Documenta Ophthalmologica最新文献

{"title":"Concomitant dominant optic atrophy and juvenile glaucoma in two siblings with a novel OPA1 splicing variant.","authors":"Gloria Roberti, Antonio Calabrese, Michele Valiante, Daniela Formicola, Chiara Lolli, Anna Maria De Negri","doi":"10.1007/s10633-025-10079-2","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10633-025-10079-2","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>We report the clinical history of two siblings, initially diagnosed with juvenile glaucoma (JG), who were subsequently found to harbor a novel pathogenic OPA1 splicing variant consistent with dominant optic atrophy (DOA).</p><p><strong>Methods and results: </strong>The male proband presented with elevated intraocular pressure (IOP) at age 11, while his sister had normal IOP values at age 16. Both developed bilateral temporal optic nerve pallor, central visual field defects, and reduced color vision. Optical coherence tomography (OCT) confirmed thinning of the retinal nerve fiber and ganglion cell layers. Whole exome sequencing identified a novel splice-site variant in OPA1 (NM_130837.3:c.611-2A>T) in both siblings and their affected mother, classified as pathogenic according to ACMG/AMP guidelines. During treatment washout, the male proband showed elevated IOP, consistent with concomitant JG and DOA, whereas the sister exhibited DOA only.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>This report highlights the importance of considering DOA in young patients with presumed JG, and suggests potential overlapping pathophysiology involving mitochondrial dysfunction and retinal ganglion cells vulnerability.</p>","PeriodicalId":11207,"journal":{"name":"Documenta Ophthalmologica","volume":" ","pages":"97-102"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145959044","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Optimizing cyclopean stimuli for the evaluation of stereo vision by steady-state visual evoked potentials.","authors":"János Radó, Eszter Mikó-Baráth, Péter Hegyi, Vanda A Nemes, Gábor Jandó, Péter Buzás","doi":"10.1007/s10633-025-10059-6","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10633-025-10059-6","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>This study aimed to optimize dynamic random dot correlogram (DRDC) and stereogram (DRDS) stimuli to evoke steady-state visual evoked potentials (ssVEP) on multiple EEG channels for the objective assessment of stereopsis.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>EEG recordings were conducted on 22 healthy adults (mean age: 30.2 ± 5.8 years) while viewing cyclopean and control stimuli. DRDC and DRDS were presented at three temporal frequencies (0.9375, 1.875, and 3.75 cycles per second, cps) using anaglyphic channel separation. The ssVEP responses were analyzed using T²_circ statistical test to determine the most effective stimulus for eliciting significant cortical activity.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>DRDC at 1.875 cps evoked significant ssVEP responses in 93% of participants on at least one occipital electrode (O1, Oz, O2) and in 100% when including parietal-occipital electrodes. DRDS at similar frequencies also produced robust responses but required additional parietal electrode monitoring. Monocular control measurements confirmed that responses were stereo-specific.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>DRDC at 1.875 cps was the most effective stimulus for objective electrophysiological assessment of stereopsis, demonstrating high reliability with minimal electrode setups. These findings support the integration of optimized ssVEP protocols into clinical assessments, particularly for non-verbal or pediatric populations.</p>","PeriodicalId":11207,"journal":{"name":"Documenta Ophthalmologica","volume":" ","pages":"47-63"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12948872/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145307093","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Short-term variability of the multifocal ERG in clinical settings.","authors":"Sunny Kahlon, Dominique Ebedes, Radouil Tzekov","doi":"10.1007/s10633-025-10069-4","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10633-025-10069-4","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of repeat testing on N1 and P1 amplitudes, signal-to-noise (SNR) ratios, and amplitude ring ratios (RR) in multifocal electroretinography (mfERG).</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This was a retrospective review of mfERG records from 08/2022 to 05/2023. Patients were tested binocularly with the Espion system (Diagnosys LLC). Only records from patients with repeat mfERG tests at the same appointment were included. N1 and P1 amplitudes, signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), and amplitude ring ratios were evaluated for the first recording (run #1), the second recording (run #2), and the combination of run #1 and run #2 (combined run).</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Data was collected for 93 eyes from 47 patients (5 males, 42 females) with a mean patient age of 56.1 ± 17.3 years. No change was observed between run #1 and run #2 for N1 or P1 amplitudes, however amplitudes of the combined run decreased significantly (p  <  0.05) compared to run #1 amplitudes for all rings, right and left eyes (except for ring 1 in right eyes). SNR increased significantly from run #1 to run #2 for rings 2-5 (~10%), but not for ring 1. The number of blinks recorded during testing decreased from run #1 to run #2 (p < 0.001). Amplitude ring ratios R5/R4 and R5/R3 did not change significantly from run #1 to run #2, while amplitude R1/R2 ratio decreased significantly (p < 0.05).