Documenta Ophthalmologica最新文献

{"title":"Automated quantification of RETeval™ sensor electrode position from infrared eye images: a preliminary technical report.","authors":"Paul A Constable, Lynne Loh, Hugo Posada-Quintero, Aleksei Zhdanov, Gleb Sokolov, Mikhail Kulyabin","doi":"10.1007/s10633-026-10153-3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10633-026-10153-3","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>To present an automated method for computing the position of the RETeval skin sensor electrode and the iris color ratio (IC_ratio) from infrared eye images extracted from RETeval recording files.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Infrared eye images were extracted from .RFF binary files recorded in 19 healthy young participants (mean age 10.6 years, range 5.0-15.8; 7 male, 12 female) using the RETeval 6-step Light First Troland ISCEV protocol. A multilabel deep learning segmentation model (SegFormer) was trained to delineate six ocular structures: pupil, iris/limbus, corneal reflex, visible white bulbar area, electrode, and inner lens ring. Electrode position was quantified as the signed displacement vector from the corneal reflex centroid to the electrode arc-contact point (Pₑ), decomposed into horizontal (dx) and vertical (dy) components in millimeters. The iris color ratio (IC_ratio) was derived from the segmentation masks as the mean gray level of the iris annular ring divided by the median gray level of the dark pupil, with corneal reflex pixels excluded.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The segmentation model achieved a mean validation Dice coefficient of 0.971 across the six classes on a held-out recording session. Infrared images (n = 271) were extracted from 19 participants (38 eyes); 67 (24.7%) satisfied all three quality-control criteria, and an electrode measurement was obtained for all 38 eyes. Vertical electrode displacement (dy) was 8.57 ± 1.81 mm (right eye) and 9.14 ± 1.89 mm (left eye; p = 0.13 between eyes); horizontal displacement (dx) was - 3.11 ± 2.42 mm and - 3.70 ± 4.74 mm, respectively (p = 0.67). Euclidean displacement (|d|) differed significantly between eyes (9.45 ± 1.63 vs 10.74 ± 2.59 mm; p = 0.004), while angular displacement did not (p = 0.81). Mask-based IC_ratio was 1.128 ± 0.036 (right) and 1.121 ± 0.039 (left), with a significant interocular correlation (r = 0.811, p = 0.008); the device-derived ratio was 1.134 ± 0.024 and 1.149 ± 0.038 (interocular r = 0.561, p = 0.12). The two methods differed by - 0.016 on average (95% limits of agreement - 0.108 to + 0.077; p = 0.14).</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>This preliminary study provides an automated method for determining the position of the RETeval sensor electrode from the infrared images recorded by the device. A measure of iris darkness derived from the same segmentation is reported as a secondary technical output.</p>","PeriodicalId":11207,"journal":{"name":"Documenta Ophthalmologica","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2026-10-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149227520","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Supernormal flicker ERG with postoperative CME after nDSAEK in bullous keratopathy.","authors":"Kumiko Kato, Keitaro Mizumoto, Yuka Yonekawa, Sumine Mori, Nao Mizutani, Mineo Kondo","doi":"10.1007/s10633-026-10157-z","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10633-026-10157-z","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>To report a case of supernormal electroretinogram (ERG) observed after non-Descemet stripping automated endothelial keratoplasty (nDSAEK) in a patient with bullous keratopathy, monitored longitudinally with flicker ERG and OCT.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A woman in her 70s underwent nDSAEK for bullous keratopathy. Postoperative retinal function was evaluated serially using full-field flicker ERG recorded with the RETeval system, together with macular OCT when feasible.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>On postoperative day 4, flicker ERG in the operated eye showed a prolonged implicit time (34.4 ms vs. 31.9 ms) and a markedly increased amplitude (31.4 μV vs. 19.2 μV) compared with the fellow eye. Macular OCT could not be obtained at that time. At the 3-week postoperative visit, OCT revealed cystoid macular edema (CME), and the flicker ERG amplitude was further increased with a slightly shorter implicit time. With topical nepafenac, CME gradually regressed and resolved by 1 year, accompanied by improvement in best-corrected visual acuity to 1.0; the flicker ERG amplitude and implicit time returned to levels comparable to those of the fellow eye.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>This case illustrates that transiently increased ERG amplitude accompanied by subtle prolongation of implicit time may occur following nDSAEK and could be associated with postoperative intraocular inflammation and CME. Serial RETeval-based flicker ERG may be useful for monitoring perioperative inflammatory responses after endothelial keratoplasty.