Developmental biology最新文献

{"title":"Decoding preterm birth: Non-Invasive biomarkers and personalized multi-omics strategies","authors":"Neda Farzizadeh ,&nbsp;Zahra Najmi ,&nbsp;Alan J. Rosenbaum ,&nbsp;Morteza Amoozgar ,&nbsp;Amirali Hariri ,&nbsp;Mona Aminbeidokhti ,&nbsp;Arezoo Khosravi ,&nbsp;Ali Zarrabi","doi":"10.1016/j.ydbio.2025.10.006","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ydbio.2025.10.006","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>A birth that occurs prior to 37 weeks of gestation is referred to as preterm birth (PTB). PTB is a health concern globally with significant outcomes including neonatal morbidity and mortality. Advancements in multi-omics have revolutionized the understanding of PTB pathogenesis, offering new opportunities for early prediction and risk categorization. This review highlights emerging liquid biomarkers derived from proteomic, metabolomic, genomic, transcriptomic, and epigenomic studies, emphasizing the integrative power of multi-omics approaches. Proteomic analyses have revealed key proteins in maternal and fetal compartments associated with inflammatory and extracellular matrix pathways, while metabolomics have identified lipid and metabolite profiles linked to energy metabolism and fetal development. Genomic and epigenomic studies have uncovered genetic variations and microRNAs involved in uterine contractility and immune modulation, providing novel insights into PTB's molecular underpinnings. Transcriptomic research further underscores the act of long non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) in regulating gene expression and inflammatory responses. Multi-omics integration, coupled with machine learning models, has demonstrated superior predictive accuracy by synthesizing data across these domains, revealing intricate molecular interactions underlying PTB. Future research should prioritize longitudinal multi-omics studies to capture dynamic biological changes during pregnancy, expanding diverse population cohorts to enhance generalizability. Translating multi-omics insights into clinical practice necessitates collaborative efforts to develop cost-effective, accessible biomarker panels and establish standardized guidelines for implementation. These advancements hold the potential to transform prenatal care through personalized risk assessment and targeted preventive strategies, reducing the global burden of PTB.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11070,"journal":{"name":"Developmental biology","volume":"529 ","pages":"Pages 88-105"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145273932","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Muscle sparing through differential nutritional control of three muscle growth mechanisms: how zebrafish larvae deal with starvation","authors":"Jeffrey J. Kelu ,&nbsp;Jing Zhang ,&nbsp;Tapan G. Pipalia ,&nbsp;Akos Berthold ,&nbsp;Andrew S. Brack,&nbsp;Angela Cheung,&nbsp;Simon M. Hughes","doi":"10.1016/j.ydbio.2025.10.020","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ydbio.2025.10.020","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>How vertebrate skeletal muscle size is regulated and balanced with body size over the life-course is unclear, but is important for human health and quality of life. Muscle growth occurs by increase in myofibre number (hyperplasia) and enlargement of existing fibres (hypertrophy). Fibre enlargement reflects either hypernucleation, an increase in myofibre nuclei, and/or hyperoidy, an increase in nuclear domain size (NDS), the volume of myofibre per myonucleus. Quantitative time lapse imaging of muscle cellularity indicates that myotome growth in early larval zebrafish is dominated by hyperoidy, with lesser contribution by hypernucleation. Addition of small new myofibres makes a quantitatively even smaller contribution to growth. During neonatal mouse muscle growth a distinct balance of different growth mechanisms occurs, but yields quantitively similar hyperoidy. In zebrafish, the number of myofibres and myonuclei continue to increase in the absence of independent feeding, whereas NDS shrinks and whole body growth falters without adequate food intake from 5 days post-fertilisation, despite the continued availability of yolk. The persistent accrual of myonuclei while fibres undergo atrophy in response to starvation we term muscle sparing. Myofibre volume increases more than myofibril content during growth. During atrophy, in contrast, cytoplasmic puncta containing sarcolemmal markers become associated with autophagosomes and lysosomes, and myofibrils fill a larger fraction of the remaining sarcoplasm. These observations lead us to propose a ‘shopping bag’ hypothesis for myofibre hyperoidy and atrophy, whereby change in sarcolemmal area and myofibre volume (the ‘bag’) precede, and may be required for, changes in the myofibril content (the ‘shopping’). The distinct regulation of three muscle growth mechanisms in developing vertebrate models predict similar controls on human muscle growth which, given the importance of skeletal muscle for whole body metabolic health, are of potential relevance to the developmental origins of human health and disease.