Documenta Ophthalmologica最新文献

{"title":"Synthetic electroretinogram signal generation using a conditional generative adversarial network.","authors":"Mikhail Kulyabin, Aleksei Zhdanov, Irene O Lee, David H Skuse, Dorothy A Thompson, Andreas Maier, Paul A Constable","doi":"10.1007/s10633-025-10019-0","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10633-025-10019-0","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>The electroretinogram (ERG) records the functional response of the retina. In some neurological conditions, the ERG waveform may be altered and could support biomarker discovery. In heterogeneous or rare populations, where either large data sets or the availability of data may be a challenge, synthetic signals with Artificial Intelligence (AI) may help to mitigate against these factors to support classification models.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This approach was tested using a publicly available dataset of real ERGs, n = 560 (ASD) and n = 498 (Control) recorded at 9 different flash strengths from n = 18 ASD (mean age 12.2 ± 2.7 years) and n = 31 Controls (mean age 11.8 ± 3.3 years) that were augmented with synthetic waveforms, generated through a Conditional Generative Adversarial Network. Two deep learning models were used to classify the groups using either the real only or combined real and synthetic ERGs. One was a Time Series Transformer (with waveforms in their original form) and the second was a Visual Transformer model utilizing images of the wavelets derived from a Continuous Wavelet Transform of the ERGs. Model performance at classifying the groups was evaluated with Balanced Accuracy (BA) as the main outcome measure.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The BA improved from 0.756 to 0.879 when synthetic ERGs were included across all recordings for the training of the Time Series Transformer. This model also achieved the best performance with a BA of 0.89 using real and synthetic waveforms from a single flash strength of 0.95 log cd s m^-2.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>The improved performance of the deep learning models with synthetic waveforms supports the application of AI to improve group classification with ERG recordings.</p>","PeriodicalId":11207,"journal":{"name":"Documenta Ophthalmologica","volume":" ","pages":"161-177"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2025-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12436495/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143984777","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Early retinal electrophysiology changes in quinine overdose.","authors":"Stephanie Quinn, Vasileios T Papastavrou, Clare Warriner, Jill M O'Brien, Michael E Grinton, Andrew C Browning","doi":"10.1007/s10633-025-10034-1","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10633-025-10034-1","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>To report the early and subsequent electrophysiological findings of 2 patients following quinine overdose.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Serial assessments including: Medical history, visual acuity (VA), fundus autofluorescence, spectral-domain macular optical coherence tomography (OCT) and full-field electroretinogram (ffERG) were performed on 2 patients, between 2 and 47 days after quinine overdose.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Both patients experienced a similar clinical course. After almost total vision loss within the first 24 h, VA dramatically improved by day 3. Early OCT changes demonstrated central macula hyperautofluorescence, which coincided with a hyperreflectivity of the macular inner retina on OCT. The initial ffERG findings demonstrated changes consistent with marked inner retinal dysfunction of the cone system, affecting both the cone ON- and OFF-bipolar cell pathways. In contrast, rod bipolar cell function was unaffected in the early phase of toxicity. Between days 10 and 17, the retinal arterioles showed narrowing which coincided with attenuation of ffERG parameters of rod system inner retinal function between days 10-40.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>These cases suggest the early stages of quinine toxicity affect function of the presynaptic cone bipolar cell junction. This is then followed by retinal arteriolar attenuation and the well described electronegative scotopic ffERG.</p>","PeriodicalId":11207,"journal":{"name":"Documenta Ophthalmologica","volume":" ","pages":"179-186"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2025-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12436528/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144316111","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The role of pattern electroretinogram and pattern visual-evoked potentials in ocular hypertension.","authors":"Di Zhang, Xin Xie, Tian Cheng, Taikang Yao, Yunqi Zhang, Sitong Pan, Lingge Suo","doi":"10.1007/s10633-025-10043-0","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10633-025-10043-0","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>To compare the pattern electroretinogram (PERG) and patterned visual evoked potential (PVEP) between ocular hypertension (OHT) and normal subjects.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This cross-sectional observational study included two groups: a control group (46 eyes from 23 subjects; mean age, 33.83 ± 9.10 years old) and an OHT group (34 eyes from 17 patients; mean age, 36.75 ± 11.00 years old). All OHT patients had normal visual fields and normal optic disc appearances but had elevated intraocular pressures. The PERG was recorded using counter-phasing 48' checkerboard patterns, and amplitudes and latencies of P50 and N95 were documented. The PVEP was recorded using checkerboard pattern reversal stimuli with large 60' and small 15' check sizes, and the amplitudes and latencies of the P100 peaks were documented. Group differences were compared, and receiver operating characteristic analyses were performed to evaluate the diagnostic performance of these parameters.