</p>","PeriodicalId":11207,"journal":{"name":"Documenta Ophthalmologica","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2026-10-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149180032","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Bilateral non-hereditary foveomacular and peripheral retinoschisis in a young female with electrophysiological abnormalities.","authors":"Pragati Raj, Deepika C Parameswarappa, B Poornachandra, Revathi Sridhar, H D Subashchandra, Naresh Kumar Yadav","doi":"10.1007/s10633-025-10077-4","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10633-025-10077-4","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>To report a case of non-hereditary bilateral foveomacular and peripheral retinoschisis in a young female, with electrophysiological abnormalities in the absence of high myopia.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A 25-year-old female with recent-onset diminution of vision in the left eye (LE) underwent comprehensive ophthalmic evaluation including best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA), slit lamp biomicroscopy, indirect ophthalmoscopy, optical coherence tomography (OCT), full field electroretinography (ERG) and genetic evaluation.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>BCVA at presentation was 6/6, N6 in the right eye(RE) and 6/9, N8 in the LE. The patient had a prior history of laser refractive surgery for moderate myopia. Anterior segment examination was unremarkable. Fundus evaluation revealed bilateral foveoschisis and peripheral retinal schisis. OCT showed retinoschisis predominantly involving outer plexiform and outer nuclear layer, along with mild vitreoschisis. Foveal detachment was noted in the LE. ERG demonstrated rod and cone system dysfunction, severe rod bipolar cell dysfunction in both eyes, and a borderline electronegative waveform in the LE. There was no family history, and clinical exome sequencing did not reveal any pathogenic variants associated with the phenotype.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Electrophysiological abnormalities with bipolar cell dysfunction, similar to those seen in hereditary retinoschisis, can also occur in non-hereditary retinoschisis. Genetic evaluation is recommended to differentiate between the two, as ERG may show abnormalities in both.</p>","PeriodicalId":11207,"journal":{"name":"Documenta Ophthalmologica","volume":" ","pages":"235-242"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2026-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145892307","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Multimodal neuro-ophthalmologic changes and the impact of CPAP therapy in severe obstructive sleep apnea: a prospective OCT, OCTA, and visual field study.","authors":"Yagmur Inalkac Gemici, Uzeyir Ozturk, Mustafa Erdogan, Suleyman Sami Ilker, Hikmet Yilmaz, Aysın Kısabay Ak","doi":"10.1007/s10633-026-10122-w","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10633-026-10122-w","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>To evaluate structural, microvascular, and functional neuro-ophthalmologic changes in severe obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS) and to investigate the effects of 6-month continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) therapy using a multimodal approach.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>In this prospective case-control study, 38 patients with PSG-confirmed severe OSAS and 19 controls were enrolled. All participants underwent optical coherence tomography (OCT), optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA), and visual field (VF) testing (24-2 and 10-2). Thirty patients with adequate CPAP adherence were reassessed after 6 months. Baseline comparisons were additionally adjusted for body mass index (BMI), and false discovery rate (FDR) correction was applied for multiple comparisons.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Baseline neuro-ophthalmologic differences between OSAS patients and controls did not remain statistically significant after BMI adjustment and FDR correction. Following CPAP therapy, significant increases in average and inferior peripapillary retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) thickness were observed and remained significant after FDR correction. Significant improvements were also detected in 24-2 VF indices (VFI, MD, and PSD) and 10-2 PSD values after treatment. In contrast, OCTA-derived vascular parameters and macular thickness changes did not remain significant after correction for multiple comparisons. All polysomnographic parameters and Epworth Sleepiness Scale scores improved significantly after treatment.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Although baseline cross-sectional neuro-ophthalmologic differences were attenuated after BMI adjustment and multiple-comparison correction, longitudinal analyses demonstrated significant structural and functional improvement following CPAP therapy in severe OSAS. Multimodal assessment combining OCT and retinal and macular perimetry may provide a useful framework for monitoring treatment-related neuro-ophthalmologic changes in OSAS.</p>","PeriodicalId":11207,"journal":{"name":"Documenta Ophthalmologica","volume":" ","pages":"207-221"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2026-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13619653/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148216923","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evaluation of optic nerve and retinal functions in demyelinating diseases using electrophysiological tests.","authors":"Mualla Hamurcu, Burcu Polat Gültekin, Elif Şahin, Öznur Bekmez","doi":"10.1007/s10633-026-10131-9","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10633-026-10131-9","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>The aim of this study was to evaluate pattern visual evoked potential (PVEP) and pattern electroretinography (PERG) parameters during the attack-free period in patients with multiple sclerosis (MS) with and without a history of optic neuritis (ON), as well as in individuals with non-MS demyelinating diseases and healthy controls.