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11070,"journal":{"name":"Developmental biology","volume":"529 ","pages":"Pages 254-270"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145399996","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Posterior pole of dermapteran oocytes houses a single aggregate of organelles reminiscent of endolysosomal vesicular assemblies described in mouse oocytes","authors":"Magda Sochaczewska ,&nbsp;Malgorzata Sekula ,&nbsp;Waclaw Tworzydlo ,&nbsp;Szczepan M. Bilinski","doi":"10.1016/j.ydbio.2025.10.009","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ydbio.2025.10.009","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Oocytes of derived dermapterans (the Eudermaptera), in addition to “conventional” organelles, i.e. mitochondria, elements of endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi complexes, lysosome-like bodies and reserve materials (yolk spheres, lipid droplets), contain unexpectedly rich set of noncanonical organelles. It includes assemblies of endoplasmic reticulum and fine granular “nuage” material, ribosome-associated vesicles, and extensive arrays of parallel arranged endoplasmic reticulum cisternae. During vitellogenesis (yolk formation), all lysosome-like bodies are gradually translocated towards the posterior oocyte pole, where they form relatively large, morphologically distinct compartment that we termed the posterior pole lysosomal compartment. This compartment is not surrounded by a limiting membrane and stains positively with Proteostat, a dye used to detect proteins implicated in the formation of biomolecular condensates. In the light of these results, we hypothesize that posterior pole lysosomal compartment is reminiscent of endolysosomal vesicular assembly/ies participating in the sequestration/degradation of aggregated proteins in mammalian oocytes.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11070,"journal":{"name":"Developmental biology","volume":"529 ","pages":"Pages 121-129"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145285864","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Metabolites produced by agat+ cells support regeneration in the planarian Schmidtea mediterranea","authors":"Aubrey M. Kent ,&nbsp;Carlos Guerrero-Hernández ,&nbsp;Carolyn Brewster ,&nbsp;Sean McKinney ,&nbsp;Jason A. Morrison ,&nbsp;Mary C. McKinney ,&nbsp;Eric J. Ross ,&nbsp;Frederick G. Mann Jr. ,&nbsp;Blair W. Benham-Pyle ,&nbsp;Alejandro Sánchez Alvarado","doi":"10.1016/j.ydbio.2025.10.001","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ydbio.2025.10.001","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Planarians exhibit extraordinary regenerative abilities driven by pluripotent neoblasts, yet the roles of post-mitotic progenitor and differentiated cells in this process remain incompletely understood. Here, we investigate the function of <em>agat</em> ^<em>+</em> cells, epidermal progenitors expressing members of the arginine:glycine amidinotransferase (<em>agat</em>) gene family, in the regeneration of <em>Schmidtea mediterranea</em>. Comprehensive analysis of all five planarian <em>agat</em> paralogs revealed that <em>agat-1</em>, <em>-2</em>, <em>-3</em>, and <em>-4</em> are co-expressed in subepidermal populations enriched at wound sites, while <em>agat-5</em> is minimally expressed. RNAi-mediated knockdown of <em>agat-1</em> and <em>agat-2</em> resulted in severe defects: <em>agat-1</em> primarily disrupted tissue homeostasis, whereas <em>agat-2</em> specifically impaired blastema formation and stem cell maintenance during regeneration. Transcriptional profiling of isolated <em>agat</em> ⁺ cells demonstrated enrichment for metabolic and transport-related genes, including those involved in creatine and ornithine metabolism, as well as secretory pathway components. Functional assays showed that creatine supplementation partially rescued regeneration defects following <em>agat-</em>2 knockdown, implicating creatine and related metabolites as critical factors for regenerative success. These findings redefine <em>agat</em> ⁺ cells as a heterogeneous, metabolically active, and potentially secretory population that supports regeneration beyond their canonical role as transitional progenitors. Our results highlight the importance of differentiated support cells and their metabolic outputs in tissue regeneration, providing new insight into the coordination between progenitor populations and stem cells during whole-body regeneration in planarians.