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The peak latencies of P50 and N95 in the PERG were significantly prolonged in the OHT group compared to the control group (p = 0.002 and p = 0.041, respectively), while the amplitudes of P50 and N95 were significantly reduced (p < 0.001 for both). Regarding PVEP results, the P100 peak latencies for both 60' check and 15' check stimuli were significantly longer in the OHT group (p < 0.001 for both), and the P100 amplitudes were significantly lower (p = 0.001 and p = 0.017, respectively). Furthermore, the P50 and N95 amplitudes in PERG, and the P100 peak latency in PVEP, all demonstrated good diagnostic ability (AUC > 0.8, p < 0.001).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Abnormalities in PERG and PVEP amplitudes and timing were detected in OHT patients. The P50 and N95 amplitudes in PERG, as well as the P100 peak latency in PVEP, exhibited good ability to differentiate OHT patients from normal subjects.</p>","PeriodicalId":11207,"journal":{"name":"Documenta Ophthalmologica","volume":" ","pages":"123-132"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2025-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144811895","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Retinal degeneration as an initial manifestation in a patient with neuronal intranuclear inclusion disease.","authors":"Shijing Wu, Ailing Sui, Qianyi Zhan, Qiuli Fu, Li Zhang","doi":"10.1007/s10633-025-10035-0","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10633-025-10035-0","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Neuronal intranuclear inclusion disease (NIID) is a rare autosomal dominant, progressive neurodegenerative disorder characterized by a broad spectrum of clinical conditions, including pyramidal and extrapyramidal symptoms, cerebellar ataxia, cognitive decline and dementia, peripheral neuropathy, and autonomic dysfunction.</p><p><strong>Case report: </strong>A 56-year-old woman presented night blindness since her youth, followed by tremors. She complained diminished vision in the left eye attributed to the presence of a macular hole. Ophthalmic examination showed obvious retinal degeneration in both eyes. Genetic testing result identified a heterozygous CGG repeat expansion in NOTCH2NLC gene. Visual acuity of left eye improved after vitrectomy.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>We reported detailed clinical features and genetic analysis of a new Chinese NIID patient who ocular symptom was the initial manifestation. And this was the first report of surgical case of a macular hole in NIID patient.</p>","PeriodicalId":11207,"journal":{"name":"Documenta Ophthalmologica","volume":" ","pages":"187-193"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2025-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144293504","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"ISCEV standard for clinical visual evoked potentials (2025 update).","authors":"M Šuštar Habjan, M Bach, M M van Genderen, S Li, A Mizota, J Nilsson, D A Thompson, A G Robson","doi":"10.1007/s10633-025-10042-1","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10633-025-10042-1","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Visual evoked potentials (VEPs) are electrophysiologic responses to pattern or flash stimuli, recorded over the occiput. VEPs can provide information regarding the function of the visual system and are valuable in the diagnosis and investigation of optic nerve disease or post-retinal visual pathway dysfunction. The ISCEV VEP Standard specifies stimulus and recording conditions for three basic types of recording: (1) Pattern-reversal VEPs elicited by checkerboard stimuli with large 1° (degree) and small 0.25° check widths. (2) Pattern onset/offset VEPs elicited by checkerboard stimuli with large 1° and small 0.25° check widths. (3) Flash VEPs elicited by a flash which subtends a visual field of at least 20°. The ISCEV VEP Standard protocols are defined for a single recording channel with a midline occipital active electrode. Multi-channel VEPs for evaluation of chiasmal and post-chiasmal lesions, together with protocols specific for pediatric populations, are also described in this document as non-standardized additions. The main changes in the updated ISCEV Standard for clinical VEP include an option to perform a simultaneous pattern electroretinogram (PERG) and pattern-reversal VEP recording, a revised definition of the origin and the analysis of the most prominent VEP components, and more precise descriptions of non-standard multi-channel and pediatric VEP recordings, intended to encourage convergence of widely used non-standard methods. These changes aim to provide a clinically relevant document about current practice which will facilitate good quality recordings and inter-laboratory comparisons.</p>","PeriodicalId":11207,"journal":{"name":"Documenta Ophthalmologica","volume":" ","pages":"97-112"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2025-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12436483/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144946208","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Dioptric blur is not fully reflected by VEP-based visual acuity estimates.","authors":"Dillys A D Amega, Julia Haldina, Ingrid Toews, Heiko Philippin, Michael B Hoffmann, Enyam K A Morny, Sven P Heinrich","doi":"10.1007/s10633-025-10044-z","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10633-025-10044-z","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>Objective estimation of visual acuity (VA) based on visual evoked potentials (VEPs) has become an established technique for cases where psychophysical VA might be unreliable. Refractive errors and improper accommodation could undesirably affect the outcome of VA measurements. Consequently, it is of interest whether a VA reduction due to dioptric blur is reflected by VEP-based estimation of VA.