</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>This cross-sectional study included 71 patients with demyelinating diseases (95 eyes) and 44 healthy volunteers (88 eyes). This study was prospectively designed to evaluate clinical and electrophysiological data obtained during the routine diagnostic work-up and follow-up in our Neuro-ophthalmology Unit. Patients were classified into three groups: MS with ON (MS + ON), MS without ON (MS-ON), and non-MS demyelinating disorders with ON (non-MS + ON). All participants underwent a comprehensive ophthalmological examination followed by PVEP and PERG testing. Tests were conducted using the Metrovision Monpack system. The peak latencies and amplitudes of the PVEP N75 and P100 waves, as well as the peak latencies and amplitudes of the PERG P50 and N95 waves, were analyzed and compared with control subjects. To account for inter-eye dependency, we employed Generalized Estimating Equations (GEE), specifying a Gaussian family with an identity link function and an exchangeable working correlation structure. Results are reported as median (range) and Mean Differences (MD) with 95% CI.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>In the MS + ON group, a significant prolongation of P100 latency along with marked reductions in both P100 and N95 amplitudes was observed (p < 0.001), indicating demyelination accompanied by axonal damage. Additionally, the MS - ON group demonstrated a significant prolongation of P100 latency (p = 0.02) and a reduction in N95 amplitude (p = 0.005), suggestive of subclinical retinal ganglion cell dysfunction in the absence of ON. In the non-MS + ON group, although P100 latency was prolonged (p = 0.01), P100 amplitude was preserved (p = 0.28); however, a significant reduction in N95 amplitude was detected (p = 0.002). Effect sizes were expressed as Mean Differences (MD) with 95% Confidence Intervals (CI) to emphasize clinical magnitude over binary p-values.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>In combination with PVEP, PERG enhances neuro-ophthalmological evaluation by revealing optic nerve and retinal ganglion cell involvement across both acute and chronic stages of demyelinating diseases.</p>","PeriodicalId":11207,"journal":{"name":"Documenta Ophthalmologica","volume":" ","pages":"179-188"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2026-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148404008","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The effect of physiological changes in estradiol hormone during the follicular phase of the menstrual cycle in healthy women on retinal ganglion cell function, retinal and optic nerve vascularization and structure.","authors":"Mualla Hamurcu, Burcu Polat Gültekin, Melisa Göçmen, Zarife Nurbanu Mendi, Zehra Kurdoğlu","doi":"10.1007/s10633-026-10105-x","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10633-026-10105-x","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>This study aimed to investigate the effects of estradiol changes occurring during the early follicular phase of the menstrual cycle on retinal ganglion cell function, retinal and optic nerve vascularity and structure in healthy adults using pattern electroretinography (PERG), optical coherence tomography (OCT), and optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA).</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>The study included 26 healthy subjects with a visual acuity of 1.0. Serum hormone levels, intraocular pressure (IOP), cycloplegic spherical equivalent (SE), PERG, retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) thickness and OCTA measurements were evaluated. PERG tests were performed using the Metrovision Monpack system. Spectral-domain OCT (Topcon Corporation, Tokyo, Japan); OCTA (Optovue, Inc, Fremont, CA) devices were used. All tests were conducted on the 1st and 14th days of the menstrual cycle, and the results were compared.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The mean serum estradiol values on days 1 and 14 were 51 ± 19 ng/L and 304 ± 50 ng/L, respectively. PERG revealed no statistically significant differences in the amplitude or latency of the P50 and N95 waves between days 1 and 14. RNFL thickness did not differ significantly in the mean, superior, or inferior quadrants (p = 0.90, p = 0.85, and p = 0.39, respectively). OCTA analysis showed that peripapillary and macular vascular density values were similar between days 1 and 14 (p > 0.05). Correlation analysis revealed no significant relationship between electrophysiological parameters, RNFL thickness measurements, and retinal vascular densities (p > 0.05).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>In healthy women, no significant functional, vascular, or structural differences were observed in PERG, OCT, or OCTA parameters between low and high estradiol levels on days 1 and 14 of the menstrual cycle. Unlike the persistently low estradiol levels seen in menopause, physiological estradiol fluctuations during a healthy menstrual cycle do not cause functional, structural, or vascular changes in the optic nerve or retina.