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11070,"journal":{"name":"Developmental biology","volume":"529 ","pages":"Pages 106-120"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145250260","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Discovering the unexpected: Insights into the dynamics of mouse neural tube closure revealed by time-lapse imaging","authors":"Claire Marie Moran ,&nbsp;Irene E. Zohn","doi":"10.1016/j.ydbio.2025.11.002","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ydbio.2025.11.002","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The use of time-lapse imaging to study neural tube closure in mouse embryos has provided unexpected insights into the complex morphogenetic processes involved. When neural tube closure is disrupted, it leads to neural tube defects (NTDs), which are among the most common structural birth defects in humans, associated with long-term disabilities and death. This review explores the growing body of research on time-lapse imaging experiments conducted in mice, emphasizing discoveries of the dynamic cellular movements and changes that enable neural tube formation. Advances in mouse embryo culture and live imaging techniques have enabled visualization of dynamic cellular movements and shape changes during neural tube formation, allowing researchers to observe abnormal cell behaviors in genetic mouse models with neural tube closure defects. These studies use transgenic reporters, conditional mouse genetics, and various physical and pharmacological interventions to track tissue and cell behavior and elucidate the underlying molecular and biophysical mechanisms as neural folds rise and fuse at the dorsal midline. Observing neural tube closure in real time has led to important findings, including revealing the crucial role of the surface ectoderm in supporting neural fold elevation and fusion. The coordination of apical constriction with cell cycle progression and apoptosis helps shape the neural plate. Analyzing convergent extension shows that oriented neighbor exchanges—requiring planar cell polarity signaling—drive polarized protrusive activity and actomyosin contractility, along with coordinated apical constriction to elevate and bring the neural folds together. Future innovations are expected to improve the measurement of biomechanical forces during neural tube formation and visualization of deep tissues to clarify mechanisms of cranial mesenchyme morphogenesis during cranial neural fold elevation.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11070,"journal":{"name":"Developmental biology","volume":"529 ","pages":"Pages 305-319"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145502480","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Optogenetics as a useful tool to control excitable and non-excitable tissues during chicken embryogenesis","authors":"Masafumi Inaba,&nbsp;Yuuki Shikaya ,&nbsp;Yoshiko Takahashi","doi":"10.1016/j.ydbio.2025.10.004","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ydbio.2025.10.004","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Optogenetics, a modern tool to control cellular excitability in a non-invasive way, has widely been used in neuroscience. Recently, optogenetic approaches begin to be applied to studies of other biological phenomena including muscle functions. For these analyses, chicken embryos serve as an excellent model animal since they are highly amenable to site-specific manipulations with genes of optogenetics such as Channelrhodopsins, and its following targeted light irradiation. We here overview recent progresses in optogenetics using chicken embryos with a highlight on the studies of axon pathfinding, gut peristalsis, and feather morphogenesis.