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>We degraded vision in 19 participants to nearly 1.0 logMAR by using either plus lenses or a filter that creates Gaussian blur. For both types of degradation, we compared the outcomes of objective VEP-based VA testing to standard psychophysical VA. For comparison, we also obtained psychophysical grating VA.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>With Gaussian blur, both values, VEP-based VA and psychophysical Landolt-C VA, were nearly identical. With dioptric blur, VEP-based VA was better than psychophysical Landolt-C VA in all participants by an average of 0.37 logMAR with some interindividual variability. Psychophysical grating VA was only relatively mildly affected by blur with no sizable differential effect of blur type.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>VEP-based estimation of VA does not reveal the full amount of VA reduction in the case of dioptric blur. On the one hand, this decreases VEP-based methods' susceptibility to incorrect refraction and mis-accommodation, which are not normally the targeted causes of VA reduction. On the other hand, it reduces the accuracy in quantifying refraction-related impairments of vision with VEPs.</p>","PeriodicalId":11207,"journal":{"name":"Documenta Ophthalmologica","volume":" ","pages":"113-121"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2025-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12436536/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144759444","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The consequence of modulating background on the luminance-response function of the human photopic electroretinogram.","authors":"Jan Kremers, Cord Huchzermeyer, Avinash J Aher","doi":"10.1007/s10633-025-10029-y","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10633-025-10029-y","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>To study the consequences of a modulating background on the luminance-response function of the human photopic flash electroretinogram for different relative timings of the flash relative to the background luminance.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Seven healthy subjects (age: 29-63 years; four females) participated in the study. We measured the response to flashes (9 flash strengths in total between 0.12 and 29.76 cd.s/m² while doubling the strength at each step; 5 ms flash duration) on a steady background (24 cd/m²) and on a 1 Hz modulating background (24 cd/m² mean luminance; 100% contrast). The flashes were presented at 6 different phases during the sine wave (0°, 90°, 180°, 225°, 270°, and 315°). Responses to a 1 Hz sinusoidally modulating stimulus were subtracted from the responses to the combined flash plus sine-wave stimuli to obtain the flash ERGs at different phases.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The a-wave and PhNR amplitudes monotonically increased with increasing flash strength. The b- and i-wave amplitudes displayed a maximum at 1.9 cd.s/m², above which they decreased again (the so-called \"Photopic hill effect\"). The responses could be described by an addition of a logistic growth and a Gaussian. The parameters of these functions depended on the time of flash presentation relative to the background. The dependency of the a-, b- and i-wave on flash presentation time with constant flash strength could be described by a model that assumes that the amplitude depends on the Weber fraction of the flash including a delay and a saturation.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>The use of modulating backgrounds may increase the signal-to-noise ratio of flash ERGs and thus its diagnostic value. The dynamics of the response as a function of flash presentation time gives additional information about the retinal processing of flash and background. The photopic hill model allows the separation of processing in retinal On- and Off-pathways.</p>","PeriodicalId":11207,"journal":{"name":"Documenta Ophthalmologica","volume":" ","pages":"145-160"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2025-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12436525/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144191643","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Inter-session repeatability of electroretinography and visual evoked potentials of the Celeris system.","authors":"Xiuying Tang, Carla J Abbott, Penelope J Allen, Chi D Luu","doi":"10.1007/s10633-025-10045-y","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10633-025-10045-y","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>The Celeris system (Diagnosys LLC) offers a streamlined alternative to the gold-standard Espion system for high-throughput electroretinography (ERG) and visual evoked potentials (VEP) in preclinical studies. This study evaluated its inter-session repeatability of ERG and VEP measurements in healthy rodent retinae.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Twenty-five wild type Brown Norway rats underwent ERG and VEP testing across two sessions. Dark-adapted ERG a- and b-waves (flash stimulus of 10 cd s/m²), and the photopic negative response (PhNR) (flash stimulus of 3 cd s/m²) were recorded. VEPs (flash stimulus of 3 cd s/m²) were recorded from implanted screw electrodes in the skull. Pearson's correlation coefficient (ρ), Bland-Altman with 95% limits of agreement (LOA) and a novel cumulative distribution plot were used to assess inter-session agreement.