</p>","PeriodicalId":11207,"journal":{"name":"Documenta Ophthalmologica","volume":" ","pages":"199-206"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2026-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13619788/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147765355","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Serous Maculopathy due to Aspecific Choroidopathy (SMACH): a case report with differential diagnosis based on multimodal imaging analysis.","authors":"Xuan Ren, Xinxin Yu, Shuai Huang, Xiangkun Qi, Shiwu Wang, Yan Sun","doi":"10.1007/s10633-026-10120-y","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10633-026-10120-y","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Serous Maculopathy Due to Aspecific Choroidopathy (SMACH) is a rare chorioretinal disease characterized by polymorphic, non-pigmented choroidal lesions, with or without subretinal fluid (SRF). Its clinical manifestations overlap with common conditions such as central serous chorioretinopathy (CSC) and age-related macular degeneration (AMD), leading to a high risk of misdiagnosis, particularly in elderly patients. Multimodal imaging, including optical coherence tomography (OCT), OCT angiography (OCTA), fluorescein fundus angiography (FFA), and indocyanine green angiography (ICGA), is critical for accurate diagnosis.</p><p><strong>Case presentation: </strong>A 76-year-old Asian female presented with a 6-month history of blurred vision in her left eye. Ophthalmic examination revealed multiple yellowish-white subretinal lesions with mild elevation in the posterior pole of the left eye. OCT and OCTA demonstrated hyperreflective fibrinous exudates between the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) and Bruch's membrane, choroidal thickening, and outer retinal damage. Fluorescein fundus angiography (FFA) and indocyanine green angiography (ICGA) provided complementary findings consistent with choroidal dysfunction and blood-retinal barrier disruption. Systemic evaluations, including laboratory tests for rheumatological immune indicators, tuberculin test, syphilis serology, and imaging examinations, excluded other systemic diseases. Based on these multimodal imaging findings and exclusion of alternative diagnoses, the patient was diagnosed with SMACH.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>This case report describes a typical presentation of SMACH in an elderly patient, emphasizing that multimodal imaging, as demonstrated in this case, can help identify characteristic features of SMACH (choroidal thickening, hyperreflective exudates), though its diagnostic reliability in larger populations requires further validation.The exclusion of systemic diseases and differentiation from similar chorioretinal disorders (e.g., CSC, AMD) are crucial for accurate diagnosis.This case adds to the existing limited data on SMACH in elderly populations and further supports the role of multimodal imaging in improving diagnostic accuracy to reduce misdiagnosis.</p>","PeriodicalId":11207,"journal":{"name":"Documenta Ophthalmologica","volume":" ","pages":"281-288"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2026-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148249711","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Oculomotor dysfunction with unremarkable neuroimaging: a diagnostic clue to Gerstmann-Sträussler-Scheinker syndrome.","authors":"Xia Ling, Yuexia Wu, Zhiying Xie, Yang Wang, Jianhua Li, Xu Yang, Zhaoxia Wang, Qing Peng","doi":"10.1007/s10633-026-10114-w","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10633-026-10114-w","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Gerstmann-Sträussler-Scheinker syndrome (GSS) is an extremely rare genetic prion disease caused by pathogenic mutations in the prion protein gene (PRNP). Further reports and thorough evaluation are needed to identify and manage this disease.</p><p><strong>Method: </strong>We report a rare case of GSS in a 56-year-old woman who presented with progressive gait instability, dizziness, and speech difficulties.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Initial genetic screening for 12 common spinocerebellar ataxia (SCA) subtypes via PCR-based fragment analysis was negative. However, detailed video-oculography (VOG) revealed key ocular motor abnormalities, including spontaneous upbeat nystagmus with a decreasing slow phase velocity, macro-square wave jerks, horizontal gaze-evoked nystagmus, saccadic hypermetria, and decreased optokinetic nystagmus. Given the family history of gait instability and these specific findings, whole-exome sequencing (WES) was performed, which identified a heterozygous p.Pro102Leu (P102L) mutation in the PRNP gene. Neuroimaging was unremarkable, highlighting the clinical-radiological dissociation.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>This case demonstrates that a distinctive oculomotor signature can serve as a critical phenotypic lead for GSS, particularly justifying expanded genetic evaluation when conventional SCA panels and neuroimaging are non-diagnostic.