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11070,"journal":{"name":"Developmental biology","volume":"529 ","pages":"Pages 81-87"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145257639","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Pharmacological approaches to understanding the role of PDX1 in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma: Insights from the chick CAM model","authors":"María Jimena Mosna ,&nbsp;Marcelo G. Stinson ,&nbsp;Federico J. Garde ,&nbsp;Candela D. Pastore ,&nbsp;Lucía P. Petriz ,&nbsp;Abel L. Carcagno","doi":"10.1016/j.ydbio.2025.10.015","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ydbio.2025.10.015","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC), the most prevalent form of pancreatic cancer, has a 5-year survival rate of 9 %. PDX1 is an important transcription factor for embryonic development of the pancreas, pancreatic endocrine lineage differentiation, and maintenance of mature pancreatic β-cells. In PDAC patients, PDX1 expression is downregulated in tumor cells compared to adjacent non-tumoral tissue. On the other hand, a higher PDX1 expression has been shown to improve the overall survival rate in PDAC patients. Therefore, our aim was to analyze the role of PDX1 on the phenotype of PDAC cells. To induce PDX1 expression, PANC-1 cells, derived from a human PDAC tumor, were treated with BRD7552 (a PDX1 inducer). Overexpression of PDX1 was confirmed by Western Blot analysis and no cytotoxic effects were observed by MTT reduction or Trypan Blue exclusion assays. Cell confluence assay and BrdU incorporation assay showed a significant reduction in proliferation rate in treated cells, while no differences were observed on the proportion of Ki67⁺ and PH3⁺ cells by immunostaining. In addition, cell cycle analysis by propidium iodide staining followed by flow cytometry showed an arrest in the G1 phase of the cell cycle of treated cells. Additionally, treated cells showed a significant reduction in migration rate. Furthermore, to assess the <em>in ovo</em> effects of BRD7552, treated PANC-1 cells were implanted onto the chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) of chick embryos and tumor size was measured at different time points, revealing a significant reduction in tumor growth of treated cells. Therefore, in this study we observed that a pharmacological induction of PDX1 in PANC-1 cells affects cell cycle, reduces proliferation rate and inhibits migratory potential <em>in vitro</em>. These findings were corroborated <em>in ovo</em>, where PDX1 overexpression diminished tumor growth of PANC-1 cells. In conclusion, the overexpression of PDX1 induced by BRD7552 drives PANC-1 cells to a less proliferative and migratory phenotype.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11070,"journal":{"name":"Developmental biology","volume":"529 ","pages":"Pages 230-240"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145328149","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Munich screen for Arabidopsis embryo patterning genes","authors":"Stewart Gillmor","doi":"10.1016/j.ydbio.2025.10.007","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ydbio.2025.10.007","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The capacity of the zygote to generate an embryo containing many differentiated tissues has fascinated biologists for centuries. Initially, most experimental embryology involved transplantation experiments or biochemical assays using animal species with large eggs. Starting in the 1980s, large scale genetic screens were used to understand embryogenesis of the fruit fly <em>Drosophila melanogaster</em>. Subsequently, David Meinke demonstrated the utility of the plant <em>Arabidopsis thaliana</em> for studies of embryo and seed development and initiated an extensive collection of embryo defective mutants. Inspired by the success of saturation mutagenesis screens in the Drosophila embryo and by the ease of genetic analysis in Arabidopsis, Gerd Jürgens and colleagues performed a large-scale genetic screen to identify genes that pattern the Arabidopsis embryo (Mayer et al., <em>Nature</em>, 1991). These brute force genetic screens had a profound effect on the field, illustrating the power of genetics for the study of plant embryology and emphasizing differences between plant and animal embryogenesis.