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The change in signal quality from run #1 to run #2 suggests a superior quality signal in the second run. Furthermore, the decreased P1 amplitude in the combined run compared to run #1 should be considered when a clinician uses the combined run for their final report.</p>","PeriodicalId":11207,"journal":{"name":"Documenta Ophthalmologica","volume":" ","pages":"33-45"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145539498","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Difference in pupillary response to red and blue color stimuli between glaucoma and Leber hereditary optic neuropathy patients with comparable central visual dysfunction.","authors":"Yuto Iwaki, Kaori Ueda, Sotaro Mori, Mari Sakamoto, Yuko Yamada-Nakanishi, Mineo Kondo, Makoto Nakamura","doi":"10.1007/s10633-025-10071-w","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10633-025-10071-w","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>To compare pupillary responses during two-color light stimulation and the post-illumination pupillary response (PIPR) between patients with Leber hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON) and established optic atrophy and patients with primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG) who have central visual dysfunction with similar magnitude to that of the LHON patients.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Fourteen normal controls, eight patients with POAG and mean deviation of the Humphrey visual field and circumpapillary retinal nerve fiber layer and ganglion cell/inner plexiform layer thickness measured using optical coherence tomography being comparable to those of LHON patients, and nine patients with LHON were included. Using a handheld electronic pupillometer, pupil diameter of the eye contralateral to the stimulation was recorded during a 7 s baseline period, a 10 s red light stimulation followed by a 40-s post-stimulation period, and a 10 s blue light stimulation followed by a 40 s post-stimulation period.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The ratio of pupil diameter at 6 s after blue, but not red, light offset as well as the subtraction of difference between the baseline pupil diameter and the mean pupil diameter during the 30 s post-illumination using red stimulus from the counterpart using blue stimulus was significantly larger in POAG patients than in the other two groups. The maintenance of pupillary constriction during blue light stimulation was significantly reduced in POAG patients compared with the other two groups.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Compared with POAG patients who had comparable macular structural and functional damage, LHON patients showed better pupillary responses during blue light stimulation and PIPR, reflecting preserved ipRGC function.</p>","PeriodicalId":11207,"journal":{"name":"Documenta Ophthalmologica","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2026-01-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145997575","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"CTNNA1-associated retinal dystrophy: novel multimodal imaging and electrophysiology features.","authors":"Jonathan A Alexis, Prathiba Ramakrishnan, Matthew K Kenworthy, Jennifer A Thompson, Enid S Chelva, Fred K Chen","doi":"10.1007/s10633-025-10027-0","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10633-025-10027-0","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>To describe multimodal imaging and electrophysiology features of CTNNA1-associated retinal dystrophy in a family with p.(Leu318Ser) substitution.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Three family members including a 48-year-old male proband, his 52-year-old sister, and their 67-year-old mother, were evaluated with multimodal imaging and electrophysiology. The proband, referred with suspected Best's disease, underwent a retinal dystrophy panel and two affected family members were target sequenced for the familial variant.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The NM_001903.5:c.953T > C variant in CTNNA1 segregated with affected family members. They maintained a visual acuity of 20/25 or better throughout 2-4 years of follow-up. The proband exhibited butterfly-shaped pigment dystrophy whilst his sister had no macular lesions, and their mother had foveal pigmentary changes. All three displayed peripheral retinal reticular pigmentation with variable atrophy. Microperimetry demonstrated enlarging paracentral scotoma in the proband whilst Esterman binocular suprathreshold test showed reproducible peripheral loss in the proband's sister. Multifocal electroretinography (ERG) confirmed central macular dysfunction in the proband. In all three, full-field ERG showed mildly delayed dark-adapted (DA) 0.01 b-wave and DA3.0 a-wave, and a light-rise of < 1.7 in one or both eyes on electro-oculography (EOG).</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>CTNNA1-associated retinal dystrophy due to p.(Leu318Ser) has a unique peripheral retinal phenotype despite variable macular involvement. Reduced EOG light-rise and peripheral reticular pigmentation should raise suspicion of CTNNA1 in butterfly-shaped pigment dystrophy.</p>","PeriodicalId":11207,"journal":{"name":"Documenta Ophthalmologica","volume":" ","pages":"239-246"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12568884/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144198463","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The mesopic negative response (MeNR): a novel approach to assess retinal ganglion cell function within the rod pathway.","authors":"J Jason McAnany, Jason C Park, Pablo Barrionuevo, Dhara Shah, Thasarat Sutabutr Vajaranant, Ahmad A Aref, Deepak P Edward, Robert A Hyde","doi":"10.1007/s10633-025-10040-3","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10633-025-10040-3","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>The photopic negative response (PhNR) and pattern ERG, both established electrophysiological measures of retinal ganglion cell (RGC) function, are recorded under photopic conditions. The purpose of this study was to describe the mesopic negative response (MeNR), a novel marker of RGC function within the rod pathway.