children and adolescents.","authors":"Zdeněk Hlávka, Paul A Constable, Fernando Marmolejo-Ramos, Lynne Loh, Dorothy A Thompson, Jan Kalina, Marco Marozzi","doi":"10.1007/s10633-026-10112-y","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10633-026-10112-y","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>To present a new framework for the analysis of the light-adapted electroretinogram using Functional Data Analysis (FDA).</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Light adapted full-field electroretinograms and extracted Oscillatory Potentials waveforms were analyzed using an FDA approach. Waveforms from 71 individuals with autism spectrum disorder and 98 Control participants (mean ± SD age in years): ASD (12.8 ± 4.4) and Control (13.5 ± 4.7) were reanalyzed from previous studies. Robust and powerful nonparametric permutation-based tests were developed for the mean, variance, and first derivative of the waveforms.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>FDA identified a significant group difference (p=0.049) for the mean of the waveforms between the a-wave minima and b-wave maxima for the 356 and 445 Td.s flash strengths. The Oscillatory Potentials mean and covariance for the mean and first derivative of the waveforms exhibited significant group differences across multiple flash strengths (p=.0244). The combined test statistic for the mean and covariance showed group differences by age and group, but not by sex.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>By treating time-series recordings as functions, the proposed FDA framework enables a more informative assessment of group differences through the analysis of mean structure, covariance, and waveform dynamics captured by first derivatives. This new functional perspective extends beyond traditional time series methods based on peak time and amplitude to provide a powerful tool for uncovering subtle differences between groups.</p>","PeriodicalId":11207,"journal":{"name":"Documenta Ophthalmologica","volume":" ","pages":"89-106"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2026-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13506519/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148028262","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Enhancing the detection of visual-cognitive disruptions in automated dyslexia diagnosis using viscoelastic constitutive artificial neural networks for eye movement analysis.","authors":"S Regilan, R Indumathi, J Jenitha, M Sowmiya Manoj","doi":"10.1007/s10633-026-10116-8","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10633-026-10116-8","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>Dyslexia can be assessed using eye-tracking technology to monitor reading patterns, but challenges persist in distinguishing dyslexia-specific anomalies from those caused by other factors due to individual reading variability.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>To address these challenges, enhancing the Detection of Visual-Cognitive Disruptions in Automated Dyslexia Diagnosis Using Viscoelastic Constitutive Artificial Neural Networks for Eye Movement Analysis (DVDD-VCANN-EMA) is proposed. Firstly, input data is gathered from ETDD70: Eye-Tracking Dyslexia Dataset. Then the input data is pre-processed employing Continuous-Discrete Derivative-Free Extended Kalman Filter (CDDFEKF) which is utilized to clean the data and normalization. Then the pre-processed data are given to High- Order Time-Reassigned Synchrosqueezing Transform (HTSST) for feature extraction. HTSST is employed to extract relevant features such as word vectors, eye movement metrics, and saliency maps. The extracted features are input into the Viscoelastic Constitutive Artificial Neural Networks (VCANN),AQ2 classify such as dyslexic and non-dyslexic. In general, VCANN do not demonstrate the use of optimization strategies to determine weight parameters for accurately diagnosing dyslexia through eye movement analysis. Therefore, the Doll maker Optimization Algorithm (DOA) is employed in this study to optimize the weight parameters of VCANN.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The proposed technique implemented in python, demonstrates substantial improvements in accuracy, precision, recall, F1 score, Specificity and AUC. The DVDD-VCANN-EMA model achieves peak performance with 98.5% accuracy, 98.5% recall, and 98.5% F1-score, and the fastest computation time of 1.170 s.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>for effective compare with existing methods such as Dyslexia Analysis and Diagnosis according to Eye Movement (DAEM-CNN), INSIGHT: Combining Fixation Visualisations and Residual Neural Networks for Dyslexia Classification From Eye-Tracking Data (FVDEDNN) and Optimal Ensemble Learning Model for Dyslexia Prediction Based on an Adaptive Genetic Algorithm (OEDP-SVM).</p>","PeriodicalId":11207,"journal":{"name":"Documenta Ophthalmologica","volume":" ","pages":"69-87"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2026-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148223710","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}