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Intersession dark-adapted a-wave showed a correlation of ρ = 0.73, (P < 0.0001), LOA: -106.4 to 113.9 µV, and 90% of measurements fell within - 24.8 to 58.0% variation (90% range). Intersession dark-adapted b-wave amplitudes showed ρ = 0.65, (P < 0.001), LOA: - 402.5 to 437.4 µV, and 90% range: - 33.7 to 72.6%. Inter-session PhNR-B (base-to-trough) and PhNR-P (peak-to-trough) amplitudes showed ρ = 0.66 and 0.72 respectively; LOA: - 26.7 to 31.1 µV and - 98.9 to 100.1 µV respectively; 90% ranges: - 58.2 to 59.3%, and - 45.6 to 60.9%, respectively. Inter-session VEP P2 amplitude showed ρ = 0.67, (P < 0.001), LOA: 78.5-72.8 µV, and 90% range: - 52.2 to 67.9%. Inter-session VEP implicit time showed ρ = 0.48, (P < 0.05), LOA: - 39.4 to 38.3 ms, and 90% range: - 39.2% to 16.7%.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The study reported the inter-session repeatability of the ERG and VEP tests using the Celeris system. These data facilitate the study design and sample size calculation for future preclinical studies using the Celeris, and serve as a reference for future comparison with other systems, protocols and species.</p>","PeriodicalId":11207,"journal":{"name":"Documenta Ophthalmologica","volume":" ","pages":"133-143"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2025-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12436515/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144811880","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A unilateral presentation of pigmented paravenous chorioretinal atrophy: a case report.","authors":"Hadeel Seraj, Shaima K Alharazi, Enas S Magharbil, Hani B Albalawi, Naif M Alali, Moustafa S Magliyah","doi":"10.1007/s10633-025-10052-z","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10633-025-10052-z","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>This case report aims to describe an atypical presentation of pigmented paravenous chorioretinopathy (PPCRA).</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Detailed clinical ophthalmologic examinations, multimodal imaging and electroretinography of a 33-year-old woman who presented with unilateral PPCRA.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>A 33-year-old female who is known to have hypothyroidism and had previous bariatric surgery, referred for retinal evaluation following incidental findings during a refractive surgery consultation. Fundus examination revealed unilateral segmental perivascular hyperpigmentation, vascular sclerosis, and areas of chorioretinal atrophy, raising the differential diagnosis of pigmented paravenous chorioretinopathy (PPCRA) versus resolved retinal vasculitis. The patient reported no significant ocular symptoms apart from decreased night vision in one eye and denied a history of acute visual loss or photophobia. Systemic workup, including autoimmune and infectious serologies, imaging, and a detailed clinical history, was unremarkable. The patient reported consanguinity within the family.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>This report underscores the challenge of distinguishing PPCRA, a rare, typically bilateral hereditary condition, from resolved vasculitis, which often presents unilaterally with a history of systemic inflammation. Fluorescein angiography and optical coherence tomography were instrumental in identifying the lack of active inflammation and vascular leakage, favoring the diagnosis of PPCRA.</p>","PeriodicalId":11207,"journal":{"name":"Documenta Ophthalmologica","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2025-09-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145191344","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effects of flickering light stimulation on retinal blood flow and full-field electroretinogram in mice.","authors":"Milan Rai, Yamunadevi Lakshmanan, Kai Yip Choi, Henry Ho-Lung Chan","doi":"10.1007/s10633-025-10049-8","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10633-025-10049-8","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>To investigate the effects of brief flickering light stimulation (FLS) on retinal electrophysiology and retinal blood flow (RBF) in normal C57BL6J mice.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>RBF and full-field electroretinography (ffERG) were measured before and after a 60 second FLS (12 Hz, 0.1 cd·s/m²) in a cohort of 8-12-weeks old C57BL6J mice (n=10) under anaesthetic and light-adapted conditions. A separate set of age-matched mice (n=9) underwent RBF and ffERG measurements before and after steady light stimulation (SLS) at 1 cd/m² under similar conditions. The changes in RBF (arterial and venous flow) as well as the amplitudes and implicit times of the a-wave, b-wave, oscillatory potentials (OPs), and photopic negative response (PhNR) were analyzed.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>FLS significantly increased both arterial (p=0.003) and venous (p=0.018) blood flow as well as b-wave amplitudes (p=0.017) compared to SLS, which did not have any significant changes in either RBF or ERG. However, no significant differences were found in other ffERG responses (amplitudes and implicit times of a-wave, OPs, and PhNR, as well as b-wave implicit time) between the two groups after light stimulation. An increase in b-wave amplitude was positively associated with an increase in both arterial (r=0.655, p=0.040) and venous blood flow (r=0.638, p=0.047) in the FLS group.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Our results suggest that transient FLS not only increases RBF but also enhances electro-retinal responses of the middle retinal layer, as shown by ffERG, thus demonstrating its substantial effects on both the vascular and neuronal components of retinal neurovascular coupling in mice.</p>","PeriodicalId":11207,"journal":{"name":"Documenta Ophthalmologica","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2025-09-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145136256","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}