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Ten visually-normal controls (mean age ± SD 54.6 ± 5.6 years) and 12 patients with severe primary open-angle glaucoma (mean age ± SD 58.4 ± 4.9 years) participated. Light-adapted, full-field ERGs were elicited by a rod-isolating pulse generated on the principle of silent substitution (0.46 scot. cd/m²; 55% contrast; 40 ms) presented against a steady background (0.30 scot. cd/m²). In addition, (1) the PhNR was recorded; (2) subjects were dark-adapted for 20 min and the ISCEV DA 0.01 was recorded.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The normal rod-isolated pulse response was characterized by a positive potential at 85 ms followed by a slow negative potential (MeNR) at 175 ms following the pulse. The mean (± SEM) amplitude of the positive potential was similar for the control (13.4 ± 1.2 µV) and glaucoma (11.6 ± 1.35 µV) groups (p = 0.33), and was correlated with the DA 0.01 amplitude (r = 0.71, p < 0.001). The amplitude of the MeNR was significantly (p < 0.001) attenuated for the glaucoma group (4.5 ± 0.7 µV) compared to the controls (9.7 ± 1.25 µV), and was correlated with the PhNR amplitude (r = 0.86, p < 0.001).</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Rod-isolated ERGs can be obtained without dark-adaptation using silent-substitution. The positive potential and MeNR of the rod-isolated response appear to be generated by rod bipolar cells and RGCs, respectively. In severe glaucoma, the positive (bipolar cell) potential was not significantly affected, whereas the MeNR was significantly reduced. MeNR analysis may be useful for studying RGC function within the rod pathway.</p>","PeriodicalId":11207,"journal":{"name":"Documenta Ophthalmologica","volume":" ","pages":"195-203"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12568855/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144599655","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Bilateral multiple retinal pigment epithelial detachments.","authors":"Arisa Yoshida, Masayuki Shibuya, Yoshiaki Shimada, Yuro Igawa, Midori Tachibana, Kei Shinoda","doi":"10.1007/s10633-025-10046-x","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10633-025-10046-x","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>To report a rare case of bilateral idiopathic multifocal retinal pigment epithelial detachments (imfPEDs) and to describe the long-term morphological and functional changes observed over a 16-year follow-up period.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A 49-year-old woman was diagnosed with imfPEDs based on multimodal imaging, including optical coherence tomography (OCT), fluorescein angiography (FA), and fundus photography. Full-field electroretinograms (ffERGs) and multifocal ERGs (mfERGs) were recorded to assess retinal function. The patient voluntarily discontinued follow-up but returned 16 years later due to cataract progression. Retinal morphology and function were re-evaluated using comparable multimodal imaging and electrophysiological methods.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>At the initial visit, multiple bilateral pigment epithelial detachments (PEDs) were identified. OCT showed hyporeflective, dome-shaped PEDs with smooth borders, and ERG responses were within normal limits. Sixteen years later, some PEDs had resolved, others had newly developed or fused, and geographic atrophy was observed, particularly in the peripheral retina. Fundus autofluorescence (FAF), performed in place of FA, revealed hyperautofluorescent PEDs and numerous peripheral hypofluorescent spots. ffERGs remained normal, while mfERGs showed localized attenuation with relatively preserved macular function. These findings were consistent with large colloid drusen and cuticular drusen.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>This case demonstrates the slow morphological progression and relative functional preservation in bilateral imfPEDs over 16 years. Comparable multimodal imaging and electrophysiological testing were valuable in monitoring the long-term clinical course and support the classification of this phenotype as a variant of large colloid or cuticular drusen.</p>","PeriodicalId":11207,"journal":{"name":"Documenta Ophthalmologica","volume":" ","pages":"263-270"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12568867/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144999921","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Angioid streaks in hereditary spherocytosis associated with an SPTB gene variant.","authors":"Natsuki Higa, Takaaki Hayashi, Kei Mizobuchi, Mari Yoshikawa, Junko Hanaya, Tadashi Nakano","doi":"10.1007/s10633-025-10039-w","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10633-025-10039-w","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>To report a case of hereditary spherocytosis (HS) carrying a pathogenic variant in the SPTB gene, presenting with angioid streaks (ASs) and central retinal dysfunction.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A 63-year-old female patient diagnosed with HS was evaluated using multimodal imaging, full-field and multifocal electroretinograms (ffERGs and MfERGs), and genetic testing with an HS gene panel.