</p>","PeriodicalId":11207,"journal":{"name":"Documenta Ophthalmologica","volume":" ","pages":"275-280"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2026-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148210437","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Measuring electroretinograms in tree shrews with a portable electrophysiology device.","authors":"Rohit Dhakal, Nilda C Sanchez, Timothy J Gawne, Safal Khanal","doi":"10.1007/s10633-026-10095-w","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10633-026-10095-w","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>The RETeval portable flash electrophysiology device is extensively used for assessing retinal function in humans. However, its utility in measuring electroretinograms in preclinical studies has been less explored. Tree shrews (small diurnal mammals closely related to primates) are a well-established animal model of emmetropization known to exhibit robust responses to visual cues and mimic human juvenile-onset myopia. This study aimed to evaluate the intra- and inter-session repeatability of full-field photopic electroretinograms (ERGs) recorded using the RETeval system in tree shrews.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>At 24 ± 1 days of visual experience (DVE), twelve juvenile tree shrews housed in broadband colony light (100-300 lx) underwent electrophysiology testing of the normally developing eye using the RETeval system (LKC Technologies, MD, USA). Measurements were repeated twice in each session, as well as at 30 and 35 DVE. The amplitudes and peak times of the flash, flicker, photopic negative response, S-cone, and On-Off ERGs were analyzed. The intra- and inter-session repeatability was assessed using the coefficient of variation (CoV), intra-class correlation coefficient (ICC), mean bias (%), paired t-test, and Bland-Altman analysis.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Tree shrew ERGs exhibited well-defined and robust waveforms comparable to those of human ERGs. Flash and flicker ERGs showed excellent intra-session repeatability for both amplitudes and peak times (CoV < 5%, mean bias ≤ 5%, and ICC ≥ 0.98). While the ERGs were also repeatable across different sessions, the repeatability metrics were comparatively better for peak times (CoV: < 10%, mean bias: < 15%) than for amplitudes (CoV: 13.36-29.35%, mean bias: 18.89-41.51%) with ICC values between 0.4 and 0.86 for inter-session ERGs, indicating modest repeatability.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>The RETeval measurements of full-field photopic ERGs in tree shrews were robust and reliable, with waveforms morphologically similar to human ERGs, demonstrating the utility of the RETeval system in measuring retinal function in this species. The photopic ERGs were repeatable across sessions on different days, indicating the feasibility of using this device in longitudinal studies of retinal function in tree shrews, for example, in studying the neural basis of emmetropization.</p>","PeriodicalId":11207,"journal":{"name":"Documenta Ophthalmologica","volume":" ","pages":"165-177"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2026-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13619756/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147572396","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The relationship between foveal anatomy and retinal function in oculocutaneous albinism.","authors":"Uma Balakrishnan, Niamh Wynne, Wanda Pfeifer, Erica Woertz, Joseph Carroll, Arlene V Drack","doi":"10.1007/s10633-026-10130-w","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10633-026-10130-w","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>To examine the relationship between multifocal ERG (mfERG) topography and peak cone density measured with adaptive optics scanning light ophthalmoscopy (AOSLO) in persons with albinism (PWA).</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>We obtained best corrected visual acuity (BCVA), mfERG, retinal imaging with AOSLO, and optical coherence tomography (OCT) data in seven PWA and one control. The relationship between central peak cone density, mfERG amplitude topography, and foveal hypoplasia (FH) grade was calculated using Spearman rank correlation. Parafoveal cone densities among a subset of PWA were compared to a previously reported control group.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>All PWA had variably below average peak cone density, decreased BCVA, flattened mfERG topography, and FH. Higher peak cone density significantly correlated with higher peripheral mfERG amplitudes (r² = 0.73, p = 0.0049), but not central (r² = 0.25), and did not correlate with steeper (more normal) mfERG topography (r² = 0.031). Parafoveal cone densities did not greatly differ outside of the central 2° (within Ring 1) between PWA and those of previously reported controls.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>The association of increased foveal cone packing with elevated peripheral, but not central mfERG amplitudes, suggests aberrant post-receptoral circuitry in the macula. The presence of excess connections between cone photoreceptors and bipolar cells, similar to the unrefined circuitry seen in fetal retinae, may underly the electrical dysfunction seen in these PWA, and explain why, even with milder FH and denser cone packing, normal visual acuity is often not achieved.</p>","PeriodicalId":11207,"journal":{"name":"Documenta Ophthalmologica","volume":" ","pages":"223-234"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2026-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13619688/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148374654","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}