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11070,"journal":{"name":"Developmental biology","volume":"529 ","pages":"Pages 167-174"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145279151","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"WNT4 deficiency impacts heart, diaphragm, and palate development: Insights from human genetics, machine learning, and mouse models","authors":"Andrés Hernández-García ,&nbsp;Bum Jun Kim ,&nbsp;David Chitayat ,&nbsp;Patrick Shannon ,&nbsp;Stephanie Hedges ,&nbsp;Maria Al Bandari ,&nbsp;Maria J. Guillen Sacoto ,&nbsp;Emily Anne Bates ,&nbsp;Yunus H. Ozekin ,&nbsp;Victor Faundes ,&nbsp;Pamela N. Luna ,&nbsp;Chad A. Shaw ,&nbsp;Tara L. Rasmussen ,&nbsp;Chih-Wei Hsu ,&nbsp;Daryl A. Scott","doi":"10.1016/j.ydbio.2025.09.016","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ydbio.2025.09.016","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>WNT4 is a secreted protein that plays a critical role in the regulation of cell fate and embryogenesis. Biallelic variants in <em>WNT4</em> have been linked to SERKAL syndrome, an autosomal recessive disorder characterized by 46,XX sex reversal and dysgenesis of the kidneys, adrenals, and lungs. SERKAL syndrome has only been described in a single consanguineous kindred with four affected fetuses. Additional features seen in a subset of affected fetuses included ventricular septal defect (VSD), congenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH), and orofacial clefting (OFC). To determine if these additional features were likely to be caused by WNT4 deficiency, we used machine learning to compare <em>WNT4</em> to genes known to cause VSD, CDH, and OFC. When compared to all RefSeq genes, WNT4's rank annotation scores for these congenital anomalies were 94%, 99%, and 98.5%, respectively, indicating a high level of similarity. We subsequently identified a second consanguineous family with SERKAL syndrome in which an affected fetus had CDH and an affected child had OFC. We then demonstrated that a subset of <em>Wnt4</em> null embryos have perimembranous VSDs, anterior and posterior sac CDH, and soft palate clefts. These findings suggest that WNT4 deficiency can cause VSD, CDH, and palatal anomalies in mice and humans with SERKAL syndrome. These studies also suggest that our machine learning approach can be used as a candidate gene prioritization tool, and that targeted mouse phenotyping can serve as a means of confirming the roles of candidate genes in mammalian development.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11070,"journal":{"name":"Developmental biology","volume":"529 ","pages":"Pages 66-80"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145136991","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Involvement of Tead4, an effector of Hippo signaling, in intestinal remodeling during Xenopus laevis metamorphosis","authors":"Takayuki Iwaki ,&nbsp;Tsuguhide Shimodaira ,&nbsp;Yuki Shibata ,&nbsp;Kenta Fujimoto ,&nbsp;Tomoaki Nakada ,&nbsp;Takashi Hasebe","doi":"10.1016/j.ydbio.2025.10.018","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ydbio.2025.10.018","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>During amphibian metamorphosis, the intestine is remodeled from larval to adult form. In this study, we investigated the expression and localization of <em>Xenopus laevis</em> Tead4 (a key transcription factor in the Hippo pathway) in the metamorphosing intestine, examined its interaction, and analyzed its phylogenetic relationships. Quantitative RT-PCR revealed that both <em>tead4.L</em> and <em>tead4.S</em> (homeologs) transcripts are expressed throughout natural and thyroid hormone (TH)-induced metamorphosis, with modest but stage-specific changes, indicating sensitivity to TH. Triple hybridization chain reaction RNA-FISH showed that <em>tead4</em> expression is broadly distributed in the intestine, with its signal intensity increasing from the metamorphic climax onward, whereas <em>yap1</em> expression is enriched in the connective and muscle layers. There was a partial overlap between <em>tead4</em> and <em>yap1</em> expression, indicating context-dependent co-regulation, and incomplete co-localization of the expressed proteins, suggesting alternative co-factors. Oocyte co-immunoprecipitation assays demonstrated that both Tead4.L and Tead4.S physically associate with Yap1, supporting their role as Hippo pathway effectors. Phylogenetic analysis placed <em>X. laevis</em> Tead4 homeologs within the TEAD2 clade, indicating that the genes annotated as <em>tead4</em> can more accurately be classified as <em>tead2</em>. These findings demonstrate that Tead4 homeologs function as Yap1 partners and contribute to transcriptional control during amphibian intestinal metamorphosis, highlighting their conserved role as effectors of Hippo signaling.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11070,"journal":{"name":"Developmental biology","volume":"529 ","pages":"Pages 213-218"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145359649","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}