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Her best-corrected visual acuity was Snellen equivalent 20/22 in the right eye and 20/20 in the left eye. Fundus examination revealed ASs with chorioretinal atrophy around the optic discs in both eyes (OU). Fundus autofluorescence imaging showed areas of autofluorescence loss corresponding to ASs and chorioretinal atrophy. In the ffERGs, dark-adapted (DA) 0.01 b-wave amplitudes and DA 3.0/10.0 a-wave amplitudes were nearly normal, but b-wave amplitudes were slightly reduced in OU. Meanwhile, light-adapted (LA) 3.0 a- and b-wave amplitudes, as well as the LA 30 Hz flicker amplitudes, were slightly reduced. The mfERG trace arrays showed amplitude reductions, particularly in the central to temporal regions in OU. Genetic testing identified a heterozygous splice-site variant (c.4973 + 5G > A) in SPTB (NM_001355436.2), classified as likely pathogenic.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>This is the first reported case of an HS patient with ASs associated with an SPTB variant, exhibiting mild cone system dysfunction accompanied by central retinal dysfunction.</p>","PeriodicalId":11207,"journal":{"name":"Documenta Ophthalmologica","volume":" ","pages":"255-261"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144590674","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effects of flickering light stimulation on retinal blood flow and full-field electroretinogram in mice.","authors":"Milan Rai, Yamunadevi Lakshmanan, Kai Yip Choi, Henry Ho-Lung Chan","doi":"10.1007/s10633-025-10049-8","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10633-025-10049-8","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>To investigate the effects of brief flickering light stimulation (FLS) on retinal electrophysiology and retinal blood flow (RBF) in normal C57BL6J mice.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>RBF and full-field electroretinography (ffERG) were measured before and after a 60 second FLS (12 Hz, 0.1 cd·s/m²) in a cohort of 8-12-weeks old C57BL6J mice (n=10) under anaesthetic and light-adapted conditions. A separate set of age-matched mice (n=9) underwent RBF and ffERG measurements before and after steady light stimulation (SLS) at 1 cd/m² under similar conditions. The changes in RBF (arterial and venous flow) as well as the amplitudes and implicit times of the a-wave, b-wave, oscillatory potentials (OPs), and photopic negative response (PhNR) were analyzed.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>FLS significantly increased both arterial (p=0.003) and venous (p=0.018) blood flow as well as b-wave amplitudes (p=0.017) compared to SLS, which did not have any significant changes in either RBF or ERG. However, no significant differences were found in other ffERG responses (amplitudes and implicit times of a-wave, OPs, and PhNR, as well as b-wave implicit time) between the two groups after light stimulation. An increase in b-wave amplitude was positively associated with an increase in both arterial (r=0.655, p=0.040) and venous blood flow (r=0.638, p=0.047) in the FLS group.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Our results suggest that transient FLS not only increases RBF but also enhances electro-retinal responses of the middle retinal layer, as shown by ffERG, thus demonstrating its substantial effects on both the vascular and neuronal components of retinal neurovascular coupling in mice.</p>","PeriodicalId":11207,"journal":{"name":"Documenta Ophthalmologica","volume":" ","pages":"205-218"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12568800/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145136256","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"An in-depth characterization of development-related electroretinographical and morphological changes in Landrace pigs.","authors":"Lea Skrzypczyk, Bryan Calder Ackermann, Victor Aristide Augustin, Ulrike Rahn, Philipp Uhl, Gerd Uwe Auffarth, Maximilian Hammer","doi":"10.1007/s10633-025-10050-1","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10633-025-10050-1","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>Landrace pigs are increasingly used as a large-animal model in ophthalmic research due to their cone-enriched visual streak and anatomical similarity to the human eye. However, they are commonly studied at 16-20 weeks of age, a timeframe in which the animals double their weight and development-related physiological changes may occur. This study aims to characterize retinal function and morphology and establish reference values for future translational studies.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Landrace pigs (16-20 weeks old) underwent standardized examinations of the left eye at baseline (16 weeks), 18 and 20 weeks. The left eye was examined by optical coherence tomography (OCT), fundus photography, histology, and full-field electroretinography (ffERG) under light- and dark-adapted conditions, using the ISCEV-compliant 6-step Dog, Cat, Nonhuman Primate protocol.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>A total of 30 animals were included. Retinal morphology remained stable throughout the study period, with no significant changes in retinal thickness observed by OCT (baseline: 252 ± 24 µm; week 20: 249 ± 11 µm; p = 0.17) or by histology. ffERG revealed increased amplitudes under light- and dark-adapted conditions at 20 weeks compared to baseline at 16 weeks of age (e.g. light-adapted b-wave: + 65 µV, + 18.4%, p < 0.01), while latencies remained stable without clinically relevant changes.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>During this phase of rapid development, Landrace pigs undergo significant functional retinal maturation without corresponding morphological changes emphasizing importance of functional testing in retinal assessments. This study provides reference data in a large number of animals.</p>","PeriodicalId":11207,"journal":{"name":"Documenta Ophthalmologica","volume":" ","pages":"219-228"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12568845/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145136913","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}